湖北武当—两郧地区地质构造基本特征及构造演化

研究区是印支－燕山造山运动所形成的陆内造山带,三条剪切带将其分划成四个变形构造单元,即北侧逆冲变形带、中央走滑剪切变形带、南侧逆冲变形带和前陆褶皱－逆冲变形带,并构成北弱南强的不对称型正花状变形结构样式。造山过程经历两个阶段：早期以逆冲－推覆单向造山为特征;晚期则以走滑和陆－陆撞双向造山为主导。     

钦杭结合带南段钦州-灵山构造带中生代板内变形特征与构造转换

钦州-灵山构造带位于钦杭结合带南段,是华南中生代形成的大型构造-岩浆活动带。构造解析表明,钦州-灵山构造带灵山段由走滑构造、逆冲推覆构造以及一系列伸展构造组成:早期,该段整体表现为逆-平移性质,平面上呈一组平行或分支复合的断裂束,剖面上表现为向深部会聚的正花状构造;中期,构造带南东侧的六万大山花岗岩体逆冲推覆至古生代地层之上,其平面上呈向北西凸起的弧形复合断裂束,剖面上由前、后缘推覆型韧性剪切带及花岗岩断夹块组成的逆冲推覆构造;晚期,钦州-灵山构造带由挤压-推覆变形转入后造山伸展变形,沿乐民-寨圩一带发育了张性岩墙群、伸展型韧性剪切带及大型张性断裂带。带内构造变形特征、转换及演化机制揭示:在晚古生代钦廉-罗定裂陷槽关闭的地质背景下,扬子地块与华夏地块于中生代沿钦州-灵山构造带灵山段发生斜向拼合-板内造山作用。上述认识对理解钦廉-罗定裂陷槽的闭合、扬子地块与华夏地块的分界与拼合过程、华南板内造山的动力学机制及演化、六万大山印支期花岗岩基的侵位机制、十万大山盆地的性质,皆具有重要的地质意义。     

大别造山带中上地壳变形特征——皖中张八岭地区印支—燕山早期构造变形研究

张八岭构造带是大别造山带的一部分,是造山带中上地壳出露地区。通过运用构造-地层学的理论和方法,以及对张八岭地区1：5万地质填图资料的分析和典型地区的构造解剖,认为：区内张八岭(岩)群与南华系—震旦系及其以上地层之间不存在强烈的构造运动界面,其作为大别造山带的组成部分发生了强烈的变形作用;印支—燕山早期区内主要存在3期构造变形：早期为一系列呈NXVW、近EW向的紧闭同斜褶皱,中期以韧性剪切带发育为特征,晚期以NW向SE的逆冲推覆作用伴生NNE向为主的宽缓褶皱。三期变形相互叠加,形成区内基本构造格架。伴随着扬子地块向华北地块的俯冲与碰撞,中上部地壳发生褶皱、逆冲推覆(前缘滑覆)作用等,三期变形为一递进变形过程。     

赣东北金山金矿床构造变形特征及其区域构造意义

金山金矿产于赣东北断裂带的次级剪切带中,其成矿作用与韧性剪切带的动力变质作用密切相关。本文通过对矿区金矿体的地质特征和运动学特征的分析,认为金山金矿成矿期经历了两期韧性剪切作用,即早期由NNW向SSE的韧性推覆剪切,晚期沿NE方向的左行韧性走滑剪切,分别形成NW向超糜棱岩型矿体和NE方向石英脉型矿体,两期韧剪变形均发生在新元古代,对应于江南造山带在碰撞造山阶段和后造山伸展阶段的动力变质事件。成矿后,矿区先受到NW向的挤压应力场作用,形成NE走向的逆断层、NW走向的张性断层以及SN走向的左行压扭断层,之后转为NW向的拉张应力场,形成NE走向的正断层。金山金矿床的构造变形特征指示了赣东北断裂带活动的阶段性,赣东北地区在晋宁期经历了两期构造-岩浆-变质事件;加里东-印支期构造活动比较弱;燕山期本区构造-岩浆活动强烈,引起赣东北断裂带的再次活动。     

龙门山-大雪山-锦屏山推覆构造带特征

龙门山-大雪山-锦屏山推覆构造带,位于扬子地台西缘过渡带,由碰撞-陆内俯冲作用所造成.它发生于印支期.发展于燕山期.就位于喜马拉雅期.整个推覆带由前震旦系至新生界组成.地层发育、总厚达20000m以上.南北延伸达1000km,构成中国东、西大地构造单元的分界线的一段.而且,也是中国地形、地貌以及地球物理、地壳应力的东、西分界线.在地质特征上形成不同层次的韧性滑脱、推覆和剪切破裂.地表上则表现为一系列叠瓦状逆冲断层、同斜、倒转或平卧褶皱、穹隆体和飞来峰.     

北秦岭二郎坪岩群与秦岭岩群间构造边界的地质特征

二郎坪岩群与秦岭岩群间的构造边界是北秦岭一条重要的地质界线,经历了多期、不同层次复杂的构造变形,经研究可进一步划分为：早期韧性逆冲推覆变形期和晚期脆韧性逆冲推覆与走滑剪切变形期两个变形阶段。早期变形与二郎坪弧后盆地构造演化密切相关,晚期变形反映了陆内造山阶段的构造特征。     

班公湖—怒江断裂带东段的构造特征

班公湖－怒江断裂带是青藏高原羌塘－唐古拉板块与冈底斯－念青唐古拉板块的缝合带。由韧性推覆剪切带，逆冲断裂带，断陷盆地构造带和推覆构造带，以及蛇绿岩，蛇绿混杂岩，深海复理石，古生代变质岩和燕山期花岗岩侵入体等组合而成，是复杂的断裂系统，主要经历了晚三叠世－中侏罗世洋盆的形成和扩张，晚侏我世洋壳俯冲和岛弧形成，早白垩世－晚白垩世早期弧－陆碰撞汇聚和喜马拉期断陷盆地形成，逆冲推覆构造发育的复杂演化历史过     

陕西凤太拉分盆地构造变形样式与动力学及金-多金属成矿

陆-陆斜向碰撞过程中形成的拉分盆地及构造变形史、变形样式及动力学、流体大规模运移与构造岩相学记录等是值得重视的大陆动力学问题,也有助于对西秦岭卡林型-类卡林型金矿和多金属矿成矿规律的深入研究.西秦岭陕西凤县—太白县晚古生代拉分盆地是热水沉积-改造型多金属矿床和金矿集中区.本文采用构造-岩相学研究方法,对该拉分盆地的构造-热流体变形历史、变形样式及动力学、盆地流体驱动力等进行了研究,认为该拉分盆地构造变形史复杂,构造变形序列为:(1)石炭纪—中三叠世构造反转与热流体叠加改造期(DS1).(2)印支期陆-陆全面斜向碰撞挤压体制下拉分盆地发生挤压收缩变形、断裂-褶皱作用、岩浆侵位形成热叠加改造和脆韧性剪切变形(DS2).(3)燕山期陆内造山期构造断陷、岩浆侵位形成热叠加改造与脆性变形(DS3).石炭纪—中三叠世反转构造样式为泥盆系发生分层剪切流变构造、热流体角砾岩化叠加构造岩相和南部温江寺—留凤关拉分断陷盆地.印支期—燕山期,该盆地内部构造变形样式有复式褶皱与压扭性断裂构造、脆韧性剪切带、逆冲推覆构造、反冲构造与冲起构造.在该盆地南北缘形成了对冲式逆冲推覆构造.盆地流体运移受构造变形驱动,在该盆地东部,印支期西坝复式中-酸性岩浆侵入提供了区域性热流体叠加改造的稳定热源场.研究认为“M-W”型复式背斜和断裂带控制了多金属矿床后期改造富集和矿体定位.反冲构造与冲起构造控制了金矿和多金属成矿分带.“W-M”型复式向斜和脆韧性断裂带控制了卡林型-类卡林型金矿的形成,其中,倒转向斜和脆韧性剪切带对于八卦庙类卡林型金矿多期多阶段富集成矿具有显著控制作用,温江寺卡林型金矿受复式向斜和脆性断裂带控制.     

青藏高原东北缘印支期宗务隆造山带

位于柴达木地块北缘构造带（柴北缘构造带）与南祁连造山带间的宗务隆构造带发育晚古生代、早中三叠世地层以及石炭纪蛇绿岩地体和具有岛弧性质的二叠纪—早三叠世中酸性火山岩。三个侵入宗务隆带南侧的海西—印支期花岗岩（246Ma天峻南山花岗岩、238Ma青海湖南山花岗岩和215Ma二郎洞花岗岩）分别与俯冲和后碰撞相关。两期明显的构造变形为印支期造山构造和第三纪陆内构造活动印记,前者以300余千米长的韧性剪切带为代表,后者以大规模指向南的逆冲推覆作用为特征。宗务隆构造带经历了由陆内裂陷、洋盆发育和俯冲—碰撞造山的演化过程,既不同于其南侧的柴北缘构造带也不属于北侧的南祁连造山带,而是一在柴北缘和南祁连造山带共同构建的加里东陆块上发育起来的、具有完整板块旋回的印支期造山带。     

勉—略混杂岩带构造地质特征与金矿成矿——以陕西省略阳县干河坝金矿床为例

勉略带经历俯冲叠置、碰撞造山和陆内造山3个阶段构造演化过程。即俯冲期深层次褶皱与右行顺层（片）剪切变形、碰撞期中—深层次褶皱递进变形和高角度逆冲剪切变形、后主造山期陆内造山期中—浅层次左行走滑变形和低角度逆冲推覆构造4期不同构造变形。其中前两期构造阶段对金矿成矿产生重要影响。通过对陕西省略阳县干河坝金矿研究认为：俯冲期...     

The deformation matrix and the deformation ellipsoid

Homogeneous strain can be computed most easily by the methods of matrix algebra. Lines, planes and ellipsoids represented in matrix form can be homogeneously deformed by simple matrix multiplication by linear transformation matrices, the elements of which are the coefficients of the transformation equations. Deformation matrices or linear transformation matrices which cause geological-type homogeneous strain are divided into four classes based on the presence or absence of symmetry and/or orthogonality. The nature of the homogeneous strain caused by each class of deformation matrix is examined. Orthogonal-symmetrical and orthogonal matrices cause rotation. Symmetrical matrices cause irrotational strain with co-axial strain as a special case. Matrices which are neither orthogonal nor symmetrical cause many different types of rotational strain, some of which are examined.     

On the nature of vertical deformation and on the frequency of earth deformation in general

The secular phase of vertical crustal deformation is shown to be in opposite sense to the earthshift phase. Existing anomalies either can be attributed to late reversals in vertical displacement or are associated with mountains that have “roots”.So-called “seismic gaps” based on short instrumental records are shown to be based on a sample period which is too short to be of intrinsic value. Sample periods, one to two orders of magnitude larger than a periodicity of 500–1000 years, demonstrate the validity of the tectonic approach and the essentially uniform rate of the dominant component of tectonic deformation over the last 100,000 years.     

利用变形花岗岩体中的长石矿物进行有限应变测量初探

岩石有限应变测量的方法较多，相比之下，“长短轴法”最简单、快捷，野外易于操作，但是对所选的对象变形前要求近圆形，或者椭圆形，且随机分布。花岗岩区很难找到满足此条件的颗粒。在《1：25万玉门镇幅》调研的过程中，试以长石颗粒为研究对象，进行长短轴法变形测量，将其结果与相邻变形砾石、杏仁体和包体测量结果进行对比，发现它们具有相似的应变椭圆轴率，证实在变形花岗岩区可以用变形长石颗粒研究区域变形的特点。     

Seismic plastic deformation in the free-field

An analytical solution for the free-field seismic elastoplastic deformation of granular dry soil is developed. This solution is possible since the stress field solution from pseudostatic analysis is known at any acceleration level. A plastic potential function with two plastic material parameters is suggested to model the soil. This model can describe both the volume dilation and contraction of soil under shearing. Closed-form deformation solutions are derived for two special cases and the results from a numerical evaluation of the solution are compared with those measured from shaking table tests. From the deformation solution the shape of the horizontal plastic displacement distribution with depth is identical to that for the elastic deformation since both depend only on the distribution of the elastic shear modulus. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The mechanism of the deformation memory effect and the deformation rate analysis in layered rock in the low stress region

We propose a new mechanism to explain the deformation memory effect based on sliding over pre-existing sliding planes. Sliding resistance can comprise an element of cohesion and an element of frictional resistance. In this model only the cohesion is considered. The mechanism is modelled for a particular case of parallel sliding planes typical for layered rocks. The model consists of a number of identical basic elements comprising two springs, a St. Venant body and a dashpot. The basic elements only differ in their cohesion. The loading regime incorporating the influence of the delay time was modelled with one, two and 500 basic elements. The results showed that the recoverable stress magnitudes were in the range between the minimum and twice the maximum of cohesion. The model demonstrates the experimentally observed memory fading whereby the fidelity of stress reconstruction reduces with the increase in the time delay between the previous load the rock was subjected to and the measuring cycles.     

On the deformation of quartzite

In view of the apparent difficulty of satisfying the von Mises criterion for general plasticity by dislocation glide alone, the climb mechanism proposed by Nabarro (1967) has been considered as an important contributor to the steady state deformation of quartzites in the earth's crust. The proposed deformation mechanism can provide the necessary strain rates; it is consistent with the observed dislocation structures and leads to a simple explanation of the water weakening phenomenon in terms of the increase in diffusivity of the atom species. In addition, the experimentally observed effects of strain rate and temperature on the opening angle of the characteristic ‘girdle’ fabrics of quartzite are a natural consequence of the model and this relationship could provide analytical procedures for the establishment of crustal deformation conditions.     

Plastic deformation of wadsleyite: I. High-pressure deformation in compression

 We have studied the plastic deformation of Mg₂SiO₄ wadsleyite polycrystals. Wadsleyite was synthesized from a forsterite powder in a multianvil apparatus. It was then recovered and placed in a second multianvil assembly designed to induce plastic deformation by compression between two hard alumina pistons. After the deformation experiment, the microstructures are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and large-angle convergent beam electron diffraction (LACBED). Deformation experiments have been carried out at 15–19 GPa and at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1800–2000 °C. Five different dislocation types have been identified by LACBED: [100], 1/2〈111〉, [010], 〈101〉 and [001]. The [001] dislocations result from dislocation reactions and not from activation of a slip system. The [010] dislocations are activated under high stresses at the beginning of the experiments and further relax by decomposition into 1/2〈111〉 dislocations or by dissociation into four 1/4[010] partial dislocations. The following slip systems have been identified: 1/2〈111〉{101}, [100](010), [100](001), [100]{011}, [100]{021}, [010](001), [010]{101} and 〈101〉(010). Received: 15 July 2002 / Accepted: 14 February 2003 Acknowledgements High-pressure experiments were performed at the Bayerisches Geoinstitut under the EU IHP – Access to Research Infrastructures Programme (Contract no. HPRI-1999-CT-00004 to D.C. Rubie). P.C. has benefited from a Congé thématique pour recherche from the University of Lille, and would like to thank warmly all the people in Bayreuth who contributed to this work by daily assistance and discussions: Nathalie Bolfan-Casanova, Daniel Frost, Jed L. Mosenfelder and Brent Poe. The quality of the preparation of the TEM specimens by H. Schultze is greatly appreciated.     

Plastic deformation of wadsleyite: II. High-pressure deformation in shear

 We have studied the dislocation microstructures that develop in (Mg_0.9Fe_0.1)₂SiO₄ wadsleyite deformed by simple shear at high pressure. The experiments were performed in a multianvil apparatus with the shear assembly designed by Karato and Rubie (1997). The samples were synthesized in a separate experiment from high-purity oxides. The deformation experiments were carried out at 14 GPa and 1300 °C with time durations ranging from 1 to 8 h leading to plastic shear strains of 60 and 73%, respectively. The microstructures investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that dislocation glide is activated under these conditions over the whole experimental time. The easy slip systems at 1300 °C involve 1/2<111> dislocations gliding in {101} as well as [100] dislocations gliding in (010) and {011}. Received: 15 July 2002 / Accepted: 14 February 2003 Acknowledgements High-pressure experiments were performed at the Bayerisches Geoinstitut under the EU IHP — Access to Research Infrastructures Programme (Contract no. HPRI-1999-CT-00004 to D.C. Rubie). The quality of the preparation of the TEM specimens by H. Schultze is greatly appreciated.     

Late Cambrian deformation in the Lesser Himalaya

The Tons Valley, situated in the central-easternmost part of the Himachal Lesser Himalaya, adjoining the Garhwal Himalaya, shows geological features suggestive of a strong pre-Tertiary deformational episode. The Paleoproterozoic Dharagad Group, overlain by the Mesoproterozoic Deoban and Neoproterozoic Simla groups rest as a thrust sheet over the Middle Cambrian Chilar Formation, which occurs as windows and also as tectonic slivers within the thrust sheet designated as the Dharagad Thrust Sheet (DTS). The mineral lineation, inclination of tectonic slivers and overturned beds suggest that the DTS was translated from the NE. The westernmost and southwesternmost leading edges of the DTS are exposed at Subathu and Morni WNW and WSW respectively of the Tons Valley. The position of the leading edges of the DTS vis-à-vis the windows in the Tons Valley suggest a minimum translation of about 50 km for the DTS. The Simla Group at Subathu and the Deoban at Morni, forming parts of the DTS, constitute basement for the Thanetian–Lutetian Subathu Formation of the Himalayan Foreland Basin (HFB). This stratigraphic relationship unambiguously demonstrates that the Simla and the Deoban Groups, forming leading edges of the allochthonous DTS, were already translated and emplaced at Subathu and Morni before the creation of the HFB in which the deposition commenced with the Subathu Formation in Thanetian. It implies that the DTS was translated from the NE to the present position at Subathu and Morni in pre-Thanetian time. There is no direct evidence to constrain the age of the thrusting.In view of regional regression in Late Cambrian, a distinct angular unconformity between the Cambrian and the overlying Ordovician, Early Paleozoic metamorphism and extensive development of Early Paleozoic granites and their rapid exhumation, a Late Cambrian age is suggested for the DTS thrusting. Not only the direction of movement of the DTS is same as that of the Tertiary thrust sheets but also Cambrian folds are co-axial with the Tertiary folds. This strange coincidence shows that similar kinematic field existed during two tectonic events. A ridge, like the present Central Crystalline Axis, was elevated between the Tethyan and Lesser Himalayan basins, which contributed zircons of the Early Cambrian age to both basins.