锦屏一级水电站枢纽区基岩裂隙渗透性研究

锦屏一级水电站枢纽区基岩裂隙发育,不同岩层中裂隙发育规律差异明显,在对坝基、抗力体及地下厂房等部位开挖揭示以及裂隙编录的基础上,依据Snow平行板水流假定对裂隙渗透系数张量及等效渗透系数进行计算分析,并对不同层位等效渗透系数随岩体水平埋深的变化规律做了初步探讨.结果表明,采用该方法能较好地刻画枢纽区基岩裂隙渗透性的各向异性特征,可为岩体渗透性分区及防渗帷幕的优化设计提供科学依据.     

单一裂隙优势渗流对黏土层防渗性能的影响分析

垃圾填埋体不均匀沉降等容易引起压实黏土防渗层开裂,显著降低其防渗性能。将裂隙作为高渗透性的多孔介质材料,建立了含单一裂隙压实黏土层的饱和/非饱和渗流模型,数值研究了含裂隙黏土层中的优势渗流过程,对比分析了裂隙位置、深度、宽度和渗透系数对压实黏土层水分击穿时间和稳定渗漏量的影响。结果表明,含裂隙压实黏土层的渗流过程可分为3个阶段：初始阶段、击穿阶段和稳定阶段;底部裂隙对压实黏土层防渗性能的影响较小,而顶部裂隙和贯通裂隙的影响较大;水分击穿时间随裂隙深度增大而迅速缩短,为保证黏土层防渗性能,宜将裂隙深度控制在0.1倍土层厚度以内;水分击穿时间和稳定渗漏量随裂隙宽度、渗透系数的增大而分别缩短和增加,且当其达到一定值后逐渐趋于稳定;裂隙贯通后将显著降低压实黏土层的防渗性能,其稳定渗漏量随裂隙宽度和渗透系数的增大而呈线性增长。     

巴东县城白土坡裂隙岩体等效渗透系数数值分析

对三峡库区巴东县城白土坡岩体的裂隙进行了详细的野外调研与系统测量,根据裂隙网络模拟技术Monte Carlo法,使用VB语言编制了裂隙网络计算模型生成程序,对白土坡岩体的裂隙分布进行网络模拟。将裂隙网络模拟成果导入离散元稳定流渗流分析模块(UDEC),生成裂隙网络数值模型,通过对模型周边设置定水头边界并提取边界上裂隙的流量,然后根据立方定理和Darcy定律对白土坡岩体的等效渗透系数进行了求解分析。数值分析结果表明:巴东县城白土坡裂隙岩体等效渗透特征单元体REVK=20 m×20 m;等效主渗透系数最大值为K1=1.15×10-4m/s,最小主渗透系数为K2=8×10-6m/s;主渗方向与岸坡倾向水平反方向的夹角为-40°左右。     

润扬桥基三维裂隙网络渗流数值模拟

润扬长江大桥北锚碇是大桥关键工程，承担大桥悬索较大拉力。北锚碇的基础为花岗岩裂隙岩体，分布断裂和多组裂隙，星岩表部风化，上覆约45m厚的第四系松散沉积层，基坑开挖深度达48m，基坑内外水头差达47m。如何做好防渗和排水，对施工期的安全和施工质量至关重要。为此，采用离散裂隙网络渗流的三结构模型与连续介质渗流模型相结合，对北锚碇场区的地下水渗流进行了多种工况的数值模拟，为基坑防渗和排水设计提供了主要参考依据，其数值模拟结果已得到后来施工期实际资料的验证。     

基于各向异性岩体渗透参数分析的矿区地下水环境预测

地下采矿工程势必会引起矿区周边地下水水位的变化,而地下水在岩体中渗流主要受岩体裂隙的影响,因此地下水渗流具有非均质各向异性的特点。采用统计学分析方法,根据岩体裂隙几何参数计算渗透张量,获得综合渗透系数,并与钻孔抽水试验所得渗透系数相比较,进行修正,得到渗透主值。并运用于Visual Modflow中建立地下采矿区各向异性的地下水渗流模型,进而较准确地预测采矿过程中地下水降落漏斗的影响范围及影响幅度。     

交叉裂隙渗流无网格法初探

作为两相介质的裂隙岩体,裂隙渗流是岩体渗流的主体。由于岩体的网状裂隙用传统的方法难以模拟复杂裂隙系统的水流特征。为此,基于岩体随机裂隙三维网络数值模拟,提取裂隙二维网络,并试用基于移动最小二乘近似的最小二乘法之无网格法来模拟岩体中交叉裂隙的渗流规律,通过自行编制的程序进行了简单示例与工程实例的试算,获得了较好的模拟结果,证实了无网格法模拟岩体裂隙流的可行性。     

渗透系数的各向异性对裂隙水渗流潜水面的影响

天然岩体是多相的不连续介质，在其中分布有大量的节理裂隙，这些裂隙的渗透能力要比岩石高几个数量级，构成了地下水流的主要通道，并控制着地下水渗流的运动规律．由于裂隙分布的方向性，导致裂隙岩体的渗流具有明显的各向异性．本文便在规则裂隙岩体模型的基础上，改变每组裂隙的渗透系数，利用有限元计算出裂隙水渗流的潜水面，分析了裂隙岩体渗透系数的各向异性对裂隙水渗流潜水面的影响．     

岩溶地区岩体裂隙网络渗流分析

岩溶区由于其特殊的岩性,造成岩体裂隙非常发育,这些发育的裂隙很容易形成连通网络,在具有化学侵蚀性水流的作用下,裂隙通道被加宽,从而导致渗漏量增加。在岩溶区岩体裂隙发育特点的基础上对岩体裂隙网络进行了划分,用Monte-Carlo三维模拟技术模拟岩体裂隙的发育程度,同时也模拟出裂隙网络连通图,该图再现了优势裂隙的发育方向。在岩体节理网络的基础上,将各种裂隙和孔隙按规模和渗透性分为四级处理, 即一级真实裂隙网络、二级随机裂隙网络、三级等效连续介质体系、四级连续介质体系,各级裂隙之间以水量平衡原理建立联系。然后采用多重裂隙网络渗流模型对岩溶区岩体裂隙的渗流进行分析。研究表明,将多重裂隙网络渗流模型应用于岩溶区坝基岩体渗流分析中,能够比较确切而直观的反映出岩溶区岩体裂隙系统渗流分布规律,对岩溶区水库的防渗和防腐蚀措施具有重要的指导意义     

四川自一里水电站气垫式调压室围岩渗透性评价

结合自一里水电工程气垫式调压室设计厂房区岩体渗透性研究,提出了从定性分析到定量计算与评价,系统刻画岩体渗透性与分区评价,以满足气垫式调压室设计要求的实用方法.该方法以基础地质与水文地质研究为背景,从系统全面的裂隙测量与统计分析中,获取岩体裂隙空间发育规律和裂隙方向、隙宽、迹长、间距和裂隙率等统计特征值,运用裂隙岩体渗透张量理论,得出分布式岩体渗透主值和综合渗透系数;在此基础上,进行岩体渗透性分区与评价.评价得出:花岗岩夹变质砂岩透镜体的厂区岩体渗透性总体随深度变化,受接触带影响局部渗透性呈强弱交替变化;区内裂隙岩体的渗透性分3级,近地表浅层岩体渗透性较强,综合渗透系数为n×100m/d～n×10-1m/d,调压室区为中等～弱渗透性岩体,渗透系数为n×10-2m/d～n×10-4m/d.     

基于三维渗流模拟的坝基渗漏和渗透稳定分析——以哇沿水库为例

水库坝基渗漏不但损失水库蓄水量,更重要的会引起大坝渗透变形失去稳定。应用三维地下水流数值模拟计算坝基渗漏量和分析渗透稳定,较好地解决了周边与底面边界的不规则问题和垂向上地层的非均质问题,提高了计算精度。以青海省哇沿水库为例,在充分分析水库坝基水文地质条件的基础上,建立了坝基渗漏三维地下水流数值模型,模拟了设置不同深度防渗墙时的渗漏量和坝后出溢段水力坡度。评价了大坝的渗透稳定性,为防止哇沿水库发生渗透变形,设置防渗墙深度应大于50m。当防渗墙深度为50m时,水库渗漏量为12 012m~3/d。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.