答“对‘长江中下游水稻日照温度农业气候指标的初步研究’一步的意见”

我们现对张迎福同志对“长江中下游水稻日照温度农业气候指标的初步研究”一文的意见答复如下: 1.用可照时数的原因是: (1)根据我们分析结果,实照时数与发育速度的关系不明显(原文图6)。原文中提到的阴昙天气条件系指实照时数。因为阴昙是用云量而定,而云量与实照时数有关。 (2)农业科学家曾用不同纬度来讨论水稻品种与日照长度和引种等问题。如吴光南     

可照时数的微机计算程序

可照时数的含义是太阳中心自出地平线至入地平线,其直射光线在无地障及云雾烟尘遮掩情况下,照耀地面之时间。把一年或一月的实际日照时数与可照时数相比称日照比数或日照百分率。这对于研究云量分布和日照时间与农作物的生长关系,以及太阳能的利用都有一定的意义。 由天文学可知,某地的可照时数与该地的纬度及赤纬有关,其公式为:     

海南州恰卜恰地区1993—1997年日照特征分析

利用海南州气象台１９９３～１９９７年地面观测资料,对恰卜恰地区的日照显时数、日照百分率、太阳能资源及云量、降水对日照时数的影响等进行了分析。结果表明：（１）日照时数具有明显的季节变化特征,春季高、冬季低;（２）日照百分率的分布情况则是冬季高、夏季低;（３）该地区的太阳能资料较为稳定,具有较强的开发和利用价值;（４）日照时数与云量、降水过程之间存在明显的负相关关系。     

贵港城市街道可照条件分析

通过对影响贵港城市可照时数因素的分析,找出它们的之间变化规律,提出合理的城市街道设计与城市规划建议,以南北朝向为宜,街道H/L范围适宜在1~2之间。     

漠河日照与昼夜长短变化及计算方法

从天文学和气象学角度对可照时数、日照时数、光照时间和曙暮光等进行了解释.通过查表和公式计算,得出漠河夏至、冬至之日的天亮、天黑、日出、日落、昼长、夜长准确时间和日照日数.     

对“长江中下游水稻日照温度农业气候指标的初步研究”一文的意见

气象学报33卷第4期上兰鸿第等发表的“长江中下游水稻日照温度农业气候指标的初步研究”一文(以下简称原文),有其成功的一面。这里,不准备作全面评价,仅提出几个问题简单地讨论一下。 1.在日照长度与发育速度之关系的研究中,作者利用了可照时数。这样做,不够妥当。可照时数,很显然,仅属“可能”,并非“实际”。当然,并不是只有“晴天日照”才对植物     

日照时数大于可照时数的原因

台站使用的暗筒式日照计,是利用通过仪器上的小孔射入筒内的太阳光在日照纸上留下的感光迹线计算日照时数的。上午和下午的日照迹线应是对称的两条曲线。可照时数是太阳中心从出现在一地的东方地平线到进入西方地平线,其直线光线在无地物、云、雾等任何遮蔽的条件下,照射到地面所经历的时间。因此,日照时数应＜可照时数。然而,在审核或检查台站的记录时,却发现有日照时数＞可照时数（或半天日照时数＞半天可照时数）的现象。这往往是观测员在感光迹线的开始（或终止）处向前（或向后）多划铅笔线所造成。由于早上和傍晚太阳光线较弱,…     

查算表

一、逐月年日照百分率查算表,适合 N34°范围台站用,年月可照时数采用省局59年《气象观测技术问题解答汇编》127页可照时间表。各月(年)栏括号内,为该月(年)可照时数.查表方法:日照界于两个百分率之间,则按大的数字查取.例如,商县7月可照时数209.1,界于207.7和212.1之间,则按大的212.1查取百分率为48。若日照缺测一天以上者,不能使用此表。     

日照迹线位置移动原理和软件设计

根据地球自转和绕太阳公转轨迹规律,分析了黄赤交角、太阳赤纬、经度和太阳高度角对日照迹线形成的影响,解释了春分、秋分、夏至、冬至几个具有代表性日期日照迹线形成的规律,阐述了暗筒式日照计日照迹线位置随季节变化的原理。地球运动轨迹固定,以地球作为参照物,地球相对静止,太阳围绕地球转,太阳光在无任何遮挡的情况下,每日的日照迹线可严格求出。用严谨的理论依据,导出日照迹线公式,并设计出软件,每日日照迹线可任意全真显示。     

山区可照时数的计算

为了研究山区农业气候资源,分析光照资源的时空分布特征,在试验工作中,除在考察月各测点进行日照观测外,还运用图解法进行了测点实际可照时数的计算。 本文以灌阳山区为例说明山区可照时数的计算方法。计算起伏地形中的可照时数,实际上是一个确定起伏地形中日出和日没(一天中可能有几次)时间的问题。在一般情况下,由     

涡列涡量内传的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的准地转正压模式实施了4组积分时间为24h的试验,研究台风环流区域中尺度涡列对台风强度的影响,并与单个中尺度涡旋的情况作了对比。结果表明:涡列内传过程中出现了两次涡合并现象,涡列涡量内传对台风强度的影响能力较弱,单个中尺度涡旋涡量内传可使台风增强。     

Effect of asymmetrical street canyons on pedestrian thermal comfort in warm-humid climate of Cuba

Walkability and livability in cities can be enhanced by creating comfortable environments in the streets. The profile of an urban street canyon has a substantial impact on outdoor thermal conditions at pedestrian level. This paper deals with the effect of asymmetrical street canyon profiles, common in the historical centre of Camagüey, Cuba, on outdoor thermal comfort. Temporal-spatial analyses are conducted using the Heliodon2 and the RayMan model, which enable the generation of accurate predictions about solar radiation and thermal conditions of urban spaces, respectively. On these models, urban settings are represented by asymmetrical street canyons with five different height-to-width ratios and four street axis orientations (N-S, NE-SW, E-W, SE-NW). Results are evaluated for daytime hours across the street canyon, by means of the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET index) which allows the evaluation of the bioclimatic conditions of outdoor environments. Our findings revealed that high profiles (façades) located on the east-facing side of N-S streets, on the southeast-facing side of NE-SW streets, on the south-facing side of E-W street, and on the southwest-facing side of SE-NW streets, are recommended to reduce the total number of hours under thermal stress. E-W street canyons are the most thermally stressed ones, with extreme PET values around 36 °C. Deviating from this orientation ameliorates the heat stress with reductions of up to 4 h in summer. For all analysed E-W orientations, only about one fifth of the street can be comfortable, especially for high aspect ratios (H/W > 3). Optimal subzones in the street are next to the north side of the E-W street, northwest side of the NE-SW street, and southwest side of the SE-NW street. Besides, when the highest profile is located on the east side of N-S streets, then the subzone next to the east-facing façade is recommendable for pedestrians. The proposed urban guidelines enable urban planners to create and renovate urban spaces which are more efficient in diminishing pedestrian thermal stress.     

A Monte Carlo Model Of The Nocturnal Surface Temperatures In Urban Canyons

A model for the urban canyon is formulated for meteorologicalconditions of weak winds at night time. Thermal radiation, conductivity and convection are simulated by means of the Monte Carlo method. These are the main physical processesof energy transfer that give rise to the characteristic temperaturedistribution in these systems. The model has been satisfactory tested under ideal conditions for which analytical solutions exist.The predictions of the model under morerealistic conditions accurately reproduce the observationalresults. A strong temperature gradient across streets, with the canyon corners up to 4 °C warmer than the canyon centre, is found for the deepest canyons. This theoretical predictionhas been successfully verified with measurementstaken in a number of streets of the city of Granada in Spain.     

Effect of the position of the visible sky in determining the sky view factor on micrometeorological and human thermal comfort conditions in urban street canyons

Poor daytime and night-time micrometeorological conditions are issues that influence the quality of environmental conditions and can undermine a comfortable human lifestyle. The sky view factor (SVF) is one of the essential physical parameters used to assess the micrometeorological conditions and thermal comfort levels within city streets. The position of the visible sky relative to the path of the sun, in the cardinal and ordinal directions, has not been widely discerned as a parameter that could have an impact on the micrometeorological conditions of urban streets. To investigate this parameter, different urban streets that have a similar SVF value but diverse positions of visible sky were proposed in different street directions intersecting with the path of the sun, namely N–S, NE–SW and NW–SE. The effects of daytime and night-time micrometeorological variables and human thermal comfort variables on the street were investigated by applying ENVI-met V3.1 Beta software. The results show that the position of the visible sky has a greater influence on the street’s meteorological and human thermal comfort conditions than the SVF value. It has the ability to maximise or minimise the mean radiation temperature (Tmrt, °C) and the physiological equivalent temperature (PET, °C) at street level. However, the visible sky positioned to the zenith in a NE–SW or N–S street direction and to the SW of a NW–SE street direction achieves the best daytime micrometeorological and thermal comfort conditions. Alternatively, the visible sky positioned to the NE for a NW–SE street direction, to the NW and the zenith for a NE–SW street direction and to the zenith for a N–S street direction reduces the night-time air temperature (Ta, °C). Therefore, SVF and the position of the visible sky relative to the sun’s trajectory, in the cardinal and ordinal directions, must be considered during urban street planning to better understand the resultant micrometeorological and human thermal comfort conditions.     

Radiometric Temperatures of Urban Canyon Walls obtained from Vehicle Traverses

Summary.  Building walls form an important component of the total surface area in cities, but are not generally considered in most attempts to measure urban surface temperatures. A procedure which allows sampling of the spatial and temporal variation of wall surface temperatures in urban areas is presented. Radiometric surface temperatures are monitored using an array of infrared thermometers mounted on a moving vehicle. It is necessary to remove observations which view sky, or mixed sky and building scenes. Distribution truncation and distribution modelling are investigated as methods to remove the unwanted observations. Use of the traverse method in several urban areas reveals strong temporal variations in wall temperatures due to solar loading. Significant spatial variations in temperatures suggest caution be used in the extrapolation of data from single canyon studies to larger scales. Times of strong surface temperature contrast between different walls are linked to canyon and solar geometry. In the light industrial and residential observation areas, north-south streets show mid-morning and late afternoon peaks of approximately equal magnitude in the difference between wall surface temperatures. East-west streets show a single peak in the hour following solar noon. The downtown study area, with streets oriented northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast, shows a double wave pattern with one peak dominant. These patterns are of interest because they can lead to large biases in remotely-observed surface temperature with view direction. Received May 30, 1997 Revised July 20, 1997     

对流云街激发的重力波和波动阻力

大气边界层中的对流活动,可以在其上部稳定层中激发出重力波,并引起垂直动量输送,影响到对流层和平流层中的动量平衡过程.从二层模式中大气波动方程的线性解出发,得出了对流云街激发的重力波波阻解析表达式,并讨论了大气条件对波阻的影响.这些分析可有助于大气环流模式(GCM)中此类重力波波阻参数化表达式的建立和改进.     

A wind-tunnel experiment concerning atmospheric vortex streets

Cloud patterns, in the upper part of the atmospheric boundary layer, with eddies similar to Karman vortex streets, have been observed in the lee of several isolated islands. An experiment was conducted to see if major features of these atmospheric vortex streets and associated atmospheric conditions could be simulated in a wind tunnel. A visible vortex street was observed in a wind tunnel while six atmospheric simulation criteria were at least qualitatively satisfied. The physical modeling, the atmospheric data used, the simplifying assumptions and approximations required, as well as the wind tunnel methods and results are described.     

人口与GDP空间化技术支持下的暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性分析

基于统计年鉴资料和土地利用数据,分别建立人口、GDP空间化模型,模拟南京市浦口区人口和GDP的空间分布。并结合暴雨洪涝历史灾情数据,探索区县级行政区域暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性风险评估技术方法,最终获得100 m×100 m格网的浦口区暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性空间分布图。研究结果表明:(1)人口、GDP的空间化模拟结果,既与各镇街统计数据保持一致,又反映了各镇街内部的人口、GDP分布的空间变化,可以为承灾体脆弱性评估提供精细化、可靠的数据源。(2)浦口区暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性高风险区,分布在东北部经济较为发达的城镇街道而老山山脉和沿江内陆滩涂地区脆弱性风险较低。     

Flow in a Street Canyon for any External Wind Direction

An analytical model has been developed for the flow along a street canyon (of height H and width W), generated by an external wind blowing at any angle relative to the axis of the street. Initially, we consider the special case of a wind blowing parallel to the street. The interior of the street is decomposed into three regions, and the flow within each region is assumed to depend only on the external wind and the distance to the closest solid boundary. This decomposition leads to two different flow regimes: one for narrow streets (H/W > 1/2) and one for wide streets (H/W < 1/2). The theoretical model agrees well with results obtained from numerical simulations using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes model. We then generalize the model to the case of arbitrary wind direction. Numerical solutions show that the streamlines of the mean flow in the street have a spiral form, and for most angles of incidence, the mass flux along the street scales on the component of the external wind resolved parallel to the street. We use this result to generalize the model derived for wind blowing parallel to the street, and the results from this model agree well with the numerical simulations. The model that has been developed can be evaluated rapidly using only very modest computing power, so it is suitable for use as an operational tool.     

三维重力内波和对流云街的启动机制

在一个下部为弱不稳定层、上部为稳定层的二层模式中，求解线性化的大气动力—热力学方程组，表明一个孤立山丘所引发的重力内波，在向下游传播过程中与边界层中对流相互作用，形成大气低层的涡漩活动，其图象与观测到的对流云街结构相似。