基于随机森林模型的城市不透水面提取研究 ——以呼和浩特市为例

城市不透水面信息对于城市生态环境动态演化过程研究具有重要意义。以Landsat 8遥感影像为数据源,以呼和浩特市为实证区域,进行了随机森林模型应用于城市不透水面的提取研究,并与目前应用广泛的支持向量机模型进行了对比分析。研究表明：在不同的抽样比例训练样本条件下,随机森林模型对于城市不透水面的提取精度均优于支持向量机的提取精度;对于随机森林模型和支持向量机模型,70%的训练样本比例均为最佳训练样本抽样比例。在该抽样比例下,随机森林模型提取城市不透水面的总体分类精度为93.29%,Kappa系数为0.9051,支持向量机模型的总体分类精度为91.26%,Kappa系数为0.8757;随机森林模型对于城市裸土的识别度较高,能更好地将城市裸土和不透水面进行区分,而支持向量机模型对于城市裸土、不透水面和绿地的区分能力均弱于随机森林模型。综合而言,随机森林模型对城市不透水面的提取精度优于支持向量机模型,随机森林模型可以有效应用于城市不透水面提取领域,进一步丰富了城市不透水面提取方法体系构成。     

城市下垫面空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究综述

快速城市化显著改变了城市下垫面空间特征,对地表产汇流过程产生了重要影响。综述城市下垫面空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究进展,以下垫面空间特征对产汇流过程的影响为主线,聚焦不透水面和微地形两类空间特征,总结城市下垫面空间特征及其表征方法;从不透水率与不透水面空间变化、数值模拟与物理实验等方面,分别梳理不透水面和微地形等空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究成果。展望未来城市下垫面空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究重点和发展方向,主要包括影响机理解析、主控空间特征参数识别与敏感性分析、城市水文效应适应性应对等,以期为快速城市化下城市水文效应解析和城市洪涝灾害防治提供一定参考。     

考虑有效不透水下垫面的城市雨洪模拟模型——Ⅱ.雨洪模拟及水文响应分析

为了分析有效不透水下垫面在城市雨洪模拟中的水文响应机理, 以常州市双桥浜径流小区为研究区域, 构建考虑有效不透水下垫面的城市雨洪模型。利用实测资料先确定屋顶中有效不透水面积的比例, 再率定模型其余参数。采用不同的方法表征不透水性, 设置不同的模拟方案, 分析有效不透水面积及总不透水面积的水文响应。结果表明: 与正确使用有效不透水面积的模拟结果相比, 用总不透水面积表征模型不透水性且直接移用有效不透水面积模型参数, 会高估洪峰流量及洪量; 使用总不透水面积表征不透水性, 进而率定模型, 低重现期时洪峰流量偏大, 高重现期时洪峰流量偏低, 并且会低估洪量。     

植被覆盖度与城区地表热量的动态变化分析

近几年随着城市化进程的不断加快,城市周边环境发生了巨大的变化,其中最为突出的热点表现在城市气候状况的逐年变化,针对气候变化国内、外气候学家做出了众多研究成果。这里研究的重点在利用遥感技术对客观数据大面积、高时效、全面真实地分析处理的基础上,来动态地研究城市植被覆盖度变化与城区地表热量分布的关系,通过对1992年、2006年的Landsat5TM遥感数据的分析,估算植被的覆盖度并对城区地表温度进行反演,从而客观得出植被覆盖度与城区地表热量分布图,揭示出植被覆盖度与城市地袁热量分布之间的相互关系。研究结果表明,城市植被覆盖度与城市地表热量分布之间呈现出明显的负相关性,具体表现为植被覆盖度越低的地区,城市热量值比植被覆盖度越高的地区城市热量值高。     

阜平县地表温度遥感反演及其空间特征研究

以阜平县为研究区域,基于Landsat 8遥感影像和ASTGTM2 DEM数据,利用辐射传输方程法反演地表温度,运用统计学方法分析地表温度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)、海拔和坡向之间的关系.结果表明:阜平县地表温度整体呈西高东低分布,地表温度与植被覆盖、地形要素之间的关系密切,地表温度高值区域主要分布在研究区西部和东北部海拔较高且NDVI值较高区域,低值区域主要分布在东南部海拔较低且NDVI值较低区域.地表温度随海拔和NDVI的升高逐渐减小,呈现明显的负线性相关;不同坡向的地表温度分布具有一定的差异,阳坡的地表温度高于阴坡.     

基于GA-LS-SVM算法的城市不透水面估算方法

城市不透水面遥感提取方法一直是城市遥感的重要研究领域。以南京市为例,采用Landsat TM（ETM+）数据,结合IKONOS影像,阐述了多源特征的提取与选择方法及其对不透水面估算精度的影响,并采用遗传算法优化最小二乘支持向量机参数,构建GA-LS-SVM模型。应用该模型估算南京市不透水面,与神经网络模型和像元分解线性模型进行比较。结果表明：采用多源特征提取城市不透水面,可以明显提高估算精度;GA-LS-SVM模型2000年与2006年估算误差RMSE分别为0.106和0.158,SE均为-0.001,明显优于其他2种模型。     

黄河源区植被对活动层温度和水分的影响

植被和活动层水热关系是青藏高原冻土生态环境的重要组成部分,对气候变化和工程活动积极响应,是目前全球变化研究的热点之一.为了解植被差异对活动层水热过程的影响,以场地监测和植被调查数据为基础,分析了黄河源区高温高海拔多年冻土区同一地貌单元内局地条件相似而植被差异显著的3个场地活动层温度和水分变化.初步结果表明:植被盖度较低时,活动层水分含量也低,且含水量高值区趋于中下部;植被盖度较高时,冷季地气温差和温度位移都减小,暖季地气温差增大;随着植被盖度增大,冻融开始和结束时间明显滞后,冻融持续时间延长.初步揭示了黄河源区地表植被对活动层水分和温度的影响过程,对研究和保护高寒生态环境稳定具有重要意义.      

福州城市地表温度时空变化与贡献度研究

随着全球变暖和城市化进程的加快,城市区域的热环境问题日益凸显。以福州为例,基于遥感、地理信息系统和地统计学等方法,通过多尺度空间模式,定量分析以地表温度贡献度为表征的城市热环境时空变化及其特征。结果表明:①1993—2016年,研究区的土地利用/覆盖类型发生了显著变化,建设用地净增长1 231.04 km2,变化率高达295.33%;耕地被建设用地占用。②地表温度空间格局变化明显,中高温区以闽江水域为轴向周边区域逐渐蔓延,低温区和次低温区面积显著减少。③1993—2016年,福州所辖各县市区地表温度贡献时空分布不均。其中,中心城区(鼓楼区、台江区、仓山区、晋安区和马尾区)对地表温度上升表现为正贡献,闽清县和永泰县表现为负贡献。从不同土地利用/覆盖类型来看,林/草地、耕地、水体对地表温度升高有负贡献,建设用地表现为正贡献。④多距离空间聚类分析(Ripley's K函数)显示,地表温度集聚与分散存在尺度效应;1993—2016年,研究区的地表温度集聚范围逐步扩大、集聚程度增强。     

城市地区产汇流模型研究

城市化后与天然流域产流条件的主要差别是其透水面积比例不断减小，而 透水和半透水面积比例相应增大。根据这个特点本文在城市透水面积上引用“吉林省小流域和坡面设计洪水研究成果”中的产流模型；在不透水和半透水面上引用了国内在的试验成果进行上损计算。并综合为城市产流模型，它能较客观地反映不同下垫面的产流机制。根据长春市实验流域实测资料用本产流模型和现行汇流计算方法进行拟合，取得较为满意的结果。     

大陆地表温度场的时空变化与现今构造活动

试图利用地表温度场数据获取中国西部的构造活动信息。在建立热与应变关系的基础上,对中国西部MODIS/Terra地表温度产品进行分析处理。研究发现:(1)地表温度在一些地区发生偏离年变现象,这种年变偏离与一些活动构造带的活动有关;(2)在扣除年变基准场等主要气候因素后,年变残差(ΔT)中长周期成分(LSTLOW)更接近构造活动所引起的热信息,能为构造活动提供一定的指示信息。研究发现,一个地震的发生对周围不同构造区的影响不同,有的地区升温,有的地区降温。2004年印尼地震最大的影响是引起青藏高原中部巴颜喀拉—松潘地块的降温;(3)与前者相对应,发生在中国周边地区的不同地震引起的温度变化格局不同,对同一地区的影响也不同,例如2001年东昆仑8.1级地震引起龙门山断裂带升温,而2003年斋桑泊7.9级地震和2004年印尼9级地震却引起该带的降温;(4)不同地区地温变化的时间过程不同。这些现象均对构造变形过程有一定的启示。在上述现象的基础上,笔者结合GPS观测结果,不同深度的地温信息以及地震活动等资料,对地表温度场中包含构造活动信息进行了初步检验,并对地表温度场反映的区域构造变形模型进行了讨论。     

Assessment of impervious surface growth in urban environment through remote sensing estimates

The fast growth in population and expansion of urban built area has led to the transformation of the natural landscape into impervious surfaces. Remote sensing-based estimate of impervious surface area (ISA) has emerged as an important indicator for the assessment of water resources depletion in urban areas and developed a correlation between land-use change and their potential impact on urban hydrology. In the present work, a remote sensing-based Impervious Surface Area (ISA) was carried out for New Okhla Industrial Development Authority (NOIDA) city, one of the fastest growing cities in National Capital Region (NCR) of India. The impervious surface area (ISA) of NOIDA was calculated for the years 2001, 2007 and 2014 using multi-temporal LANDSAT thermal data by applying linear spectral mixing analysis (LSMA) techniques to monitor the growth rate of impervious surface. The results observed by analysis of multi-temporal satellite images show an extreme temporal change in the growth of ISA in the city. The ISA observed for the year 2001 is 28 sq.km; in 2007, its increase was 48 sq.km and was 132 in 2014. The results were observed from this work through the use of satellite data which is very important for water resource management, planning and prediction of ISA impact on hydrology.     

Spatial evaluation of impacts of increase in impervious surface area on SCS-CN and runoff in Nagpur urban watersheds,India

The changing land use due to rapid urbanization has profound impact on the runoff in urban watersheds. The spatial analysis in urban watersheds is felt necessary for management of surface and subsurface water regimes. Significant increase in impervious zones was observed in Nagpur urban watersheds between 2000 and 2012 having impacts on runoff, and even flash floods were observed. This study presents spatial and temporal impacts of change in urban built-up area on curve number (CN) and runoff during the years 2000 and 2012. The study also analyzes effect of slope on CN values and shows that CN increases with slope. High-resolution satellite images were used to map impervious surface areas (ISAs) which show an increase of 0.9 to 34 % during 2000–2012. Spearman’s and Pearson’s coefficients have been generated to establish relationship between runoff, impervious surface areas, vegetation index, slope, and runoff coefficient. It has been hypothetically assumed that if 100, 50, and 25 % rooftop rainwater harvesting is considered, the estimated runoff reduces in 2012 as compared to the year 2000. The study suggests that increase in impervious areas within urban watersheds can be utilized for groundwater augmentation adopting rooftop rainwater-harvesting techniques and to prevent flash floods.     

Impervious surface impact on water quality in the process of rapid urbanization in Shenzhen, China

Urbanization has accelerated rapidly over the last century, which has caused surfaces in natural ecosystems to shift to impervious surfaces. As a result, urban watershed ecosystems show altered physical, chemical and ecological process. As an important part of watershed management, urbanization has become one of the key issues involved in the deterioration of water quality. Impervious surface area (ISA) has been recognized as a key indicator of the effects of non-point runoff and water quality within a particular watershed. Numerous case studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between urbanization and water quality in different study areas. However, there is still a lack of understanding regarding quantitative analysis of the threshold between urbanization and water quality indicators. This study was conducted to improve the understanding of how to quantify a threshold between urbanization and water quality, taking the rapid urbanization zone of Shenzhen, China as a case study. To accomplish this, ISA was extracted from the Landsat? image using a linear spectral mixture method to quantify the urbanization. The relationship between water quality indicators and ISA was then analyzed by nonlinear regression, and the threshold between ISA and the chemical indicators of water quality was investigated using the statistical segment approach method. The results indicate that the water quality indicators and ISA are significantly correlated, and that, with the exception of Zn, Pb, and CN, the water quality indicators had R ² values greater than 0.45. Furthermore, with the exception of Zn, F^?, Pb and oils, water quality indicators were found to have an ISA threshold of 36.9–52.9 %, indicating that it is important to control the ISA below 36.9 % in urbanization watersheds to enable effective urban watershed management.     

Assessing impact of urban impervious surface on watershed hydrology using distributed object-oriented simulation and spatial regression

In this study, we investigated the relationship between watershed characteristics and hydrology using high spatial resolution impervious surface area (ISA), hydrologic simulations and spatial regression. We selected 20 watersheds at HUC 12 level with different degrees of urbanization and performed hydrologic simulation using a distributed object-oriented rainfall and runoff simulation model. We extracted the discharge per area and ratio of runoff to base flow from simulation results and used them as indicators of hydrology pattern. We derived percentage of ISA, distance from ISA to streams, and stream density as the watershed characteristics to evaluate the relationship with hydrology pattern in watersheds using ordinary least square, spatial error and spatial lag regression models. The comparison indicates that spatial lag regression model can achieve better performance for the evaluation of relationship between ratio of runoff to base flow and watershed characteristics, and that three models provide similar performance for the evaluation of relationship between discharge per area and watershed characteristics. The results from regression analyses demonstrate that ISA plays an important role in watershed hydrology. Ignorance of spatial dependence in analyses will likely cause inaccurate evaluation for relationship between ISA and watershed hydrology. The hydrologic model, regression methods and relationships between watershed characteristics and hydrology pattern provide important tools and information for decision makers to evaluate the effect of different scenarios in land management.     

西藏地表温度时空演变特征及影响因子

地表温度（land surface temperature, LST）是反映生态环境状况的重要指标。西藏作为气候变化的敏感地区,掌握其LST的时空变化有利于深入了解西藏热环境演化过程,为长期监测高原基础生态变化提供帮助。研究基于谷歌地球引擎获取西藏2000—2020年的MODIS LST数据,采用归一化分级方法对LST进行5个等级的划分,利用趋势分析、热力空间分析以及重心迁移等方法分析了研究区近20年来的LST时空演变特征。同时,选取归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI）、裸土指数（bare soil index, BI）、垂直不透水面指数（perpendicular impervious surface index, PISI）、湿度（WET）以及高程（digital elevation model, DEM）等5个影响LST的地表参数,结合多尺度地理加权回归,探讨了LST影响因子的作用尺度与作用效力。结果表明：2000—2020年,西藏LST均值由18.72 ℃上升至20.28 ℃,年均增长0.09 ℃,LST呈现微弱上升态势。20年来,LST在所有年份皆具有西北高、东南低的空间分布格局,LST增温趋势亦表现为西北高、东南低的分布特征。低温区和高温区空间分布聚集,形状简单、规则;次低温区、中温区以及次高温区空间分布破碎,形状复杂。2000—2020年各温区重心分布具有明显的方向性,且各温区重心迁移轨迹具有显著差异。特别是,低温区重心与高温区重心迁移轨迹呈现出由相向而行到背向而行的转变,反映出研究区东西部区域LST差距经历了由缩小到扩大的过程。DEM和WET对LST具有负向影响,BI、PISI和NDVI具有正向影响,常数项在不同生态区具有不同的影响性质。DEM具有较小的作用尺度以及最强的作用效力,常数项具有最小的作用尺度以及仅次于DEM的作用效力。     

Hourly Variation of Surface Urban Heat Island over the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration

Great progress has been made on the remote investigation of Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) across multiple time scales. However, limited by the remote sensing models and resolution tradeoff of satellite-derived Land Surface Temperatures (LSTs), currently the hourly regimes of SUHI over typical urban agglomerations in typical seasons remain unclear. Using MODIS imageries as the main data source as well as by incorporating a diurnal temperature cycle model (i.e., INA08), this study, to our knowledge, firstly examined the hourly variations of the spatial pattern and intensity of the SUHIs for the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration in both the summer and winter. The results demonstrated that, in the summer, a general trend of ‘heat island’ was observed for every city during a diurnal cycle. ‘Cold spots’ also occur within most of the cities from around 08:00 to 21:00, mostly as a result of the cooling effect of urban vegetation or water body under strong solar insolation. However, these ‘cold spots’ disappear after 21:00. For this season, the hourly variations of the SUHI intensity are similar to those of the LSTs: They both rise rapidly in the morning, reach the maxima at around 12:00 to 14:00, then gradually decrease and continue until the sunrise of the next day. In the winter, surface urban cool islands (SUCIs) were observed for most of the cities, but these SUCIs mostly disappear during the afternoon to the early evening (around 14:00~17: 00), and then all the cities bounce back to exhibit heat islands. Within this season, the hourly variations of the SUHI intensity differ from those of the LST. There also exist large differences of the hourly variations of SUHI intensity between using the rural area and forest as the non-urban background for estimation of the intensity, with the former reaching its maximum (around 18:00) significantly later than the latter reaching its maximum (around 13:30).     

Landsat data to evaluate urban expansion and determine land use/land cover changes in Penang Island,Malaysia

Land surface temperature (LST) plays an important role in local, regional and global climate studies. LST controls the distribution of the budget for radiation heat between the atmosphere and the earth’s surface. Therefore, it is important to evaluate abrupt changes in land use/land cover (LULC). Penang Island, Malaysia has been experiencing a rapid and drastic change in urban expansion over the past two decades due to growth in industrial and residential areas. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the impact of LST with respect to land use changes in Penang Island, Malaysia. Three supervised classification techniques known as maximum likelihood, minimum distance-to-mean and parallelepiped were applied to the images to extract thematic information from the acquired scene by using PCI Geomatica 10.1 image processing software. These remote sensing classification techniques help to examine land-use changes in Penang Island using multi-temporal Landsat data for the period of 1999–2007. Training sites were selected within each scene and seven land cover classes were assigned to each classifier. The relative performance of each technique was evaluated. The accuracy of each classification map was assessed using a reference data set consisting of a large number of samples collected per category. Two Landsat satellite images captured in 1999 and 2007 were chosen to classify the LULC types using the maximum likelihood classification method, determined from visible and near-infrared bands. The study revealed that the maximum likelihood classifier produced superior results and achieved a high degree of accuracy. The LST and normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) were computed based on changes in LULC. The results showed that the urban (highly built-up) area increased dramatically, and grassland area increased moderately. Inversely, barren land decreased obviously, and forest area decreased moderately. While urban (minimally built-up) area decreased slightly. These changes in LULC caused at significant difference in LST between urban and rural areas. Strong correlation values were observed between LST and NDVI for all LULC classes. The remote sensing technique used in this study was found to be efficient; it reduced the time for the analysis of the urban expansion, and it was found to be a useful tool to evaluate the impact of urbanisation with LST.     

用于地表温度场与断裂构造关系分析的分段均值法——以江山 绍兴断裂金衢段为例

提出了一种用于地表温度场与断裂构造关系分析的分段均值法。方法以已知断裂带中心线为准,向两侧一定范围作等间距划分,统计各等分带内的平均地表温度和平均距离,通过绘制平均地表温度与平均距离之间的相关性曲线来描述地表温度场与断裂构造之间的关系。在江山绍兴断裂金衢段的实际应用中,方法以Landsat 7 ETM+热红外遥感影像为数据源,描述了研究区地表温度场与深大断裂带之间的关系。认为地表温度场与北东走向的江山绍兴断裂带、常山漓渚断裂带和球川萧山断裂带的相关性明显,区域特征稳定。在各断裂带影响范围内,距离断裂带越近,地表温度越高;北西走向的淳安温州断裂带和东西走向的衢州天台断裂带均处于地表温度梯度变化带,断裂带两侧可能分属不同的地表温度场。     

Analysing transition of land surface temperature and derived indices with respect to elevation values in Kohima Saddar

Human activities have affected the urban environment resulting in a drastic change in the surface temperature. The impact of urban heat islands is noticeable in urban areas than in rural areas. The thermal band of Landsat 8 data is used to retrieve the spatial distribution of land surface temperature (LST) over Kohima Sadar for the years 2009, 2015 and 2020 with the Mono-window algorithm. Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI) is used to assess the ecological condition in the area impacted by LST. Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (Carto DEM) is used to understand the variations of LST and indices values with reference to the elevation profile located at different random points. The variations in the land cover are categorized as per the values of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and built-up density index (BUI). This work estimates the influence of elevation over LST, vegetation, and the built-up area. Results implies a negative correlation between LST and NDVI whereas a positive correlation between LST and BUI. Likewise, NDVI and BUI show a strong negative correlation. It is observed that LST is independent of elevation profile but the variation of LST depends on the impact of change in topography urbanization, deforestation, and afforestation. There is no significant relationship of elevation with the variations in NDVI and BUI values. It is observed that the impact of emissivity influences the estimation of LST values. For the locations having the highest and lowest LST, NDVI, and BUI values, 50 random points are generated for the entire region, and validation is executed with the google earth historical image.

     

1998年以来兰州市地下水环境变化及驱动因素

以地下水污染调查数据、地下水监测数据和遥感数据为基础,分析了1998年以来（1998—2019年）兰州不同区域地下水环境变化趋势,探讨了土地利用变化、污染源排放、地下水开采等城市发展要素对地下水的影响。结果表明：1998年以来兰州市地下水环境变化的主要特征是水质恶化、水位上升。溶解性总固体、总硬度、硝酸根、氟等典型水化学指标在大部分地区呈稳定上升趋势,局部地下水中硝酸根比重增加,出现了硝酸型地下水。污染负荷增加是水质恶化的重要驱动因素,且恶化指标与城市主体功能存在直接关系,城关区是主要的居住、商业区,水质恶化的典型指标为硝酸盐;西固区是化工、冶炼等重工业集中区,地下水污染程度最重,反映工业污染的氟化物上升显著;七里河区、安宁区是商业、居住及轻工业的综合分布区,矿化度、总硬度、硝酸根等指标都有不同程度上升,但升幅不大。西固及三滩地区地下水位上升较为明显,其他城区相对稳定,城市不透水界面阻碍了降雨、灌溉等地表垂直入渗,使地下水位年内波动趋于平缓;水源地开采量减少、沿河工程建设以及地下管网渗漏等因素导致地下水补径排条件发生变化,不仅引起城区地下水位上升,还能够增强污染物淋滤和地下水蒸发浓缩,对水化学环境造成一定影响。