生物土壤结皮与种子附属物对4种荒漠植物种子萌发的交互影响

生物土壤结皮能直接或间接地影响维管植物种子萌发与群落建成,种子本身的生物学特征（如种子附属物等）对萌发也存在一定影响。本研究选取古尔班通古特沙漠4种常见的具有不同形态附属物的藜科植物（梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron ）、粗枝猪毛菜（Salsola subcrassa ）、心叶驼绒藜（Ceratoides ewersmanniana ）和角果藜（Ceratocarpus arenarius ））种子,设置苔藓结皮、地衣结皮和裸沙3种土壤基质,通过去除或保留种子附属物,对比研究了生物土壤结皮与种子附属物对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：粗枝猪毛菜和梭梭的苞片显著抑制了种子萌发（p <0.05）,心叶驼绒藜的柔毛和角果藜的刺状附属物对种子萌发没有显著影响（p >0.05）。与裸沙相比,苔藓结皮显著抑制了4种植物种子的萌发（p <0.05）,地衣结皮显著抑制了粗枝猪毛菜种子的萌发（p <0.01）,而对其他3种植物种子的萌发无显著影响（p >0.05）。同时,附属物与结皮对粗枝猪毛菜种子的萌发还具有交互作用,表现为显著抑制种子萌发（p <0.01）。可见,生物土壤结皮对具有不同附属物的荒漠植物种子萌发具有不同的影响,进而造成维管植物种子萌发的空间异质性,影响维管植物分布和多样性。     

北京汉石桥湿地恢复区土壤种子库初探

采用种子萌发法对北京汉石桥湿地恢复区土壤垂直分布的种子库储量进行了研究,将土壤分为3个层次,距地表分别为0~5 cm,5~10 cm,10~15 cm。结果表明:共萌发10种植物,其中3种植物由于在幼苗期死亡,处于待鉴定状态。其他7种植物分别是打碗花-旋花科、水稗-禾本科、毛马唐-禾本科、毛茛-毛茛科、苘麻-锦葵科、小藜-藜科、委陵菜-蔷薇科。0~5 cm土壤层萌发出10种植物,从鉴定出的植物可以看出,5~10 cm土壤层中,出现了4种植物,水稗占的比例较大;10~15 cm土壤层中,仅出现了1种植物,即禾本科的水稗。汉石桥湿地恢复区的物种数量较多,禾本科占据主要地位。湿地恢复区的种子库在维持地表植被植物多样性中发挥着一定的作用。     

古尔班通古特沙漠地区短命植物土壤种子库研究

采用野外定点取样和室内萌发相结合的试验方法,研究了短命植物在沙丘不同部位的空间分布、萌发状况、密度、物种多样性及土壤种子库生物多样性与地上植物多样性的关系。结果表明:短命植物种子主要集中分布于地表0~5 cm土壤中,5 cm以下土壤中极少存在有活力的种子;沙丘间及沙丘不同部位的种子库密度大小不同,密度自坡底随高度增加逐渐减少,坡底、坡中部及坡顶部密度分别为124粒/m2、91粒/m2、66粒/m2。迎风坡种子库密度比背风坡面少,迎风坡种子库平均密度为81粒/m2,而背风坡种子库平均密度为100粒/m2;短命植物种子在4月上旬达到萌发高峰,沙丘不同部位物种多样性存在差异,土壤种子库和地上植被存在较高的相似性,此外短命植物在沙丘不同部位的分布存在较高的空间异质性。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)群落土壤水分动态特征

以流动沙地作对照,在毛乌素沙地选择半固定沙地油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)群落、具生物结皮的油蒿群落和油蒿+本氏针茅(Stipa capillata)群落设置样地,以10min间隔获取5、15、30、50、70cm深度土壤水分实时监测数据,分析生长季不同植被覆盖下沙地土壤水分动态变化特征。结果表明:(1)4个样地均为秋季储水量最大,油蒿+本氏针茅群落0~80cm层土壤储水能力最强,平均增加了30mm。(2)受土壤蒸发影响的同时,得不到春季小降水事件的补给,流动沙地20~60cm层春季土壤含水量只有4%,生长季波动明显,呈双峰型,0~20cm层和60~80cm层土壤含水量较稳定;半固定沙地油蒿群落0~60cm层土壤含水量长期处于6%左右,60~80cm层春季最低、夏季和秋季得到较好的补给,呈双峰型;具生物结皮的油蒿群落0~10cm平均土壤含水量大于10~20cm层,0~10cm层土壤水分受生物结皮影响呈双峰型,而10~60cm土壤水分较稳定,呈单峰型,60~80cm层土壤含水量在春季最低,呈双峰型;油蒿+本氏针茅群落土壤持水性有明显增加,夏季和秋季土壤含水量可长期处于12%~14%,呈明显的双峰型,而60~80cm土层得不到充分的降水补给,长期处于4%左右,呈单峰型。(3)不同植被覆盖的沙地土壤水分对30mm左右降水的响应深度不同,流动沙地可到70cm,半固定沙地油蒿群落到50cm,具生物结皮的油蒿群落到30cm,油蒿+本氏针茅群落到40cm;极端降水能够影响所有样地0~70cm土壤含水量。     

生活污水对12种湿地植物种子萌发的影响

以山东省临沂地区常见的12种湿地植物灯心草(Juncus effusus)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、黄花蔺(Limnocharis flava)、千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)、风车草(Cyperus alternifolius)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、泽泻(Alisma plantago-aquatica)、黄菖蒲(Lris pseudacorus)、香蒲(Typha orientalis)、水苦荬(Veronica undulata)、水葱(Scirpus validus)和芦竹(Arundo donax)的种子为材料,研究生活污水对其萌发的影响。结果表明,随着生活污水在水体中所占比例的升高(从25%升高至100%),12种植物种子的萌发率、萌发指数和活力指数都降低;当生活污水在水体中所占比例达到50%以上时,湿地植物种子的萌发率、萌发指数和活力指数都显著低于对照处理(p0.05);生活污水在水体中所占比例较低时,湿地植物种子初始萌发的时间不变,其比例较高时,则种子初始萌发的时间延长,当生活污水在水体中所占比例达到100%时,黄花蔺、千屈菜、风车草、泽泻、黄菖蒲、水苦荬、水葱种子初始萌发的时间延后,萌发速率受到明显抑制,并且萌发时间延长3~6 d;12种湿地植物种子普遍对生活污水有一定的耐受性;黄菖蒲和黄花蔺种子对生活污水的耐受性较弱,风车草、泽泻、水葱、芦竹和水苦荬种子对生活污水的耐受性中等,菖蒲、千屈菜、灯心草、芦苇和香蒲种子对生活污水的耐受性较强。     

3种藜科植物叶特性因子对土壤养分、水分及种群密度的响应

 以科尔沁沙地3种主要的藜科植物为实验材料,通过控制土壤养分、土壤水分以及种群密度,研究植物比叶面积（SLA）和叶干物质含量（LDMC）对土壤养分、土壤水分和种群密度及三者交互作用的响应。结果表明：养分和水分对这3种植物的SLA和LDMC的影响均为显著,其中养分为最大的变异源。3种藜科植物的SLA和LDMC对密度处理响应均为不显著。交互作用对3种藜科植物SLA和LDMC的影响则要弱于单因素（密度、水分）处理;养分的增加导致沙蓬、大果虫实的SLA增大,LDMC减小;水分对SLA、LDMC的影响和养分相似;尖头叶藜的响应方式与沙蓬、大果虫实相异,随养分的增加其SLA有减小的趋势,LDMC反而有增大的趋势; 土壤养分、水分的改变对尖头叶藜SLA和LDMC的影响较弱。     

不同贮藏条件和光照对5种蒺藜科植物种子萌发的影响

研究不同贮藏条件和光照对5种蒺藜科植物（骆驼蓬 Pegannum harmala、唐古特白刺Nitrari tangutorum、泡泡刺Nitraria sphaerocarpa、驼蹄瓣 Zygophyllum fabago 和多裂骆驼蓬Peganum multisectum)种子萌发的影响。结果表明,低温贮藏对这5种植物的种子萌发有显著影响,并且种子萌发对光、暗的响应随贮藏条件和贮藏时间的变化而变化。根据这5种植物在不同条件组合下的最大萌发率,拟定出了种子萌发的最佳贮藏条件和萌发条件：①湿-冷贮藏能使骆驼蓬种子具有较高的萌发率,此时对光照没有明显的要求;②多裂骆驼蓬种子经过80 d湿-冷贮藏后在光下能达到很高的萌发率,同时,其80 d干-冷贮藏后在暗条件下的萌发率接近同样的效果;③唐古特白刺种子更适合光下萌发,在湿+低温+光照处理下,种子经过三个贮藏期后均具有较高的萌发率,而干-冷贮藏种子只有冷藏80 d后才能达到较高萌发率;④泡泡刺种子适合干-冷贮藏,对光照没有要求;⑤驼蹄瓣种子在干、湿贮藏后,其萌发率无明显差异,但在暗条件下萌发率略高于光条件下,并且达到最大萌发率所需要的冷藏时间短（20 d）,而在光下则需要较长的冷藏（80 d 以上）才能达到较高萌发率。     

适宜汾河太原段河岸带香蒲、水蓼和萎蒿生长的土壤水分条件实验研究

选择在汾河太原段河岸带生长的香蒲(Typha orientalis)、水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)和萎蒿(Artemisia selengensis)作为实验对象,于2019年3月15日至9月4日,在太原理工大学水利科学与工程学院室外实验棚内,在土壤深积水(植株全淹)、土壤浅积水(植株半淹)、土壤自然状况(土壤含水量为25%)、土壤轻度干旱(土壤含水量为15%)和土壤干旱(土壤含水量为5%)5种条件下,开展实验。在实验过程中,每15 d计算3种植物的存活率;在实验第30天、第60天、第90天、第120天和第150天,测定3种植物的株高、活叶片数、最大叶片长度和生物量。研究结果表明,在相同的土壤水分条件下,香蒲、水蓼和萎蒿的存活率不同,其中水蓼相对更耐淹,萎蒿相对更耐旱;在土壤深积水、土壤干旱和土壤半干旱条件下,3种植物的活叶片数和最大叶片长度在实验期间呈单峰型变化,株高和生物量都逐渐增大;在土壤自然状况下,3种植物的株高、活叶片数、最大叶片长度、生物量等都显著大于其它水分条件下的指标;与土壤深积水、土壤浅积水和土壤干旱条件下相比,在土壤轻度干旱条件下,水蓼和萎蒿的活叶片数、生物量、最大叶片长度以及萎蒿的株高都偏大;15%～25%的土壤含水量是适宜香蒲、水蓼和萎蒿生长的土壤含水量。     

2000-2016年青海湖湖冰物候特征变化

湖冰物候特征是气候变化的灵敏指示器。基于2000-2016年青海湖边界矢量数据,结合Terra MODIS和Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像及气象数据,利用RS和GIS技术综合分析青海湖湖冰物候特征变化及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：① 青海湖开始冻结、完全冻结、开始消融和完全消融的时间分别为12月中旬、1月上旬、3月中下旬和3月下旬至4月上旬,平均封冻期和平均完全封冻期为88 d和77 d,平均湖冰存在期和平均消融期为108 d和10 d。② 近16年间青海湖湖冰物候特征各时间节点变化呈现较大的差异性。湖泊开始冻结日期相对变化较小,完全冻结日期呈先提前后推迟的波动趋势,开始消融日期呈先推迟后提前的波动趋势,完全消融日期在2012-2016年呈明显提前趋势。青海湖封冻期在2000-2005年和2010-2016年呈缩短趋势,但减少速率慢于青藏高原腹地的湖泊。③ 青海湖冻结和消融的空间模式相同,即湖冰形成较早的区域则消融较早,且前者持续时间（18~31 d）整体上大于后者（7~20 d）,二者相差约10 d。④ 冬半年负积温大小是影响青海湖封冻期的关键要素,但风速和降水对青海湖湖冰的形成和消融亦发挥着重要作用。     

模拟沙地干旱环境研究电场对两种沙生植物抗旱性的影响

用不同电场条件处理沙生植物柠条（Caragana intermedia）和沙蒿（Artemisia songarica Schrenk）种子,采用人工模拟干旱试验方法,研究电场处理后这两种植物种子萌发和生物量对土壤干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,电场处理缓解了两种植物随干旱程度加重出现的负效应,不同处理条件,种子萌发和生物量对干旱胁迫的适应性的影响不同,电场处理能够提高种子在干旱胁迫条件下的发芽率和发芽势,提高两种沙生植物生物量干重和鲜重。这些变化缓解了干旱胁迫对柠条和沙蒿种子的伤害,提高了对干旱胁迫的适应性。     

Seed germination of five Helianthemum species: Effect of temperature and presowing treatments

The germination behaviour of five Helianthemum species (H. almeriense, H. appeninum, H. cinereum, H. hirtum, H. squamatum) has been studied under controlled conditions. Constant 15, 20 or 25 °C and alternating 25/15 °C temperature regimes and 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod conditions were used. Presowing treatments applied were manual scarification, boiling water, hot water, dry heat and sulphuric acid. Germination values recorded were final germination percentage and germination rate expressed as days to reach 50% of the final germination percentage (T₅₀). Incubation temperature had no significant effect on final germination percentage for untreated seeds of the five Helianthemum species. However, variation due to temperature was significant for scarified seeds, with the lowest germination percentage attained at 25 °C. In all Helianthemum species studied, the highest germination percentages were obtained by manual scarification of seeds. Germination rate of scarified seeds decreased as germination temperature increased. The different presowing treatments investigated allowed some germination in some species, but none were any better than manual scarification. The high germination among most species studied, following mechanical rupture of the seed coat, shows that the mechanism of dormancy lies in the seed coat. The physical dormancy caused by impermeable seed-coat appears to be the main reason of poor germination of untreated seeds of Helianthemum species studied.     

Seed predation and moisture limit germination of recalcitrant Dobera glabra (Salvadoraceae) seeds in the Afar rangelands, Ethiopia

We studied current recruitment failure of Dobera glabra, an important famine-food throughout the dryland parts of the Horn of Africa. The species has previously been found to have recalcitrant seeds, a strategy not common for plants in dryland areas. We experimentally tested (1) how germination capacity of D. glabra is affected by seed form, storage period and moisture under nursery conditions, and (2) how seed predation by vertebrate herbivore and seed exposure at germination site affect germination under field conditions in northern Afar rangelands, Ethiopia. D. glabra seeds that received either mulching or supplementary watering (3 days/week) had a higher germination success than controls. The seeds are probably desiccation sensitive since stored seeds had poor germination performance compared to fresh seeds. Seeds in the rangeland plots protected from herbivores had significantly higher germination success compared to open plots. Our findings demonstrate that seed predation and moisture limitation highly reduced the germinability of the recalcitrant D. glabra seeds, indicating that the species might have persisted due to past wetter periods and low herbivore density in dry environments.     

九寨沟林下28种乡土观赏植物种子基本特征

为了筛选九寨沟旅游退化地段林下植被恢复的适宜物种,并揭示乡土植物种子基本性状特征,研究了九寨沟28种观赏性乡土植物种子基本特征 (长宽、种皮厚度、千粒重、活力、萌发率)以及低温层积提高种子发芽能力的作用.调查研究结果是:1) 28种植物种子中4种为小种子(<1 mg),53.6%是中等大小的种子(1～9.9 mg),32.1%为大种子(>9.9 mg).小种子均出现萌发,与小种子相比,种子休眠普遍存在于中等大小和大的种子中.2) 77%的物种种子活力较高(>72%),但仅有7种常规条件下能萌发;窄叶鲜卑花的萌发率最高,达到80%左右,6种植物的萌发率3%～50%.3)低温层积显著提高了蔷薇、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花、假升麻的萌发率(P<0.05),也相对较早地提高了陇东海棠、鲜黄小檗、独活的萌发,但对大多数种子萌发没有促进作用.综合分析表明,九寨沟28种林下或林缘乡土植物中只有窄叶鲜卑花、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花、假升麻、陇东海棠、鲜黄小檗、蔷薇等12种可直播或通过低温层积处理后直播用于旅游干扰退化地段的林下植被恢复中,而其他种类尚需进一步寻求打破休眠的措施和方法.     

Pre- and post-dispersal seed loss and soil seed dynamics of the dominant Bulnesia retama (Zygophyllaceae) shrub in a sandy Monte desert of western Argentina

In deserts and semi-deserts dominant plants seldom rely on a persistent seed bank to ensure their recruitment from sexual reproduction, which is generally based on the seeds produced in the last reproductive event. We studied pre- and post-dispersal seed loss of Bulnesia retama, a dominant shrub of the sandy Monte deserts (western Argentina). We hypothesised that pre- and post-dispersal seed depletion in B. retama regulate soil seed density and in turn decrease soil seed reserves. We also hypothesised that spatial patches induced by standing vegetation and other microsites additionally affect post-dispersal seed loss and soil seed density.We observed that as much as half the total seed production was lost due to pre-dispersal seed predation. Seed dispersal plus predation showed a negative exponential function with 61% of seeds falling during the first 28 days, and 99% after 90 days, when 34% of the seeds remained inside excluded branches. A significant patch effect was observed on soil seed density and seed dynamics, with a greater number of seeds and increased seed depletion rates below B. retama shrubs. However, spatial patches did not affect seed germination although they increased with burial time, from 22% to 70% after 75 and 276 days, respectively. Likewise, a similar trend was found in potential seed germination; seeds collected directly from mother plants had a low germination rate (less than 25%), which increased to 75% after 276 days of soil burial. About 15% of the dispersed seeds should persist to the next rainy season, thus contributing to a low-density but persistent seed bank.The delay in seed germination and temporal decrease in soil seed density that we observed for B. retama suggest that a set of mechanisms have been developed promoting germination events whenever soil water is available, at any moment of the year.     

Factors influencing seed germination of Cyperus capitatus, inhabiting the moving sand dunes in southern Europe

Cyperus capitatus Vandelli (Cyperaceae) is distributed in coastal sandy habitats and mobile dunes of south Europe. Its seed germination ecology is not known, despite its potential to be used in re-vegetation projects. Laboratory experiments were conduced to assess the effects of salinity, light regime, cold stratification and burial on seed germination of this species. Overall, increasing salinity delayed germination, increased seed dormancy and mean time to germination (MTG), and reduced final germination percentage, inhibiting it completely above 1% of salinity; although it did not affect seed viability. C. capitatus seeds exhibited their greatest germination at levels between 0 and 1% in non-stratified seeds, and between 0 and 0.5% for stratified seeds. Thus, the effect of salt was greater for stratified seeds at 5 °C. Germination in light/darkness conditions was similar to that in full darkness. Finally, burial in sand of C. capitatus seeds appeared to have a significant effect on cumulative percentage of germination. Seeds buried at depths greater than 2 and 3 cm showed a lower germination success than those on sand surface or buried at shallower depths. Burial also affected the beginning and speed of seed germination.     

土壤种子库萌发实验在野外与室内的对比分析

实验室萌发法是目前国内外研究土壤种子库时普遍采用的方法,而实验室与野外自然环境在萌发条件上具有很大的差异,在野外进行萌发实验是否对土壤种子库恢复潜力的估计更具有可靠性？鉴于此,我们在塔里木河下游选择了3个典型断面,分别在野外和实验室进行了土壤种子库萌发实验。结果表明:①野外与实验室萌出的物种相同,但幼苗密度在野外(598.8株\5m-2)明显高于实验室(530.3株\5m-2)。②物种组成中,豆科物种在野外实验幼苗密度明显较高;若以生活型划分,多年生草本和灌木幼苗密度在野外明显高于实验室。③各物种在野外和实验室的萌发特征相似,但在实验室萌发速度较快,萌发高峰期提前了2~3 d。综合来看,对于塔里木河下游土壤种子库的研究,在野外进行萌发实验其结果更具有可靠性。这对今后土壤种子库的研究具有参考意义。     

温度和光照对3种雀麦属(Bromus)植物种子萌发的影响

旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum)原产于欧亚大陆,18世纪传入北美,并成为该地区的入侵植物。然而,同为雀麦属的扁穗雀麦(Bromus catharticus)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)并不具有旱雀麦的入侵性。本研究设置高温、低温和黑暗等处理,探讨温度和光照对3种植物种子萌发的影响,旨在从种子萌发的角度揭示旱雀麦的入侵性。结果表明：温度和光照对旱雀麦和扁穗雀麦种子的发芽率均无明显影响(p>0.05);高温和黑暗处理显著提高了无芒雀麦种子的发芽率(p<0.05),对旱雀麦、扁穗雀麦和无芒雀麦种子的发芽势、发芽指数、日均发芽率、发芽系数、发芽峰值和发芽值有一定的促进作用,而低温处理则表现出相反的效应;高温和黑暗处理对3种植物种子的平均发芽天数和萌发持续时间有一定降低的作用,而低温处理则表现出相反的效应。同一处理下旱雀麦种子萌发各项指标均优于另两种植物,这可能是旱雀麦具有较强入侵性的重要原因。     

沙地恢复过程中两种一年生植物种子萌发和幼苗种群动态研究

狗尾草和虫实是科尔沁沙地两种常见一年生草本植物,在沙地恢复过程中起着非常重要的作用。采用固定样方法对自然条件下两种植物种子萌发和幼苗种群动态进行了研究。结果表明,沙地恢复不同阶段虫实和狗尾草萌发数量随季节和样地的变化而变化,种子萌发和幼苗存活显示出强烈的降雨依赖性,并且虫实和狗尾草种子当年可萌发数量都随沙地固定程度增加而逐渐增大。从4月到8月,各月虫实种子萌发比例依次降低,但大多数狗尾草种子在5月到6月才开始萌发。虫实和狗尾草种子呈现出分批萌发的策略。虫实和狗尾草主要分4批出苗,相对虫实而言,狗尾草出苗对降雨的响应存在一定的滞后性,且狗尾草萌发所需的温度较虫实高。虫实和狗尾草的存活曲线均属于C型曲线,是较为典型的r对策者。