2010年潮州台风过程雷达估测降水的几种方法对比分析

利用2010年台风过程的雷达资料和自动站雨量资料,采用最优化Z-I关系方法和曲线拟合Z-I关系方法分别得到不同区域的Z-I关系,以及采用雷达OHP产品统计估算方法,在2010年9月20日台风暴雨中进行对比试验,对过程降水误差进行对比分析,得到最优化Z-I关系估测降水的误差最小,能较准确测量潮州地区的降水量,并对雷达估测降水的误差原因进行分析。     

基于卫星和雷达资料估测滇中地区降水量方法研究

选用2008、2009和2010年5-10月的云顶亮温、云顶亮温梯度、水汽云图、总云量和云分类等云图资料,雷达基本反射率资料及自动站1h降水量资料,采用BP神经网络建立预报模型、传统Z-I关系及云分类Z-I关系,对距昆明雷达站大于20 km、小于150 km区域里且2008年已建有自动站的18个测站进行3h降水估测研究.通过研究,得到使用BP神经网络建立预报模型估测降水,在与实测降水的误差方面,比使用传统Z-I关系及云分类Z-I关系估测降水略有减小.本研究也是对综合利用卫星和雷达资料估测降水进行尝试.     

基于雷达组网拼图的定量降水反演I—动态Z-I关系法

综合利用辽宁省及周边区域9部多普勒天气雷达组网拼图资料与地面加密自动气象站降水观测资料,通过最优化法,建立适合辽宁本地区的动态Z-I关系,实时得到高时空分辨率雷达定量降水反演资料。结果表明:对2011年台风"米雷"和2012年台风"达维"降水反演表明,动态Z-I关系法可以反演地面降水的主要空间分布特征,但反演的强降水中心存在较大偏差;动态Z-I关系法定量降水反演能力整体优于固定Z-I关系法,但存在高估小雨强度和抑制大雨强度的系统性偏差,特别是对于20.0 mm·h~(-1)以上量级的强降水,平均误差达-10.0 mm以上,平均相对误差超过70.0%;各量级降水样本所占比例的差异与地理区域气候条件的差异,是动态Z-I关系法反演降水产生误差的两个主要原因。     

宜昌市天气雷达定量降水估测Z-I关系研究

选取2012年宜昌市8次主要降水过程的自动站降水资料和雷达基数据资料,采用分类型最优化法对不同类型降水的Z-I关系进行研究。结果表明,与厂家提供的通用Z-I关系对比,分类型最优化Z-I关系的定量降水估测能力有一定程度提高,对流性、稳定性和混合型降水的估测值与雨量计实测值的平均相对误差分别从40.81%、31.65%、42.35%降低到30.60%、23.35%和27.08%,同时相关系数也依次分别从0.803、0.759、0.762提高到0.815、0.776、0.786。     

雷达定量测量降水中的异方差性及加权判别函数处理

利用Z-I关系法,通过2006年两次积层混合云降水过程的回波和雨量资料分析A,b值的变化规律.针对Z-I关系的非线性和不稳定性,发现Z-I统计关系拟合中存在着异方差性,提出了对传统的最小二乘法和最优判别函数法进行加权处理的方法,并与其他方法的计算结果作了对比分析.研究结果表明:使用加权判别函数法,可以在符合Z-I关系实际变化规律的前提下抑制异方差性在计算过程中的不稳定,同时保持回波反演降水与实测降水之间的偏差最小化.     

雷达估测降水方法改进在降水预报中的应用

利用2008—2013年自动站雨量资料及相应的雷达体扫资料,用最优化法统计得出海南地区不同区域不同月份的Z-I关系,并将统计结果用于2014年5—9月的非热带气旋影响的的降水估测检验,采用平均绝对误差和均方根误差方法得到计算结果,表明经过优化的Z-I关系后,雷达估测降水比Z=200I1.6时更加接近实际雨量。优化Z-I关系前,雷达与雨量计平均值比值范围在40%~70%之间,即估测降水比实际雨量偏弱,优化Z-I关系后,雷达与雨量计平均值比值范围提高到50%~90%以上,说明雷达估测降水方法改进后,效果有了显著提高。     

雷达定量测量降雪方案对比分析

利用兰西站2013年冬季逐小时降雪量资料与雷达回波及其导出产品对比,分别采用"直接统计法"和"概率配对法"得到兰西站雷达定量测量降雪的Z-I关系,对比分析得到:概率配对法较直接统计法可信度更高。采用概率配对法,利用CR资料并认为雷达正确时,得到的Z-I关系最有利。     

用天气雷达回波强度资料估测降水

利用2004年兴义多普勒雷达体扫复合仰角的强度回波资料及自动站雨量资料,在贵州省黔西南地区进行降水估测。综合考虑了地理环境、气候、距雷达中心距离等3个因素,对下属的8县1市进行降水估测,运用了不同仰角进行多次实验,最后运用最小二乘法得到该区域的Z-I(反射率因子-降水)关系,选取2005年1-7月的部分资料进行检验对比,并对降水误差从地理环境、雷达性能等多个方面进行分析。结果表明,用此方法得出的Z-I适用性较好,准确率较高,为降水估测提供了较可靠的判据。     

短时强降水监测和预警技术及其在山区的应用

为提高短时强降水的监测和预警技术在山区等复杂地形中的应用,本文选取相关的探空资料分析天气背景,划分降水类型,与自动站订正技术相结合,采用Z-I分型最优化技术估测降水,利用交叉相关法对雷达反射率因子进行外推,并预测30min后的累积降水量。根据近3年的观测资料,制定出适合岳阳地区雷达反射率因子以及雷达估测降水对应的降水量级。通过与自动站雨量对比,Z-I分型最优化技术估测降水的相对误差较小;与Z-I经验公式估测降水对比分析,雷达估测降水的准确率有一定提高。经过岳阳示范区一年的实际应用表明:该方法对短时强降水的估测和预警均取得良好的效果,对强降水引起的山体滑坡等灾害具有一定的防范作用。     

Z-I关系最优化在海口雷达估测热带气旋降水中的应用

利用海口新一代天气雷达2008—2013年观测数据和地面观测的逐时雨量资料,得到分区域最优化Z-I关系,在海南岛全省范围内进行降水估测。结果表明:优化Z-I关系后得到的雷达与雨量计平均比值基本接近1,同时平均绝对误差和均方根误差也明显偏小,说明雷达测量值接近于雨量计,明显优于雷达默认的Z-I关系值,可见,优化Z—I关系后雷达反演值更接近于雨量观测值,同时雷达定量估测各区域雨量的精度得到很大提高。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.