鞍山-海城地区地震地下水地球化学研究

通过测量辽宁省鞍山-海城地区地震重点监测区地下水离子浓度和氢、氧同位素组成,讨论了该区地下水化学类型的时空变化及其成因。测量结果表明,取样点水温变化范围为11.0～97.0℃,水样的总固溶物（TDS）在197.89～829.99mg/L之间,水样分为8种化学类型。大部分水样的δD、δ¹⁸O值均沿中国东北地区大气降水线分布,少数有所偏离,表明该区的地下水主要接受大气降水的补给,并可能有深部水的供给。研究区Ca-HCO₃和Ca·Mg-HCO₃型水主要是岩石风化溶解和阳离子交换作用的结果;Ca-HCO₃·Cl和Ca·Na-Cl·SO₄型水主要受岩石风化溶解、阳离子交换作用、深部卤水混入或人类活动影响;Ca-HCO₃·SO₄和Ca-SO₄·HCO₃型水与岩石风化溶解以及深部流体混入有关;Na-SO₄·HCO₃和Na-HCO₃·SO₄型水主要是深部来源水体的混入造成的。采样期间研究区发生2次M_L≥3.0地震,采样点在地震发生月份出现了明显的离子浓度异常变化;Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-浓度变化明显,对地震活动响应较灵敏。     

秋季连续打捞蓝藻对水-气界面温室气体通量的影响

在巢湖西北半湖近岸带设置大型围隔研究秋季连续打捞蓝藻对湖泊温室气体通量的影响,应用YL-1000型大型仿生式水面蓝藻清除设备进行原位打捞蓝藻,通过便携式温室气体分析仪-静态箱法对大型围隔内水-气界面CH₄、CO₂通量特征及其影响因素进行观测.结果表明：对比未打捞区,蓝藻连续打捞下打捞区水体中叶绿素a（Chl.a）、悬浮物（SS）浓度不断下降,两者削减率分别为72%、85%,Chl.a、SS浓度分别下降到29.6±2.5 μg/L、12.5±1.2 mg/L,打捞对围隔内颗粒态物质去除效果十分明显;打捞过程中水体溶解性有机物（DOM）中微生物代谢类腐殖质（C1）、类蛋白（C3）显著下降趋势,打捞区C1、C3组分（0.18±0.02、0.06±0.01 RU）强度明显低于未打捞区（0.26±0.05、0.12±0.03 RU）,打捞能有效控制藻源性溶解性有机质释放.同时,打捞区水-气界面CH₄通量呈显著下降趋势,未打捞区CH₄通量平均值（17.473±1.514 nmol/（m²·s））为打捞区（7.004±4.163 nmol/（m²·s））近2倍,CH₄通量与Chl.a、C1、C3组分均呈显著正相关,水体中藻源性溶解态有机质对CH₄通量具有促进作用;打捞区CO₂释放通量呈显著上升趋势,打捞区CO₂吸收通量（-0.200±0.069 μmol/（m²·s））明显低于未打捞区（-0.344±0.017 μmol/（m²·s））,CO₂通量与Chl.a、温度均呈显著负相关.秋季打捞对CH₄、CO₂综合日平均通量减排量值为0.275±0.076 mol/（m²·d）（以CO₂当量计）.研究结果揭示了巢湖秋季连续打捞蓝藻过程对水-气界面温室气体具有显著减排作用,且能在一定程度上减缓蓝藻水华与湖泊富营养化、气候变暖之间的恶性循环,为湖泊碳循环和蓝藻水华灾害防控提供科学数据支撑和理论参考.     

典型农业流域不同类型池塘水体CO2排放特征

内陆水体是大气CO₂收支估算的重要组成部分。农业流域分布着大量池塘景观水体,且具备蓄洪抗旱、消纳污染、水产养殖等多种功能。但是,农业流域不同功能的小型池塘CO₂排放特征尚不清楚。本研究以极具农业流域代表性的烔炀河流域为研究对象,选取流域中用于水产养殖(养殖塘)、生活污水承纳(村塘)、农业灌溉(农塘)、蓄水(水塘)的4个功能不同的景观池塘,基于为期1年的野外实地观测,以明确农业流域小型池塘CO₂排放特征。结果表明,不同功能池塘水体CO₂排放差异显著,受养殖活动、生活污水输入和农田灌溉等人类活动影响,养殖塘((80.37±100.39) mmol/(m²·d))、村塘((48.69±65.89) mmol/(m²·d))和农塘((13.50±15.81) mmol/(m²·d))是大气CO₂的热点排放源,其CO₂排放通量分别是自然蓄水塘((4.52±23.26) mmol/(m²·d))的18、11和3倍。统计分析也表明,该流域池塘CO₂排放变化总体上受溶解氧、营养盐等因素驱动。4个不同景观池塘CO₂排放通量全年均值为(37.31±67.47) mmol/(m²·d),是不容忽视的CO₂排放源,其中养殖塘和村塘具有较高的CO₂排放潜力,在未来研究中需要重点关注。     

中国不同类型断裂带的地幔脱气与深部地质构造特征

以氦同位素为主, 辅以CO₂/³He和CH₄/³He及⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar等指标, 结合地质构造等资料, 对中国大陆不同类型断裂带的地幔脱气及其深部地质构造特征进行了综合示踪研究. 据此识别并划分出4种具代表性的断裂带: (1) 伸展性构造环境中的岩石圈断裂, 地壳厚度小, 具低CH₄/³He-高R值和低CO₂/³He值-高R值体系, 以幔源流体为主, 地幔脱气作用最强, 以郯庐断裂带为代表; (2) 强烈挤压构造环境中的岩石圈断裂或俯冲带, 如班公湖-怒江断裂带, 地壳巨厚, R/Ra值为0.43~1.13, 幔源氦约占总氦的5%~14%, 地幔脱气作用较弱; (3) 造山带山前(盆缘)深断裂带, R值为10^-7量级, CH₄/3He值为10⁹~10¹⁰, CO₂/3He值为10⁶~10⁸, 具微弱的地幔脱气作用; (4)造山带内壳层断裂带, 如窑街F19等断裂带, 具有高CH₄/3He值-低R值(10^-8)和高CO₂/³He值-低R值体系, 无明显的地幔脱气作用. 研究表明: 大型深断裂带是地幔脱气的主要构造通道; 控制地幔脱气强度的主要因素为断裂深度、构造环境性质和地壳厚度; 地幔脱气作用强度可反映断裂带的深度及其深部构造状态, 而气体地球化学示踪则可成为其研究的新的途径; 地球深部热流体上侵活动可能是深大断裂带形成演化的动力源之一; 山前断裂带是深部构造活动方式和壳幔结构转换的部位, 对于认识造山带和盆地的形成机理有重要科学意义.     

不同水文情景下洪泽湖二氧化碳排放通量特征及影响因素

内陆水域二氧化碳(CO₂)排放是全球碳平衡的重要组成部分,全球CO₂排放通量估算通常有很大不确定性,一方面源于CO₂排放数据观测的时空离散性,另一方面也是缺少水文情景与CO₂排放通量关联性的研究.本文观测了2018年洪泽湖不同水文情景表层水体CO₂排放通量特征,并探讨其影响因素.结果表明,洪泽湖CO₂排放通量为丰水期((106.9±73.4) mmol/(m²·d))>枯水期((18.7±13.6) mmol/(m²·d))>平水期((5.2±15.5) mmol/(m²·d)),且碳通量由丰(310.2~32.0 mmol/(m²·d))、枯(50.8~2.2 mmol/(m²·d))、平(-17.3~39.8 mmol/(m²·d))3种水文情景的交替表现出湖泊碳源到弱碳汇的转变,空间上CO₂排放通量总体呈现北部成子湖区低、南部过水湖区高的分布趋势.洪泽湖CO₂排放对水文情景响应敏感,特别是上游淮河流域来水量的改变,是主导该湖CO₂排放时空分异的重要因子.丰水期湖泊接纳了淮河更多有机和无机碳的输入,外源碳基质的降解和矿化显著促进了水体CO₂的生产与排放,同时氮、磷等营养物质的大量输入,加剧了水体营养化程度,进一步提高CO₂排放量,间接反映出人类活动对洪泽湖CO₂变化的深刻影响.平、枯水期随着上游淮河来水量的减少,驱动水体CO₂排放的因素逐渐由外源输入转变为水体有机质的呼吸降解.此外,上游河口区DOM中陆源类腐殖质的累积与矿化能够促进CO₂的排放,而内源有机质组分似乎并没有直接参与CO₂的排放过程.研究结果揭示了水文情景交替对湖库CO₂排放的重要影响,同时有必要进行高频观测以进一步明晰湖泊的碳通量变化及其控制因素.     

山东沂沭地区幔源矿物中的流体和稀有气体地球化学研究

幔源物质中的流体和稀有气体是地幔信息的重要示踪剂. 利用热爆裂法和熔融法分别测试了山东沂沭地区新生代玄武岩中二辉橄榄岩包体的流体和稀有气体同位素组成, 结果表明, 其流体组成以CO₂、CO、H₂等为主, 三者约占流体总量的90%以上, 与中国东部其他地区幔源包体的研究结果类似; ³He/⁴He比值主要介于0.82~2.74 Ra, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar = 299.5~758.8, 均远低于大洋中脊玄武岩等典型上地幔样品值, 主要反映了大气和部分放射成因组分的影响. 沂沭地区幔源矿物的C/³He = (27.6~1050)×10⁹, N₂/Ar = 927~56612, N₂/³He= (2.5~27)×10⁹, 与受板块俯冲影响的美国西部、新西兰等地区幔源流体类似, 在多种综合图解上均位于地幔-地壳-大气源区之间, 反映大气和富有机组分的地壳物质的影响. 上述结果表明, 研究区幔源矿物流体和稀有气体同位素的组成可能反映了岩浆喷出过程或喷出后的变化, 也可能与古俯冲板块对该区陆下地幔的影响有关.     

云南程海浮游植物初级生产力的时空变化及其影响因子

2016年4月-2017年2月,采用黑白瓶法研究了云南程海单点（码头点位）浮游植物初级生产力的垂直分布及其季节变化,同时基于全湖9个点位的现场调查和生产力垂向归纳模型（VGPM）估算并探讨了程海浮游植物初级生产力的时空变化及其主要影响因子.结果显示,码头点位的年均（均值±标准误）水柱（0~3 m）总初级生产力（GPP_C）、净初级生产力（NPP_C）和呼吸消耗量（R_C）分别为5.40×10³±0.64×10³、2.36×10³±0.63×10³和3.06×10³±0.82×10³ mg O₂/（m²·d）;不论春夏季（4-8月）、秋冬季（9月-次年2月）还是全年,码头点位的单位生物量GPP（GPP/Chl.a）和单位生物量NPP（NPP/Chl.a）的最大值和最小值均分别出现在水下0.5 m和3.0 m处.经VPGM估算,程海全湖的初级生产力（PP_eu）年均值为6.54×10³±0.30×10³ mg C/（m²·d）（2.74×10³~18.62×10³ mg C/（m²·d））.PP_eu的时空变化方面,春夏季是PP_eu快速上升的时节,秋冬季PP_eu的月变化则呈波动状态,春夏季与秋冬季PP_eu无显著性差异;PP_eu整体空间异质性较弱,仅在降水最为充沛的7、8月表现出南北向的异质性,这与降水条件和流域营养盐输入的空间异质性有关.回归分析发现,虽然程海PP_eu的主要影响因子具有季节异质性,但不论春夏季、秋冬季还是全年,浮游植物生物量均是重要的影响因子,水温亦是春夏季的重要影响因子.     

三峡水库澎溪河消落区土-气界面CO2和CH4通量初探

水库近岸湿地(消落区)温室气体(CO₂、CH₄)产汇是水库温室气体效应问题的重要组成部分.本文以三峡水库支流澎溪河的白家溪、养鹿两处大面积消落区为研究对象,于2010年6 9月水库低水位运行期间,对近岸消落区土-气界面CO₂、CH₄通量进行监测.白家溪消落区土-气界面CO₂通量均值为12.38±2.42 mmol/(m²·h);CH₄通量均值为0.0112±0.0064 mmol/(m²·h).养鹿消落区CO₂、CH₄通量均值分别为10.54±5.17、0.14±0.16 mmol/(m²·h).总体上,6 9月土-气界面CO₂通量呈增加趋势,而CH₄通量水平呈现显著的递减趋势.消落区土地出露后植被恢复,在一定程度上促进了土壤有机质含量的增加,使得6 9月CO₂释放通量的总体趋势有所增加.消落区退耕后,其甲烷氧化菌的活性得到恢复,加之在土地出露曝晒过程中土壤透气性增强,使得消落区土壤对大气中CH₄吸收氧化潜势增强.尽管如此,仍需进一步的研究以明晰消落区土-气界面CO₂、CH₄产汇的主要影响因素.     

夏季降雨事件对水库温室气体通量变化的影响:来自湖北官庄水库的高频观测

湖库淡水水域对温室气体排放的贡献不容小觑,然而观测时间的代表性不足以及缺乏对降雨因素的考虑制约了碳排放的准确估计.本研究以湖北宜昌境内官庄水库为例,选取强降雨多发的夏季时段,针对水气界面温室气体通量、水体表层和垂向剖面气体溶存浓度及环境因子开展了为期1周的原位高频观测,以探讨夏季降雨事件对水库温室气体通量变化的影响.结果表明,观测期内官庄水库水气界面CH₄通量变化范围为0.007~0.077 mg/（m²·h）,CO₂通量范围为5.48~57.57 mg/（m²·h）,白天和夜晚均表现为大气的碳源.小雨、中雨乃至暴雨天气条件下,CH₄和CO₂日均通量均较低,日通量倾向于受风速和温度调控.CH₄和CO₂通量变化趋势较为一致,观测期内日间排放量高于夜间排放量出现的次数更多,昼夜差异对降雨天气状况无明显响应,风速是CH₄和CO₂通量昼夜变化的主导因素.暴雨过程中,CH₄-k₆₀₀和CO₂-k₆₀₀与水气温差存在显著正相关,但水体垂向混合过程十分短暂.在平均雨强为3.8 mm/h的暴雨第I阶段,CH₄-k₆₀₀对风速和降雨的响应明显,而在雨强更大（8.5 mm/h）的第II阶段,CH₄-k₆₀₀与风速、降雨均未表现出相关性,通量箱在强降雨条件下的适用性可能存在雨强阈值.     

青藏高原东缘鲜水河-安宁河断裂带深源气体释放

青藏高原东南缘分布的大规模超壳走滑断裂带和中-高温地热区释放大量深源气体.鲜水河-安宁河断裂带温泉水和逸出气体的化学和同位素组成分析结果显示,该断裂带的水-岩相互作用显著,深源含碳流体强烈释放,是研究大陆碰撞造山带巨型走滑断裂系统深源CO2释放的重要地区.δ18OH2O和δDH2O值显示温泉水主要来源于不同补给高度的大...     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.