湖南辰溪仙人湾埃洛石型高岭土矿床特征及成因分析

在野外地质矿化特征调查的基础上,通过化学成分分析、光学显微镜、红外吸收光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等手段,对新发现的湖南辰溪仙人湾埃洛石型高岭土矿床特征及成因进行研究发现:此高岭土矿体呈似层状与囊状形态,就位于二叠系/石炭系角度不整合面及二叠统/下二叠统假整合面上,分布在岩溶洞穴体系中。矿石中主要矿物为1nm管状埃洛石,部分为0.7 nm管状埃洛石,原生带矿石中埃洛石的含量达95%以上。该高岭土矿床为次生淋滤胶体溶液沉积-重结晶成因高岭土矿床矿床,系温暖湿润、岩溶发育的环境中,受强淋滤作用,由来自上覆地层砂页岩、煤层、泥灰岩及泥质灰岩中的硅铝物质经过相对富集,形成硅铝溶胶,迁移,在岩溶洞穴中沉淀并再次富集成为凝胶体,脱水老化形成埃洛石。     

苏州高岭土矿成矿期后的矿物演化及其与矿体改造的关系

苏州高岭土矿主要由高岭石、7埃洛石、10埃洛石及少量绢云母、蒙脱石、明矾石、三水铝石组成。高岭土矿物形成后因外界地化条件改变发生了以下转变:(1)埃洛石脱水向高岭石转化;(2)次生淋滤埃洛石形成;(3)埃洛石和三水铝石之间的互相转化;(4)Ca型蒙脱石形成;(5)高岭土的磷酸盐化作用;(6)次生淋滤明矾石的形成。矿物生成的先后顺序和共生关系可将矿物形成分为主要成矿期和成矿期后演化两个阶段。矿物的后期演化使优质高岭土进一步富集,改造,形成量大质优的高岭土矿。同时,非高岭土矿物的生成又使部分矿石质量变差,降低了矿石的工业价值。     

湖南辰溪仙人湾高岭土矿物学特征与应用途径探索

湖南辰溪仙人湾高岭土矿床是新近勘查发现的岩溶洞穴胶体沉积型埃洛石矿床。运用化学成分分析、X射线衍射、红外吸收光谱、差热-热重分析、扫描电子显微镜以及氮气吸附解吸分析等研究手段,较系统地研究了该矿床的矿物学特征。除有极少量碎屑状石英,以及附着于埃洛石外表面的凝胶成因石英外,主要矿物是1 nm埃洛石,部分为0.7 nm埃洛石。埃洛石的Fe2O3平均含量仅约0.14%,TiO2平均含量仅约0.08%,为形态完整的管状晶体,管长一般为1.0~1.5μm,外径一般0.05~0.1μm,平均孔径0.016~0.030μm,是超薄精细陶瓷优质原料,在微反应器、限时释放器、有序结构膜组装以及环境净化材料方面具有潜在开发利用价值。     

刚果（金）KOLWEZI铜钴矿床地质特征及成因分析

KOLWEZI铜钴矿位于刚果(金)-赞比亚铜钴矿带,卢菲利弧外部褶皱推覆构造带西北缘,KOLWEZI复式推覆体上。该矿床主要受Mines亚群及卢菲利造山运动D1阶段褶皱、逆冲推覆、断层及层间断裂控制。矿体呈层状,矿石主要为它形粒状结构,层状、浸染状构造,矿石矿物和脉石矿物按生成序次可以分为四个组合。结合毗邻KOLWEZI的类似矿床的地球化学研究及中非铜矿带的研究成果,认为KOLWEZI铜钴矿床的成矿过程经历了三个成矿期次,其中同成岩期成矿是形成KOLWEZI铜钴层状矿体的主要期次,同造山期矿化使先成层状矿体中的硫化物矿物发生活化、再沉淀,同造山构造活动一定程度上塑造了KOLWEZI铜钴矿床如今的产出状态。分析认为,KOLWEZI铜钴矿应属同成岩层状沉积矿床。     

龙岩高岭土矿床地质特征及成矿作用

福建龙岩高岭土矿床是蚀变花岗岩风化残余型矿床。花岗岩风化剖面具有明显的垂直分带性，各带有特征的粘土矿物组合、含量和化学组分。矿石矿物主要有高岭石、埃洛石、水白云母、石英及少量长石。高岭石的结晶有序度较低，粒度一般大于２μｍ。埃洛石粒度多小于２μｍ．龙岩高岭土矿石具有贫铁、钛和自然白度高的特征，属优质大型高岭土矿。其成矿作用经历了内生岩浆分异、热液蚀变和表生风化三大地质作用。     

西昆仑切列克其菱铁矿床地质地球化学特征及其对矿床成因的制约

新疆西昆仑切列克其菱铁矿床位于喀喇昆仑造山带的西北缘,处于我国西部著名的塔什库尔干铁矿成矿带内。近年来,切列克其铁矿的地质找矿取得较大突破,在原矿区以北新发现切北菱铁矿,矿床规模已升级为大型铁矿。鉴于该矿床的显著变化,本文拟对新的切列克其大型菱铁矿床成矿地质特征进行总结,通过大量的野外工作、镜下鉴定、矿床地球化学和稳定同位素研究确定矿床成因,为今后该区域同类型矿床的找矿勘查与地质研究工作提供参考。新的切列克其菱铁矿区共包括4个主矿群和北部隐伏矿体群(I、II、III、IV及Fe1~5),共26条矿体,主要赋存于中下志留统达坂沟群的黑云母石英片岩夹白云母片岩以及大理岩段。主矿体呈似层状、透镜状,总体走向近东西向—北西向,倾向北,倾角在22°~30°之间,矿体长度140~605m,平均厚度1.80~39.92m,全铁品位38.00%~47.52%。菱铁矿石构造多样,有代表原始沉积作用形成的块状、层状、条带状或纹层状构造和后期变质及热液叠加作用形成的假波纹、晶洞、脉状和浸染状构造。矿石最主要的结构是自形—半自形粒状变晶结构。矿石矿物主要为菱铁矿(部分被氧化成赤铁矿),矿物含量可达70%~80%或更高;脉石矿物主要为石英(10%~25%)、白云母(3%~5%)和少量黄铁矿、石墨、电气石、磷灰石等。切列克其铁矿的成矿主要经历了沉积成岩成矿期、区域变质改造期和岩浆热液叠加改造三个时期。通过对矿石的地球化学和稳定同位素分析,反映研究区志留纪为陆棚碎屑滨浅海相沉积环境;矿石样品的Al-Fe-Mn图解、轻稀土明显亏损、正Eu异常(δEu为1.54~2.82)、Ce异常不明显(δCe值为0.90~0.99)等均反映矿床具热水沉积特征;菱铁矿的δ~(18) O、δD同位素反映成矿流体叠加成因特点。综合以上因素和对其形成环境的探讨,研究认为该矿床成因属海相热水沉积型,并有后期热液叠加改造。     

甘肃省北祁连西段博怀沟铁矿控矿因素分析

甘肃省肃南博怀沟铁矿位于北祁连铁铜多金属成矿带,产于下奥陶统阴沟群下岩组中,含矿岩石为钙质千枚岩。铁矿体呈透镜状、似层状,长68~590m,矿体厚度为4.82~48.97m,平均品位为TFe 26.42%~31.18%。矿石为钙质千枚岩型磁铁矿矿石,矿石矿物组合为磁铁矿和赤铁矿,矿体顶板围岩为硅质白云岩,底板围岩为钙质千枚岩。矿床控矿因素主要为下奥陶统阴沟群,含矿岩石为钙质绿泥千枚岩,NW向断层控制含矿地层分布,NE向断层对矿体有破坏作用。矿床属火山沉积变质型铁矿,矿床位于镜铁山北部,但产出层位和矿物组合与镜铁山式铁矿不同,该矿床的发现对北祁连西段铁矿寻找具有一定的指导意义。     

矿床自然电场的空间分布与在找矿中的应用

红透山铜锌矿床自然电场的空间分布模式矿床产于角闪斜长片麻岩的薄互层带中。矿体出露地表长550m,宽20-22m,倾斜延深大于1200m,矿体受层位控制,以似层状、脉状产出。矿石成分较简单稳定,主要有黄铁矿(50%)、磁黄铁矿(20~30%)、黄铜矿(1~10%)、闪锌矿(1~15%)、偶见极微量方铅矿、辉铜矿。矿体电阻率     

辽宁本溪小阳沟铁矿深部找矿成果及其意义

通过钻探等手段发现小阳沟铁矿为埋藏较深、厚度较大、层位较多、倾斜中等的层状矿体,探获（332）+（333）磁铁矿及低品位矿量1.4×10⁸ t.矿体埋深标高-100~+838 m,平均垂厚86 m,呈单斜层状产出,厚度变化稳定,矿化连续,品位均匀.矿石成分简单,矿石矿物主要为磁铁矿,脉石矿物主要是石英、长石.矿物粒度呈中细粒-微细粒不均匀嵌布.矿石结构为粒状变晶结构、氧化交代结构.矿石构造为细条带状构造、柔皱状构造或角砾状构造.矿床类型为火山沉积变质型铁矿.根据研究分析,总结出深部找矿标志.     

湖北秭归磨坪高岭土矿床中的埃洛石

笔者对磨坪高岭土矿床中的主要组成矿物进行了化学成分,X—射线衍射、差热、红外吸收光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜等系统分析,证明主要矿物成分为埃洛石。并对其成因进行了简要的讨论。     

Geological modelling of mineral deposits for prediction in mining

Accurate prediction of the shape, location, size and properties of the solid rock materials to be extracted during mining is essential for reliable technical and financial planning. This is achieved through geological modelling of the three-dimensional (3D) shape and properties of the materials present in mineral deposits, and the presentation of results in a form which is accessible to mine planning engineers. In recent years the application of interactive graphics software, offering 3D database handling, modelling and visualisation, has greatly enhanced the options available for predicting the subsurface limits and characteristics of mineral deposits. A review of conventional 3D geological interpretation methods, and the model struc- tures and modelling methods used in reserve estimation and mine planning software packages, illustrates the importance of such approaches in the modern mining industry. Despite the widespread introduction and acceptance of computer hardware and software in mining applications, in recent years, there has been little fundamental change in the way in which geology is used in orebody modelling for predictive purposes. Selected areas of current research, aimed at tackling issues such as the use of orientation data, quantification of morphological differences, incorporation of geological age relationships, multi-resolution models and the application of virtual reality hardware and software, are discussed.     

The Zhuravlinyi Log eluvial kaolin deposit,Chelyabinsk District,Russia

The Zhuravlinyi Log deposit is located 12 km southeast of Plast City. The deposit was initially prospected in 1951 and 1952 under the supervision of V.G. Lyulicheva. The prospecting revealed the presence of kaolin of quality surpassing the raw material in the Eleninsk and Kyshtym deposits. Although a positive assessment was given, new prospecting and appraisal works were carried out under the supervision of V.I. Kakorin in the vicinity of the previously discovered deposit in 1985 taking into consideration recommendations given by the VNIIgeolnerud (renamed TsNIIgeolnerud) Federal State Unitary Enterprise. The results revealed several separate white and pale kaolin deposits. Exploitation of the deposit was started even before its exploration. Construction of the Plast-Rifey dressing plant was completed during the exploitation of the central ore body. Follow-up exploration of the deposit completed in 2006 confirmed that the dry kaolin equivalent reserves of categories B + C₁ according to the Russian classification (approximately corresponding to the measured + indicated reserve in the western classification) and category C₂ (approximately corresponding to the inferred reserve) are estimated at 11.05 and 5.55 Mt, respectively. The Zhuravlinyi Log deposit is a major supplier of kaolin products fitting the standards of paper, fine ceramics, fiberglass, chemical reagents, and others. The present paper based on the exploration data attempts to show specific features of the geological setting of this deposit, as well as the mineral composition and properties of kaolin therein.     

中国高岭土矿床时空分布规律

中国高岭土矿产资源丰富,矿床类型齐全且分布广泛,是一种重要的战略性非金属矿产.前人对高岭土矿床研究、地质勘查和资源开发利用都做了大量工作,积累了丰富资料,但缺少对高岭土矿床成矿和时空分布规律系统性的分析.本文在前人研究和对全国现有高岭土矿床和地质勘查资料系统分析基础上,选取了有代表性且数据比较齐全的521个高岭土矿床,以GIS空间分析为手段,详细研究了中国高岭土矿床的空间分布特点,绘制了中国高岭土成矿区带分布图,分析了中国高岭土矿床时空分布规律,为矿产资源空间分析建模和高岭土资源潜力评价提供了理论方法和依据.研究结果表明,中国高岭土矿床成因类型以风化型和沉积型为主,成矿时代以中、新生代最为重要;高岭土矿床集中分布在广东、广西、福建、陕西、江西、江苏等6省份;其中风化型高岭土矿床主要分布在华南地区,沉积型高岭土矿床以华北地区为主.在找矿方向上,南方易寻找风化残积亚型高岭土,北方宜寻找煤系沉积亚型高岭土;而热液蚀变型高岭土矿床有由南向北逐渐增多的趋势,寻找这类矿床可适当往北转移.     

都匀牛角塘大型独立镉矿床的地质地球化学特征

本文通过对都匀牛角塘大型独立镉矿床产出地质构造背景、矿体形状及其与围岩的关系、矿石结构构造和矿物组成、镉的赋存形式和其它元素的关系、包课体特征以及Ｓ、Ｐｂ、Ｃ和Ｏ同位素的研究,认为该矿床属于弱改造的层控矿床,在成矿过程中可能有生物和热水的参与。     

柴达木盆地北缘鱼卡—铁石观一带金红石矿床的发现及其地质意义

通过野外地质调查、岩石学、矿相学等研究手段,在柴达木盆地北缘鱼卡及铁石观一带均发现榴辉岩型金红石矿床,其单个矿体长可达千米以上,宽均达几米至几十米不等,金红石物相Ti平均品位可达2.58%,属于高钛榴辉岩的范畴,且其矿床地质特征与大别—苏鲁地区的金红石矿床特征极为相似。鱼卡和铁石观金红石矿床的发现,填补了柴北缘榴辉岩变质带没有金红石矿床的空缺,并暗示柴北缘地区有发现大型榴辉岩矿床的找矿远景。     

Ein Beitrag zur Geochemie und Entstehung der Oberpfälzischen Kaolin-Feldspat-Lagerstätten

The plagioclase of the kaolinised granite of Tirschenreuth is decomposed quantitatively and the biotite almost quantitatively, on the contrary potassium feldspar and mucovite of the parent rock remained unaffected by kaolinisation. The quantity of produced kaolinite is equivalent to the quantity of decomposed plagioclase and biotite. The rare elements Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, P, and Ti from the kaolinised minerals are adsorbed quantitatively by the kaolin. All other elements are diminished, no element has been added to the kaolin from other sources than from parent rock material. The selective decomposition of plagioclase and biotite in the kaolin-feldspar deposit of Tirschenreuth and the association of rare elements in the kaolin are explainable by weathering processes only. Kaolins from Hirschau-Sehnaittenbach are characterised by extremely high concentrations of the rare elements Ba, Sr, Pb, Cu, and P. The association of rare elements of the kaolin has been originated from the decomposed potassium feldspar of the kaolinised arcoses. The rare elements Pb, Cu, Cr, and P are adsorbed quantitatively by the kaolin. The other elements are diminished, Ba and Sr inclusive and in spite of their high absolute concentrations. The composition of the arcoses of Hirschau-Schnaittenbach prior to kaolinisation is calculated to 56% of quartz and 44% of potassium feldspar by means of the quantities of the elements Pb and Cu analysed in the feldspar and in the kaolin. The kaolin of Hirschau-Schnaittenbach has originated by weathering of the potassium feldspar of the Triassic arcoses. The kaolinisation is of Triassic age because kaolins of the Hirschau-Schnaittenbach type were redeposited near Ehenfeld in the Cenomanian. Kaolin deposits of hydrothermal origin are characterised by a zonal structure and are associated by ores. They are different in geological behaviour and mineral association from kaolin deposits which originated by weathering of feldspathic rocks like the deposits of Tirschenreuth and Hirschau-Schnaittenbach (Upper Palatinate, Bavaria).     

GEOLOGY OF THE ANGARA REGION

Industrial development of the Angara region has necessitated geological exploration for available resources. The Angara River flows north from Lake Baikal, intersecting the mountains surrounding it; passes through the 'Irkutsk Amphitheater, ' part of the central Siberian platform; and, near Bratsk, flows across a diabase intrusion, forming the Bratsk rapids (approximately 300 kilometers long). The Angara river basin is underlain by crystalline basement (the Siberian craton) composed of schists, gneisses, marble, and Archean and Proterozoic granites. These rocks dip sharply from the Sayan and Baikal ranges, where they outcrop, toward the Irkutsk Amphitheater, where they reach 3000 meters depth. The craton is covered by sediments ranging in age from Cambrian to Quaternary. Lower Cambrian rocks over 2500 meters thick are overlain by Middle Cambrian strata which are generally eroded. In the Irkutsk coal basin, north of Lake Baikal, Mesozoic rocks 600 meters thick are covered unconformably by Tertiary sediments. Quaternary deposits are known to occur; the Angara River terraces are probably pre-Quaternary. Regional tectonics involved fracturing within the Irkutsk Amphitheature and in the surrounding mountains. Geophysical survey and drilling revealed a wide horizontal protrusion (the 'Angara swell') in the Siberian craton; this protrusion divides the Irkutsk Amphitheater in the Pre-Baikal and Pre-Sayan depressions. Overlying Cambrian sediments are folded in conformity with these basement-complex dislocations. Jurassic deposits, generally horizontal, are disturbed only near the younger uplifts of Sayan and Baikal. The southwestern part of a large trap-rock intrusion crosses the Irkutsk Amphitheater; concordant intrusions, e. g. sills, entered lower Paleozoic sediments along with dikes, during late Permian and, principally, Triassic times. Mineral deposits are rich and varied: Precambrian rocks contain magnetic iron ore (of the Krivoy Rog type); talc; magnesite; pure crystalline limestone; and, possibly, phosphates. Paleozoic rocks contain large marine and lacustrine salt deposits, gypsum, phosphatized shell rock, and, possibly, oil: as well as carbonaceous rocks with lead and zinc minerals. Hydrogen-sulfide -saturated and saline mineral waters as well as subsurface water with high potassium content occur in Cambrian rocks. Siberian trap rocks are rich in magnesium and iron; magnesium-magnetite ores occur in volcanic necks as large veins of pure ore, associated with tuffs and aureoles. Trap rock (diabase) may be used in the new stone-melting industry. Jurassic deposits include saprolitic-bog and humus coals as well as extensive fire-clay and high-quality kaolin deposits. Cambrian fossils include trilobite and brachiopod remains, reefs, and molluscs; fish, insects, ostracods, and numerous fossil plant traces, are representative of the Mesozoic. The Angara River terraces, 25 to 30 meters thick, contain mammal remains, brackish-water molluscs, and, from the Middle Paleolithic, Azilian and Solutrean artifacts. -- D. D. Fisher     

风化壳型矿床划分地质块段的数理统计与图解分析——以云南省武定县梅子箐钛铁砂矿V1号矿体南矿段为例

风化壳型矿床的资源储量,大多采用水平投影地质块段法进行估算,目前划分地质块段的原则与方法尚不统一。以云南省武定县梅子箐风化壳型钛铁砂矿V₁号矿体由78个钻孔控制的南矿段为研究实例,对划分地质块段的主要参数——矿体铅直厚度(m)、钛铁矿含量(kg/m³)、金红石含量(kg/m³)进行数理统计与图解分析,提出划分地质块段的方法。具体方法是：(1)以勘查网中地理位置相邻的3个或4个探矿工程围成的区域,作为划分地质块段的基本区块;(2)对单工程、基本区块的主要参数进行统计与计算,对基本区块的主要参数、关键参数进行图解分析;(3)将地理位置相邻、关键参数类型相同的基本区块进行归并,得出合理的地质块段划分方案。该方法能够合理地控制地质块段数量,优化地质块段划分方案,科学合理、简单易行,可在风化壳型钛铁砂矿和其他风化壳型矿床中推广使用。     

Developing the tools for geological shape analysis,with regional‐ to local‐scale examples from the Kalgoorlie Terrane of Western Australia

Geological map data are often underused in mineral‐exploration programs, which rely increasingly on regolith geochemistry and geophysical and other remotely sensed data to generate exploration targets. However, solid geology maps, which are progressively being upgraded due to improved interpretations of superior, remotely sensed images and airborne geophysical data, can be useful in targeting specific types of mineral deposits, which formed late in the evolutionary history of the host terrane. In such terranes, the present map geometry is essentially the same as that at the time of deposit formation. This is the case for orogenic lode‐gold deposits, which commonly show predictable structural controls and/or structural geometry. Thus, the shape of a rock body, or combinations of structures and rock bodies, may provide an important guide to the exploration potential for orogenic lode‐gold deposits. However, until recently, there has been a dearth of techniques to quantify the various properties of shape, and hence test the potential of the two‐dimensional shape of geological bodies in map view as an exploration tool. Integrating techniques from the field of pattern recognition with a modern Geographical Information System (GIS) can provide the shape‐analysis tools required to investigate the geometries of geological shapes. Two‐dimensional shape analysis is now possible through the calculation of several shape metrics including, but not restricted to, aspect ratio, blockiness, elongation, compactness, complexity, roundness, spreadness and squareness. Methods are developed for describing the geometries of rock units about mineral deposits, or any geological features, at any scale, which for the first time makes it possible to compare shapes. These shape‐analysis techniques are tested using orogenic lode‐gold deposits, particularly those in the Kalgoorlie Terrane of the highly auriferous Late Archaean Norseman‐Wiluna Belt of Western Australia. On a global scale, shape analysis indicates that those greenstone belts whose volcanic rock sequences have high elongation and relative low roundness, complexity and aspect ratio (e.g. Kalgoorlie Terrane) are likely to be the most richly endowed in gold. On a more local scale, characteristics of the shape of geological features around the Golden Mile deposit are calculated and used to test the likelihood of occurrence of gold deposits with similar geometry elsewhere in the Kalgoorlie Terrane. The area with the most closely matching shape, on the basis of a 2 km clipping‐circle radius, chosen on the basis of available proximity‐analysis data, corresponds to the recently discovered Ghost Crab deposit, illustrating the potential of the shape analysis methodology in mineral exploration. Shape analysis is, at least in part, scale dependent, due to the inherent problem of being able to define rock boundaries more precisely in units that have strong geophysical signatures than those with weak signatures in poorly exposed terranes. Overcoming this problem is a challenge to the application of this methodology.