人工震源地下介质变化动态监测

成像地球内部介质结构及其动态变化是地球物理学家的主要任务.相对于对地球介质静态结构的认识,对于地下介质性质随时间变化的了解明显不足.近年来随着观测资料的增加,已经开始利用重复地震和噪声等震源研究地下介质变化.受到源位置和时间等因素制约,基于地震和噪声等被动震源的观测结果的时间和空间分辨率有限.利用人工震源主动向地下发射...     

荆州地震观测井钻井技术与事故处理

采用井下地震仪可监测到许多地面地震台未记录到的微弱地震波,地面噪声对仪器干扰,大大提高震源定位精度\[1\]。针对江汉平原地区深厚卵石层和水敏性粘土层的特殊地质条件,分析总结了荆州地震监测井钻井工艺技术以及钻井过程中的井内事故处理方法。     

地下空洞地震瑞雷波的旋转交错网格有限差分数值模拟

将真空法和旋转交错网格相结合,实现了地下空洞高阶旋转交错网格波场数值模拟,克服了旋转交错网格在模拟自由边界条件时只在空间二阶差分时稳定的不足。通过和已有普通交错网格下改进的真空法对比,验证了该方法的正确性和稳定性。为了减弱模型人工边界产生的反射,采用了吸收效果较好的完全匹配层技术。模拟了不同模型参数组合情况下的地震波传播以及地震波与地下空洞的相互作用,通过对比不同参数组合的地震记录和波场快照,以及包含空洞和不含空洞地震记录和波场快照,分析了地震波在地下存在空洞时的传播特征以及震源子波频率、地下空洞大小和埋深对地表地震记录的影响。     

新型甲烷气爆震源在青藏高原激发的信号特征研究

利用人工震源(又称主动震源)激发地震波是区域地下结构探测的主要方式之一.绿色环保和安全理念日渐盛行下, 寻找适用于生态脆弱和自然环境恶劣的青藏高原的人工震源需求迫切.本文介绍了新型甲烷气爆震源在高海拔低气压的青藏高原内部进行实验的相关过程及其效果.利用聚类分析、线性叠加、相位加权叠加等信号处理方法, 并与同期共线的炸药...     

震源来客

正地震发生时岩石首先发生剪切错动、并由此同震断裂向外传播的地方称之为震源,它是岩石内部积聚已久的弹性应变能量开始释放的原点,最早的地震波由此点向四面八方传播。必须指出,天然地震有别于地下人工实验的核爆炸,后者的膨胀波是从一个点向外几乎均匀地发射、传播,而岩石剪切断裂产生的地震就像撕布或撕纸,     

电磁驱动可控震源与夯击震源对比研究

地震勘探对地下地质结构的调查是一种行之有效的方法，但由于条件的限制，有些地区不适合采用炸药震源，而且炸药震源费用高，危险大，所以采用电磁驱动可控震源，为验证可控震源野外工作的稳定性，可靠性，有效性，在河北省迁安大石河铁矿进行了实际探测，通过与夯击震源对比，可控震源较夯击震源具有更高的分辨率，并可以自由选择频率范围。     

地下商场结构对地面运动影响的振动台试验研究

为了研究地下空间结构对场地地震反应的影响，以一个三层地下商场结构为原型，设计并开展了土?地下空间结构动力相互作用振动台模型试验，研究了在6条不同卓越频率输入地震波在不同峰值加速度下场地地震反应的变化规律。试验研究结果表明：（1）地表水平加速度放大系数以结构中轴线为对称轴呈对称分布，地下结构显著影响上方及邻近场地的地表水平加速度。同时，由于地下空间结构的局部场地效应影响，即使在水平地震输入下也将导致场地产生竖向振动，地表竖直加速度放大系数呈M形分布。地下空间结构的影响范围可达到其两侧各一倍宽度距离。（2）地表加速度放大系数受输入地震波卓越频率的影响明显，且随着输入地震波的峰值加速度（PGA）的增大而降低，但空间放大系数随着PGA的增大而增大。（3）地表加速度Fourier谱的峰值频率受输入地震波的卓越频率、场地水平方向的固有频率和竖向固有频率的综合影响。     

适合于城市活断层探测中的激发震源

激发地震波的震源是地震勘探的关键因素,只有在震源激发出的地震波信号具有足够的能量和宽频带的前提下,才有可能接收到地下界面产生的反射波,也才使数据采集、处理和解释具有实际意义。这里介绍了二种用于城市活断层探测中的激发震源,并就其工作原理、技术指标、激发参数和对比试验效果进行了阐述,试验研究结果表明:夯击震源和可控震源均能满足城市活断层探测的需要。虽然如此,在城市活断层探测中,尤其在城市特定环境下(不允许炸药震源激发、各种外界干扰十分严重),仍需根据工作需要和测区实际情况,合理选取激发震源。     

采矿诱发地震的震源机制特征——以辽宁省抚顺市老虎台煤矿为例

为探索采矿诱发地震(简称矿震)孕育的机理，以抚顺老虎台煤矿为例，基于双力偶点源的震源模型理论，用地震波P波初动方法，求解出27个较强矿震的震源机制。结合区域强地震震源机制解、地方震小震综合断层面解和极近场矿震震源调查。分析矿震的孕育环境。发现老虎台煤矿矿震与该区域天然地震的震源机制差异明显。得出卸荷产生的次生应力场是孕育矿震的主要应力来源、卸荷重力应力场诱发作用突出的结论。对非双力偶型矿震提出了煤柱失稳和顶板较大规模下沉2种新的解释。提出了减轻矿震的途径。     

中国大陆科学钻探孔区反射地震剖面的数值模拟与分析

本初步分析了苏鲁超高压变质带大陆科学钻探孔区的地震波速度结构，在此基础上对在东海孔区三维反射地震勘探过井孔的NNW-SSE主剖面和该周围地区的DH99二维反射地震剖面进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明，数值理论模拟结果与三维反射主剖面地震波到时吻合良好，模拟法能实现有效的时深转换，也表明数值模拟中采用的速度结构是合理的。东海钻井孔区实施反射地震勘测，所得地震记录剖面图是单一P波记录，在超高压变质岩区反射地震记录图中S波的影响甚微。DH99二维反射地震剖面的模拟结果表明东海孔区2000米深度以上的密度，波速结构不随深度加大而变化；而且苏鲁超高压变质岩区地表浅层的地震波速和密度较高，是高速高密地区。岩心结果反映的反射地震阻抗差大的地段，数值模拟的理论剖面上强反射面与孔区反射地震剖面图中的强反射体基本吻合．它意味着在非沉积层的结晶岩区，反射地震勘测手段是研究地下复杂结构的有效方法。数值模拟方法可以进一步提取地震反射记录信息，是利用地震反射方法研究地球构造的一种有效的方法。     

Crustal velocity structure beneath the western Andes of Colombian using receiver-function inversion

Analysis of teleseismic records obtained in two broadband seismic stations of three components located on the Andean region of Colombia is presented in this work. The two stations are located at the Western Cordillera (WC), station BOL, and at the Central Cordillera (CC), station PBLA. The analysis of seismograms was performed by inversion of the receiver functions (RF) in order to obtain the crustal velocity structure beneath the receivers. The receiver function is a spectral ratio obtained from teleseismic earthquakes recorded by broadband seismic stations, which allows the calculation of the velocity structure beneath the receiver by removing source effects in the horizontal components of the seismic traces. Data stacking was performed in order to improve signal to noise ratio and then the data was inverted by using two optimization algorithms: a genetic algorithm (GA), and a simulated annealing algorithm (SA). The present work calculates the receiver functions using teleseismic earthquakes at epicentral distances (Δ) ranging between 30° and 90° and recorded at the two stations within the years 2007 and 2009.Delay times between P and PS waves converted at the Moho boundary were used to constrain the velocity structure. The receiver functions at the stations were generated from seismic events within a broad range of back azimuth. Data from gravity and magnetism were also used during the geophysical survey. The depth of the Moho boundary was found to be at 40 km in the WC beneath station BOL and at 43 km in the CC beneath station PBLA. The upper crust, with a thickness of 5 km, is characterized by a shear wave velocity of about 3.0 km s⁻¹; the shallower layers, at approximately 1.0 km, have shear wave velocities between 2.2 and 2.6 km s⁻¹, which corresponds to sediments overlying the upper crust. These observations support the hypothesis of a thickness of the crust at the root of the mountain range to be between 32 and 50 km. The calculated receiver functions were compared with artificial ones generated from the inversion of 48000 models of horizontal layers for each station using a GA and an SA that allowed a satisfactory coverage of all the sample space in order to avoid non-unique solutions. Beneath station BOL a moderate low-velocity zone (LVZ) was found, which was caused by accretionary processes of the ophiolite complex in the WC.     

中国P波走时表的编制

我国是一个多地震的国家,每当大地震一发生,地震工作者立即根据各台站的地震仪器记录,利用走时表,迅速定出表中位置,以便及时准确地奔赴灾区,进行抗震救灾。因此,走时表准确与否,是极为重要的。长期以来我国一直使用捷夫瑞斯-布伦(Jeffreys-Bullen)在1940年发表的走时表(简称J-B表),虽然在使用过程中对这个表作了一些改进,但在我国实际应用中仍然存在不少误差,因为它是利用日本、欧洲、北美、南美及太平洋中的一些地震资料计算出的世界平均表,远不能满足我国日益发展的地震工作需要。     

Longwave Measurements for the Coast of British Columbia and Improvements to the Tsunami Warning Capability

A few years ago the Canadian Hydrographic Service initiated a major upgrade toall tide gauges and tsunami stations on the coast of British Columbia (B.C.). Thisprogram was undertaken to address shortcomings of the earlier digital systems andwas driven by concerns about emergency response continuity in the year 2000. By1999, thirteen tide gauge stations had been installed and were operational. Three ofthese stations (Tofino, Winter Harbour, and Langara) were selected for use as tsunamiwarning stations. Several years of continuous, high quality data have now been collectedat these stations and used for analysis of long waves in the tsunami frequency band.Careful examination of these data revealed two weak tsunamis recorded by severalB.C. stations: a distant tsunami of June 23, 2001 generated by the Peru Earthquake(M_w = 8.4), and a local tsunami of October 12, 2001 induced by the Queen Charlotte Earthquake (M_w = 6.3$). Spectral characteristics of these two tsunamis are compared with the spectral characteristics of long waves generated by a strong storm (October, 2000) and of ordinary background oscillations. The topographic admittance functions (frequency responses) constructed for all stations showed that most of them (in particular, Winter Harbour, Tofino, Bamfield, Port Hardy, and Victoria) have strong resonance at periods from 2.5 to 20 min, indicating that these locations are vulnerable to relatively high-frequency tsunamis. The Winter Harbour station also has two strong resonant peaks with periods of 30 and 47 min and with amplification factors of about 7. The estimated source functions show very clear differences between long waves associated with the seismic source (typical periods 10–30 min) and those generated by a storm, which typically have shorter periods and strong energy pumping from high-frequencies due to non-linear interaction of wind waves.     

南海东北部海陆联测与海底地震仪探测

利用三分量海底地震仪、陆上便携式地震仪和海上气枪震源在南海东北部首次进行了海陆联合的深地震探测,测线呈北北西-南南东方向,垂直于区域构造走向,总长达500km,所获得的数据质量好,深部信息丰富,可分辨出Pg、Pn、PmP等地震相,为南海东北部深部地壳结构及油气盆地形成演化的研究提供了重要的基础数据。     

Koyna,India, an ideal site for near field earthquake observations

The Koyna earthquake of M 6.3 on December 10, 1967 is the largest artificial water reservoir triggered earthquake globally. It claimed ～ 200 human lives and devastated the Koyna township. Before the impoundment of the Shivaji Sagar Lake created by the Koyna Dam, there were no earthquakes reported from the region. Initially a few stations were operated in the region by the CentralWater and Power Research Station (CWPRS). The seismic station network grew with time and currently the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad is operating 23 broadband seismographs and 6 bore hole seismic stations. Another reservoir, Warna, was created in 1985, which provided a further impetus to Reservoir Triggered Seismicity (RTS). Every year following the monsoon, water levels rise in the two reservoirs and there is an immediate increase in triggered earthquakes in the vicinity of Koyna-Warna reservoirs in the months of August–September. Peak RTS is observed in September and later during December.Another spurt in triggered earthquakes is observed during the draining of the reservoirs in the months of April- May. A comparative study of RTS earthquake sequences and the ones occurring in nearby regions made it possible to identify four common characteristics of RTS sequences that discriminate them from normal earthquake sequences. As the RTS events continue to occur at Koyna in a large number in a limited area of 20 km x 30 km, at shallow depths (mostly 2 to 9 km), the region being accessible for all possible observations and there being no other source of earthquakes within 100 km of Koyna Dam, it was suggested to be an ideal site for near field observations of earthquakes. This suggestion was discussed by the global community at an ICDP sponsored workshop held at Hyderabad and Koyna in 2011. There was an unanimous agreement about the suitability of the site for deep scientific drilling; however, a few additional observations/experiments were suggested. These were carried out in the following three years and another ICDP workshop was held in 2014, which totally supported setting up a borehole laboratory for near field investigations at Koyna. Location of a Pilot Bore-hole was decided on the basis of seismic activity and other logistics. The 3 km deep Pilot Borehole was spudded on December 20, 2016 and completed on June 11, 2017.     

A microearthquake survey in the Abu-Simbel area in Egypt

From the middle of January to the middle of March, 1981 a microearthquake survey was conducted jointly by Polish and Egyptian seismologists in the Abu-Simbel area, about 230 km upstream from the Aswan High Dam. A small seismic array composed of six stations and a magnetic-tape digital recording system was operated during the survey. Altogether 63 microearthquakes at epicentral distances of up to 50 km and 12 local earthquakes at distances of up to 200 km were recorded, but only 16 microearthquakes could be properly located. All of them originated either directly under the High Dam Reservoir or close to its shores, thus implying their association with its water level fluctuations.It was deduced that under the Abu-Simbel array a deep fracture zone or deep fault extending in the NNE—SSW direction, 1–3 km wide and several kilometers deep, must be present to explain the observed effects of heavy attenuation and scattering of seismic waves under the array. This fracture zone might be a deep expression of the western edge of the Nile Valley in the Abu-Simbel area.     

厦门台数字化潮汐资料的背景变化及其主要干扰因素

利用快速Fourier变换分析方法,对厦门台数字化潮汐资料的背景变化及其主要干扰因素进行了初步探讨,并对其存在的原因给出了可能的解释;和内陆台站的相应资料对比后表明,并非所有的台站测项所观测到的固体潮资料中,M2波都会占绝对优势;临海台站在作资料分析时,对M2波的分析应该是主要的,而内陆型台站应该综合考虑其它波群的影响;同一台站的不同测项受到主要干扰的机制是不同的,厦门台受海潮的干扰机制是,厦门台处于相干海潮波的波峰或波谷处,且该海潮波的周期又和M2波的非常接近,气压的干扰机制是,气压扰动形成的压力差以波动形式直接作用在洞体应变仪的含铌特种因瓦棒或传感器探头上,使得其记录曲线中叠加了多种波的成份。     

Crustal thickness and velocity structure beneath Singapore’s seismic network

We estimated the crustal thickness and velocity structure beneath the five stations comprising the Republic of Singapore’s seismic network. Our data set was composed of 697 teleseismic receiver functions and 7 months of broad-band data that was cross-correlated to produce inter-station Green’s functions. Surface wave group velocities were extracted from the Green’s functions to obtain dispersion data for a path from central Sumatra to Singapore in order to provide a complimentary data set to the receiver functions. Crustal thickness was estimated via an H − k stacking technique, and high-resolution 1D P-wave velocity profiles were generated beneath each station by jointly inverting receiver function stacks and the group velocity data using a linearised time-domain inversion scheme. Crustal thickness beneath four stations was found to be between 28.0 km and 32.0 km, while one station in the northeast of Singapore indicates 24.0 km thick crust. This implies a significant crustal thinning beneath Singapore over the lateral extent of 50.0 km. Inversion results exhibit several crustal features that are observable in the derived models at all five stations, indicating that they exist across Singapore as a whole. There appears to be an upper-crustal high-velocity zone beneath Singapore, underlain by a velocity inversion. Station NTU shows slower near-surface velocities than the other stations, consistent with its situation above the sedimentary Jurong formation. These results expand the available global velocity data set, as well as being useful for assessing the seismic hazard in Singapore.     

基于包络的汶川大地震高频地震波辐射区域反演及近场加速度合成

合理地估计汶川破坏区域的地震动有助于地震灾害的研究.通过利用芦山地震记录建立的加速度包络衰减关系和汶川地震近场30个台站的加速度包络,基于线源模型,采用差分进化方法反演了汶川地震断层面上高频 (＞1 Hz) 辐射区域分布.结果表明:断层面上高频辐射分布很不均匀,辐射较强的区域主要位于:(1) 产生较大地表破裂的映秀、北川和南坝区域;(2) 映秀和北川等凹凸体的周边区域,包括震中东北侧60~90 km区域、北川和南坝东北侧30 km处;(3) 断层破裂停止的东北端约30 km长的区域.其中,破裂贯穿到地表的映秀、北川和南坝是低频和高频辐射都很强的区域.对于无观测记录场点,选择其临近且场地条件类似的台站加速度提取平稳随机过程,结合高频辐射分布和衰减关系得到的包络,合成了加速度时程,可为汶川地震结构震害分析提供地震动输入.      

汶川地震紫坪铺面板堆石坝地震波输入研究

对国家强震动台网中心紫坪铺面板堆石坝区域台站实测主震记录以及大坝台网实测余震记录进行分析,研究主震与强余震地震动的基本特征。分别选取茂县地办、郫县走石山、成都中和这3组基岩台站实测主震地震动,紫坪铺台站2008年11月6日实测余震地震动以及按水工抗震规范人工生成地震动作为数值计算的地震动输入,对紫坪铺大坝进行三维动力有限元分析,并与实测结果进行对比。研究表明,郫县走石山与成都中和2个远场台站位于断层下盘,其实测地震动的加速度反应谱长周期（0.65 s以后）分量过于丰富,不宜作为断裂带附近紫坪铺大坝的地震动输入;紫坪铺大坝台站实测的余震地震动1 Hz附近（大坝基频）的频率成分相对较少,且持续时间较短,以至于难以激发大坝响应;对比坝顶实测地震动加速度反应谱和数值计算反应谱,建议汶川地震中紫坪铺大坝动力计算时可采用茂县地办台站实测地震动或按抗震设计规范反应谱人工生成地震动。