华南春季降水纬向非均匀分布及异常年大气环流特征分析

对1951—2007年华南地区18站春季（3—5月）降水进行EOF分析,发现华南春季降水的空间分布具有全区一致性、东西反位相、南北反位相及东北—西南反位相等特点。第二特征向量主要反映了华南春季降水的纬向非均匀分布特征,据此将华南春季降水型分为西涝东旱型和西旱东涝型,并利用NCEP再分析资料对春季降水的纬向分布异常年的大气环流背景特征进行了研究。结果发现：在西涝东旱年,华南西北部存在海平面气压场和高度场的正异常中心,有利于冷空气的南下,而该正异常中心的南部出现负异常,华南东部及其东部海面上呈现范围较大的气压场和高度场正异常,华南西部盛行东南风异常,华南东部存在东北风距平,风场和水汽输送场在华南西部表现为异常辐合,在华南东部表现为异常辐散,因此造成了华南西部降水的偏多和东部降水的偏少。同时,850 hPa涡度场、200 hPa散度场、850 hPa垂直速度场和1000 hPa温度场也均呈现出有利于华南西部降水增多和东部降水减少的环流形势。在西旱东涝年,情况基本相反。     

Teleconnection patterns of the Siberian Anticyclone and precipitation over Cyprus

The Siberian Anticyclone (SA) is one of the dominant cold season synoptic systems of the northern hemisphere. The effects of the SA on the areas over which it appears to reside on synoptic maps are well established. This study examines the impacts that the SA has on local climate in areas far beyond the area of its domination. The existence of any teleconnection patterns derived from the SA sea level pressure (SLP) characteristics and their relation to precipitation over Cyprus are examined. Four indices were created describing the characteristics (behavior) of the SA (strength and geographical displacement). In an attempt to identify possible relations between precipitation, on the one hand, and the SA indices, on the other hand, a network of 32 rain gauge stations in Cyprus, both coastal and inland, was carefully selected to cover the whole island. The pressure field of the SA was found to affect the precipitation of each month differently. The results are consistent for each case and it was found that the geographical location of each station plays an important role. All four indices were found to be related to precipitation.     

A tree-ring reconstruction of East Anglian (UK) hydroclimate variability over the last millennium

We present an annually resolved reconstruction of spring-summer precipitation variability in East Anglia, UK (52–53°N, 0–2°E) for the period AD 900–2009. A continuous regional network of 723 living (AD 1590–2009) and historical (AD 781–1790) oak (Quercus sp.) ring-width series has been constructed and shown to display significant sensitivity to precipitation variability during the March-July season. The existence of a coherent common growth signal is demonstrated in oaks growing across East Anglia, containing evidence of near-decadal aperiodic variability in precipitation throughout the last millennium. Positive correlations are established between oak growth and precipitation variability across a large region of northwest Europe, although climate-growth relationships appear time transgressive with correlations significantly weakening during the early twentieth century. Examination of the relationship between oak growth, precipitation, and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), reveals no evidence that the NAO plays any significant role in the control of precipitation or tree growth in this region. Using Regional Curve Standardisation to preserve evidence of low-frequency growth variability in the East Anglian oak chronology, we produce a millennial length reconstruction that is capable of explaining 32–35% of annual-to-decadal regional-scale precipitation variance during 1901–2009. The full length reconstruction indicates statistically significant anomalous dry conditions during AD 900–1100 and circa-1800. An apparent prolonged wetter phase is estimated for the twelfth and thirteen centuries, whilst precipitation fluctuates between wetter and drier phases at near centennial timescales throughout the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries. Above average precipitation reconstructed for the twenty-first century is comparable with that reproduced for the 1600s. The main estimated wet and dry phases reconstructed here appear largely coherent with an independent tree-ring reconstruction for southern-central England.     

Weather conditions associated with the passage of precipitation type transition regions over eastern Newfoundland

Abstract

The passage of a winter storm is accompanied by changes in many surface and near‐surface parameters including temperature, humidity, wind, pressure, precipitation rate and type, cloud base height, visibility and accretion. These parameters were measured in association with the passage of precipitation‐type transitions over Newfoundland during the Canadian Atlantic Storms Program II field experiment. Three simple summaries of the observed weather events were developed. These summaries depend on the observed large‐scale synoptic conditions, which include warm fronts, a cold front and a trough.     

人为气溶胶对中国东部冬季风影响的模拟研究

采用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)的公共大气模式CAM5.1研究了人为气溶胶排放增加对中国东部冬季风的影响,同时通过对比中国东部地区不同人为气溶胶排放源的敏感性试验结果,探讨了人为硫酸盐、黑碳及总人为气溶胶(硫酸盐+黑碳)增加对东亚冬季风的影响。结果表明:冬季硫酸盐气溶胶排放增加的直接和第一间接效应减少了到达地表的短波辐射通量,引起了陆地地表和对流层低层降温,海平面气压升高,增加了海陆间气压梯度,使得东亚冬季风增强。其第二间接效应导致中国南部大尺度降水率减少;黑碳气溶胶排放增加导致到达地表的短波辐射通量减少和大气中短波辐射通量增加,其半直接效应部分抵消了直接效应,故地表温度变化微小且不显著。加热的对流层低层导致中国南部对流活动和对流降水率增加;总人为气溶胶排放增加导致的大气温度变化表现为弱的降温作用,引起中国北部对流和大尺度降水率减少,而南部对流降水率增加。总人为气溶胶和黑碳气溶胶排放增加是导致中国北(南)部的东亚冬季风增强(减弱)的重要因素。     

西风季风协同作用对云南春末5月降水的影响

基于CN05.1降水资料和ERA5再分析资料,采用多种统计方法对1961~2020年云南春末5月降水的时空变化特征和环流形势进行了分析,并利用西风季风协同指数讨论了西风季风协同作用对云南春末5月降水的影响。结果表明:云南5月降水是春季各月降水量最多月份,其空间上主要表现出自南向北减少的特征。此外,云南5月降水还存在明显的年际变化,但在空间上其气候趋势并不显著。相对于单一西风指数和季风指数,西风季风协同指数对云南5月降水具有更好的指示性,二者之间的相关性以及协同指数与极端降水间的同号率更高。环流场合成分析也表明,当西风季风协同作用增强（减弱）时,受阿拉伯海异常高（低）压影响,云南上空气流以辐散（辐合）为主,有利于上升（下沉）运动,而中低层孟加拉湾主要为异常的气旋（反气旋）控制,促进（抑制）西南水汽向云南输送,造成降水偏多（偏少）。      

青藏高原雷暴云降水与地面电场的观测和数值模拟

在2003年青藏高原那曲地区夏季雷暴云的观测试验中,三次伴有降水的过程中都出现了地面电场(Egnd)随降水的漂移现象,而且固态和液态降水对Egnd的极性改变并不相同。为了模拟再现高原雷暴云降水和Egnd之间的关系,选取了8月13日这次具有高原雷暴代表性特征的过程,模拟了雷暴云移经观测点上空期间,测站固、液态降水与Egnd的变化以及雷暴云下部正电荷区的空间分布。模拟的Egnd及固、液态降水与其的对应关系与观测事实较一致。分析结果表明,固态降水主要携带正电荷,液态降水主要携带负电荷,各类带不同极性和数量电荷的降水粒子常共存在雷暴云中,Egnd主要受携带电荷量占主导地位的降水粒子的影响,地面出现强正电场时正好是云在当顶并且地面出现强固态降水的时间。     

我国西南地区夏季降水异常的区域特征

采用旋转经验正交展开（REOF）方法，对我国西南地区49a夏季降水标准化距平场进行客观分区，并分析了各区夏季降水异常的长期变化趋势。结果表明，西南地区夏季降水量场可以分为5个区域，该5区均具有显著的年代际变化特征，且近50a来它们的旱涝变化存在着显著差异，其中川西、川东和贵州降水的长期变化趋势不明显，而四川盆地和云南显著变干。     

Large-scale variability modes of freshwater flux and precipitation over the Atlantic

 Precipitation (P) and freshwater (E-P) fluxes at the air-sea interface are investigated in the Atlantic Ocean sector using the reanalyses of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ERA) and of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). A canonical correlation analysis method between these fields and sea level pressure (SLP) is used to identify patterns. We also test whether precipitation and freshwater fluxes can be reconstructed from SLP data. In the winter months, patterns associated with both the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the East Atlantic (EA) mode are identified. The signals are strong enough to be reconstructed from the reanalysis fields, and they correspond to a significant part of the variability. The NAO signal is more robust than the EA one. The NAO-related variability mode is also present when the monthly precipitation rate is averaged for the winter season and even for annual averages. However, in the later case, other variability of natural origin (for instance, ENSO variability) or noise from the model and assimilation system prevents the reconstruction of E-P associated with NAO from SLP variability. Difficulties are identified in the tropical Atlantic with a different behaviour of NCEP and ERA precipitation variability, especially near the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The ERA patterns suggest a NAO signature in the tropical Atlantic which has clear monthly patterns and indicates a link between the phase of NAO and changes in the position and intensity of ITCZ. However, the analysis of winter rainfall based on satellite and in situ data does not support the monthly tropical pattern of ERA precipitation although it suggests a relation between convection near 15°S and NAO during northern winter. Received: 10 February 2000 / Accepted: 7 May 2001     

Moisture recycling over the Mackenzie basin

Abstract

Moisture recycling over the Mackenzie basin is investigated by estimating the precipitation recycling ratio (the ratio of precipitation derived from local evaporation to the total precipitation within the basin) for the region with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis dataset and the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) precipitation climatology. The results suggest that recycling is very active over the region during the warm season (April – August) and extremely inactive during the cold season. The annual recycling ratio estimated for the basin is about 0.25, which is close to that estimated by others for the Mississippi and Amazon basins despite the lower annual evapotranspiration over the Mackenzie basin.

The high recycling ratios and the recycling patterns estimated for the basin during the warm season are found to be consequences of the unique topographical and climatic settings characterizing the region. Analysis of conditions during the years having anomalous spring and summer precipitation suggests that the large‐scale atmospheric setting could act in concert with the basin's unique topographic and surface characteristics to increase or to decrease precipitation and its recycling over the basin, depending on whether the basin is under the influence of a persistent large‐scale low or a high pressure system. In the former case, much of the recycled precipitation would fall over the north‐western parts of the basin where the runoff ratios are relatively high, and thus enhance the summer discharge from the basin. When the basin is under the influence of a persistent high pressure system, much of the recycled precipitation would fall over the southern part of the basin where the runoff ratios are relatively low, and thus reduce the discharge from the basin. It is suggested that this latter effect might have contributed to the record low summer discharge from the basin during 1995.     

引入考虑凝结作用的连续性方程与积云对流参数化方案修正

文章研究了在热带海洋面上的水蒸发，发现水蒸发进入大气层将改变地面气压场，且蒸发潜热分为内潜热(水汽内能)和外潜热(水汽压力能)，蒸发内潜热立即成为大气热能的一部分，而蒸发外潜热直接对大气层作功，使得大气位能增加；研究了大气中的大尺度凝结降水和积云对流凝结降水对于环境气压场与位势高度场的直接影响。用郭晓岚积云对流参数化方案(已考虑凝结内潜热对大气的加热作用)，加入了考虑因大尺度凝结降水和积云对流参数化凝结降水造成地面气压场及高空位势高度场的变化，后者应是凝结外潜热过程作用的结果。在上述研究过程中，必须引入考虑凝结作用的连续性方程，且最终可以改变有积云对流凝结降水发生的数值预报模式动力框架。     

我国华南3月份降水年代际变化的特征

利用1951～2005年华南3月份降水资料、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)指数以及NCEP再分析资料,对华南3月份降水年代际变化特征、及其对应的大尺度环流以及与PDO的关系进行了分析。结果表明,华南3月份降水存在显著的年代际变化特征,并且Mann-Kendal突变检验表明华南3月份降水在1978年左右发生年代际突变,从之前的降水偏少转变为降水偏多。我国华南3月份降水与PDO有着显著的相关。进一步研究表明,在年代际降水偏少时期,PDO处于负位相(北太平洋海温偏高,中东太平洋海温偏低),北太平洋海平面气压场和高度场偏高,亚洲大陆海平面气压场和高度场偏低,赤道西太平洋到赤道东印度洋附近的海平面气压场偏低,赤道辐合带附近地区的高度场偏低,东亚对流层大气偏暖,西太平洋副热带高压偏东,东亚高空急流偏北,东亚Hadley环流偏弱。在年代际降水偏多时期,PDO处于正位相,情况则与降水偏少时期相反。     

巴丹吉林南缘近两百年来年降水重建及初步分析

沙漠及其边缘地区生态环境脆弱,对气候变化敏感。但沙漠地区有限的森林资源限制了区域百年到千年尺度上的历史气候变化研究。利用采自巴丹吉林南缘的青海云杉年轮宽度资料,重建了区域近191 a(1815—2005年)来的年降水(前一年7月至当年8月的总降水量)变化序列。重建的相关系数是0.636,方差解释量为40.4%,调整自由度后的解释方差R2adj为0.392。重建结果稳定可靠。分析区域过去年降水变化结果可见,19世纪该区域干湿变化频繁,20世纪前半段主要以干旱为主,干湿转变较少。20世纪20年代的干旱事件在巴丹吉林南缘的干旱持续时间更长。周期分析的结果表明,区域年降水量变化有2 a、4 a、64 a等周期。     

滇西北高原局地暴雨雷达回波特征

利用丽江CINRAD/CC雷达观测资料,并结合天气背景及当地地形,对2008年9月11日出现在华坪站的单点性暴雨天气进行详细分析发现:雷达回波强度场上,由前端积状云和后部层积云组成的混合降水回波移过测站;速度场上出现了"逆风区"的特征,并在其移动路径周围出现了强降水天气;5.2 km以上高度的垂直风廓线显示,冷平流控制时系统维持,冷平流减弱时系统减弱;500 hPa副高较强,冷空气南下回流,致使700 hPa切变线东南移,产生强降水。华坪县特殊的地形与该次暴雨的风场结构相配合形成迎风坡的动力抬升条件,是此次暴雨的又一特征。     

兴安盟春季降水天气地面气压场定量分型的研究

利用国家气候中心月动力延伸模式地面气压场格点输出资料,通过普查计算春季历史上的地面气压场,确定了影响兴安盟春季降水的地面环流分型,并利用地面环流分型作兴安盟春季降水量预测,效果较好。     

华北地区500年滑动平均降水场序列重建

基于533年旱涝指数场序列，采用了滑动累积频率法用于降水序列重建工作，并选用了3种不同均值用于序列重建试验，得到了1499～2002年共504年连续的滑动平均降水场序列。分析表明，重建的504年降水场序列与49年实测降水场序列相关性较好，其平均相对均方误差在1．89％以下；重建的序列与原旱涝指数序列的非线性关系，表明重建序列是合理的，为华北地区长期旱涝变化规律的研究提供了基础资料。     

我国华南3月份降水异常的可能影响因子分析

利用1951～2005年华南地区3月份的降水资料、NOAA海温资料、Ni?o3.4指数和NCEP再分析资料,分析了华南3月份降水异常与同期环流场、全球海温场的关系,从环流和海温的角度揭示了华南3月份降水异常的可能原因。结果表明,当华南3月份降水偏多(少)时,在对流层中低层,北太平洋海区存在气旋(反气旋)性环流异常,西太平洋及南海海面上存在反气旋(气旋)性环流异常,这样的环流异常有利(不利)于东南暖湿气流与北方东部异常冷空气在华南地区形成水汽辐合,导致降水显著增多(减少)。进一步的分析表明,ENSO和北印度洋及南海附近海温是影响华南3月份降水异常的重要外强迫因子,ENSO对华南3月降水异常的影响是通过影响春季西太平洋副热带高压和低层风场异常实现的,而北印度洋及南海附近海温对华南3月降水异常的影响则是通过垂直环流场异常和低层风场以及西太平洋副热带高压异常来实现的。     

SIMULATION OF MONTHLY CLIMATIC MEAN FIELD IN JANUARY AND JULY IN QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU AND NORTHWESTERN CHINA

In this paper,we simulate the regional climate in summer and winter in northwestern part ofChina and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau with regional climate model(MM4)nested with GFDLdata,and compare the simulated results with observed data and GFDL data.The results show thatthe regional model reproduces the regional climate systems,such as the high pressure on theplateau and the low pressure in the north of the plateau in winter,the warm-low pressure over theplateau and pressure ridge in south and north of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in summer.Theseregional climate features could not be distinguished by the GCM.The simulations of precipitationdistribution are reasonable.But differences between the simulated and observed precipitationvalues in some places are obvious.The precipitation in south of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau isunderestimated,and in north of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,the precipitation is overestimated.The simulation of height field is better than temperature field.     

基于卫星探测资料的珠江三角洲城市群对降水影响的观测研究

利用卫星观测TRMM降水以及QuikSCAT风场资料, 对珠江三角洲地区及临近区域降水的分布特征进行了探讨, 结果表明: (1) 同一纬度相比, 珠江三角洲城市群所处的区域降水明显多于其周边地区, 表明了城市化可能会使所处区域的降水增加; (2) 珠江三角洲城市群所处区域降水的增加存在明显的季节变化特征, 在前汛期城市所处区域的降水增多较其它季节明显; (3) 珠江三角洲城市化对降水的影响与风场的分布密切关联, 降水增多的区域通常位于城市群所在之处及其下风方向的邻近地区; (4) 珠江三角洲城市化使城市群所处区域的降水时次减少, 而降水强度则加强; (5) 珠江三角洲城市群的天气、 气候效应只对对流性降水产生影响, 而层状降水的分布则与城市群的位置没有明显关联。     

中国东南部冬季降水变化及其环流特征

利用1951-2011年中国160站降水资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了中国东南部冬季降水的年际变化及与之相关的环流和水汽输送特征。结果表明:中国东南部冬季降水年际差异较明显,当降水异常偏多(少)时,蒙古高压及中国广大南方地区海平面气压异常偏低(高),而亚洲附近的洋面上则异常偏高(低);500 hPa上,巴尔喀什湖附近的高压脊和东亚大槽均偏弱(强);高层东亚西风急流异常偏弱(强),中东地区急流异常偏强(弱);中国东部20~30°N出现显著异常上升(下沉)运动,低纬度地区出现异常下沉(上升)运动。影响中国东南部冬季降水的水汽输送主要有两支:来自西风带绕高原的南支气流,经过阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾向华南的输送水汽;来自低纬西太平洋,经南海向中国西南的水汽输送。此外,东亚冬季风与中国东南部冬季降水关系密切。