基于GIS的地震烈度衰减信息系统

本文探讨了应用一种新的计算机技术─地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ），管理地震烈度衰减信息。系统以３４°─４１°Ｎ、１１０°─１２０°Ｅ范围内的４１幅等震线图为数据基础建造了地震烈度衰减信息系统研究原型ＩＡＩＳ，重点在于利用、发掘ＧＩＳ在管理、应用地震烈度衰减信息方面的能力。系统以ＧＩＳＩ具软件ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ为开发平台，将每一幅等震线图存贮为一个专题图层，建立拓扑结构确定等震线特征之间的空间关系。等震线图中所表示的描述性特征存入特征属性文件，并通过一个共同的项使等震线和烈度分区与属性表中的描述建立了一一对应的关系。系统提供了从震中分布图或地震序号、发震时间等查询、显示各个等震线图的功能，并可以交互式地量算各等震线的长、短半轴，自动量算各烈度区的面积等。针对将不同比例尺、不同投影方式及不同投影参数的等震线图转绘编制综合等震线图的主要困难，本文研究了ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ中的投影转绘问题。系统按“留大舍小”的原则自动生成综合等震线图。同时，ＩＡＩＳ实现了综合等震线图的计算机管理，包括显示、查询、局部修改、统计量算等。     

利用GIS技术进行油气资源综合评价

本文对利用地理信息系统技术综合评价油气资源的方法进行了研究。综合地学各学科信息，结合ＧＩＳ的功能和特点，建立ＧＩＳ综合评价模型是本研究的关键。将所建模型对松辽盆地南缘白垩系地层油气远景式进行预测，取得预期效果。     

地理信息系统（GIS）在地震危险性分析中的应用

简要介绍了地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）的主要特征,地震危险性分析的一般步骤及其在地理信息系统下的实现方法。以东亚地区地震危险性分析为例,在ＧＩＳ平台下,利用ＧＩＳ的图层叠加和拼接,空间数据查询和综合分析功能,编制了东亚地区地震构造图,划分了该区的震源区,并得到了各潜在震源区相应的地震活动性参数。     

地理信息系统（GIS）软件评析

地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）是计算机科学的主要应用领域之一,因此ＧＩＳ技术的进步直接受到计算机软硬件技术发展的影响。本归纳总结了ＧＩＳ软件的功能与特点。对ＧＩＳ软件所支持的操作系统,数据库界面及数据交换格式作了深入的比较与分析。中一些最常用的ＧＩＳ软件产品被选作代表性系统以展示地理信息系统的基本功能类型。最后,ＧＩＳ软件近期内的几处主要发展趋势（开放的ＧＩＳ、面向对象的ＧＩＳ和桌面ＧＩＳ）也在中得     

基于自组织临界现象的中期地震预报算法研究

在自组织临界现象，几何相变等物理理论的基础上，开发研究了基于自组织临界现象的中期地震预报算法，提出并定义了自组织临界行为的结构强度，简称ＧＳＩ值，ＣＳＩ值是反映地震活动的一个综合指标，其变化较好地反映了地震活动演化进程，ＣＳＩ值是反映地震活动的一个综合指标，其变化较好地反映了地震活动演化进程。对多个震例的研究表明，大地震发生前结构强度ＣＳＩ值存在一个增大的过程，这和理论结果基本一致，利用演化图和时     

基于GIS的测震编目工作系统

在用ＦＯＸＢＡＳＥ,ＴｕｒｂｏＢａｓｉｃ等软件开发的测震编目系统的基础上,把ＧＩＳ技术中处理空间信息的一些独特优点应用到测震编目系统中,建立了以ＧＩＳ工具软件Ｍａｐｉｎｆｏ为开发平台的图形绘制查询分析配套系统。实现了与测震编目系统的数据对接。使对接后的系统在可视化查询、分析计算、图形制作、Ｂｕｆｅｒ分析、显示输出等方面有了很大的改进。整个系统具有良好的用户界面,有较强的数据兼容性和模块扩充性。     

乌鲁木齐市震害预测GIS地图数据库系统在ARC／INFO上的实现

引言ＧＩＳ为地理信息系统的英文缩写。它是以空间数据管理为基础的计算机技术系统,利用地学模型来分析空间数据,对地理环境与自然资源的信息进行管理,并对其动态变化进行预测和预报。１９６０年诺基尔·汤姆林逊博士提出把地图变成能用计算机处理的数字形式地图的新观点［１］,到３０年后的今天,ＧＩＳ地理信息系统已迅速发展。它的运用已渗透到了工业、农业、军事、科研各个领域。我国ＧＩＳ的发展始于８０年代初期,近１０年来发展很快,在地震科研中的应用正逐步拉开序幕。ＧＩＳ最大特点就在于它能把现实生活中的各种信息有机地与…     

SOIL SCOUR RESISTANCE AND ARRANGEMENT OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SYSTEM IN THE CONTIGUOUS AREA OF SHANXI, SHAANXI AND INNER MONGOLIA 1

ＳＯＩＬＳＣＯＵＲＲＥＳＩＳＴＡＮＣＥＡＮＤＡＲＲＡＮＧＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＳＯＩＬＡＮＤＷＡＴＥＲＣＯＮＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＳＹＳＴＥＭＩＮＴＨＥＣＯＮＴＩＧＵＯＵＳＡＲＥＡＯＦＳＨＡＮＸＩ,ＳＨＡＡＮＸＩＡＮＤＩＮＮＥＲＭＯＮＧＯＬＩＡ１ＪＩＡＮＧＤｉ...     

GIS在区域地震减灾中的应用前景（上）

介绍了ＧＩＳ的定义、特点、内容和目前的应用范围以及硬件配置和软件开发情况；阐述了地震灾害以及减灾工作的特点，包括震前、震中和震后的数据准备和行动协调；说明了ＧＩＳ在整个减灾过程应用中的优势；介绍了ＧＩＳ在当前地震防灾中应用的一些实例。     

利用GIS技术建立工程地震地质基础信息系统

地理信息系统（简称ＧＩＳ）是近年来发展起来的空间数据处理技术。将ＧＩＳ技术应用于东南沿海地区工程地震研究,以ＧＩＳ工具软件Ｍａｐｉｎｆｏ及Ａｒｃ／ｉｎｆｏ为软件开发平台,初步建立了东南沿海地区工程地震地质基础信息系统。该系统具有空间查询、空间特征相关分析等功能,为工程地震研究中各类数据的有效管理和综合利用提供了方便     

Water vapour transport of the pre-monsoon period and the general performance of the Indian summer monsoon

The advective monthly mean transfer of water vapour in the layer below 700 mbar is investigated for India for the years 1962 to 1972 and for the months January to September. The average zonal and meridional components of the transfer of water vapour for India are obtained. They are further averaged for different combinations of the pre-monsoon months from January to May and are correlated with the summer monsoon rainfall. The correlation coefficients for zonal transfer of water vapour are either negative or small positive for different combinations of the months mentioned above. The correlation coefficients for the meridional transfer of water vapour are positive. The maximum value is 0.74 for the March to May combination and is statistically significant at the 1% level.An extensive investigation is, therefore, made for the March to May averages of water vapour transfer for four broad regions of India. The parameters of water vapour transfer for these regions are compared with the threshold values and the prediction category, normal or drought, for the subsequent summer monsoon season is determined for all years. The correlation coefficient between the index of drought, as determined from parameters of water vapour transport and rainfall departure, is statistically significant at the 2% level.     

The gravitational potential and its derivatives of a right rectangular prism with depth-dependent density following an n-th degree polynomial

The direct gravity problem and its solution belong to the basis of the gravimetry. The solutions of this problem are well known for wide class of the source bodies with the constant density contrast. The non-uniform density approximation leads to the relatively complicated mathematical formalism. The analytical solutions for this type of sources are rare and currently these bodies are very useful in the gravimetrical modeling. The solution for the vertical component of the gravitational attraction vector for the 3D right rectangular prism is known in the geophysical literature for the density variations described by the 3-rd degree polynomial. We generalized this solution for an n-th degree, not only for the vertical component, but for the horizontal components, the second-order derivatives and the potential as well. The 2D modifications of all given formulae are presented, too. The presented general solutions, which involve a hypergeometric functions, can be used as they are, or as an auxiliary tool to derive desired solution for the given degree of the density polynomial as a sum of the elementary functions. The pros-and-cons of these approaches (the complexity of the programming codes, runtimes) are discussed, too.     

The formation of groups for regional flood frequency analysis

Abstract

A new technique is developed for identifying groups for regional flood frequency analysis. The technique uses a clustering algorithm as a starting point for partitioning the collection of catchments. The groups formed using the clustering algorithm are subsequently revised to improve the regional characteristics based on three requirements that are defined for effective groups. The result is overlapping groups that can be used to estimate extreme flow quantiles for gauged or ungauged catchments. The technique is applied to a collection of catchments from India and the results indicate that regions with the desired characteristics can be identified using the technique. The use of the groups for estimating extreme flow quantiles is demonstrated for three example sites.     

Pesticide Health Risk Mapping and Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters in Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment

The extensive use of pesticides for increasing the agricultural production is affecting the quality of groundwater. The objectives of this article are to (i) develop pesticide relative leaching ranks for well sites, (ii) develop maps for human health risks due to pesticide applications, and (iii) identify the most significant parameters in pesticide simulations for groundwater vulnerability assessment. The methods include (i) development of acifluorfen relative leaching ranks for 25 well sites using ArcPRZM‐3, (ii) development of health risk maps using model simulated maximum dissolved bentazon concentrations on the basis of USA drinking water quality guidelines, (iii) sensitivity analysis for 14 ArcPRZM‐3 input parameters using the Plackett–Burman method. ArcPRZM‐3 is a user‐friendly system for spatial modeling of pesticide leaching from surface to groundwater. Thirteen acifluorfen relative leaching potential ranks were developed in which the pesticide leaching decrease from 1 to 13. The model predicted ranks for well 34 and well 9 were 2nd and 3rd, respectively, and acifluorfen was detected in both wells during the physical monitoring. The percentages of high health risks in the agricultural areas were 48.38 and 72.72% for Randolph and Independence Counties, respectively. The most significant parameters were thickness of horizon compartment, runoff curve number of antecedent moisture condition II for cropping, soil bulk density, and total application of pesticide. The irrigation, soil permeability, and numerical dispersion could impact the pesticide leaching in soils toward groundwater. The ArcPRZM‐3 system could be efficiently applied for spatial modeling and mapping of pesticide concentrations for groundwater vulnerability assessment on a large scale.     

On the estimation of accuracy for global models of gravitational field of the earth

The methods and techniques for estimating the accuracy of global models of the Earth’s gravity field in the form of spherical harmonic expansion of the geopotential are analyzed. Various methods for obtaining the a priori and a posteriori estimates for the accuracy are considered and classified. The application of different approaches is illustrated by numerical examples for nine models, including those recently developed using the modern methods of space geodesy. The basic requirements for the database and software for estimating the accuracy are formulated.     

Recent applications of sliding block theory to geotechnical design

The sliding block theory was proposed by Newmark for determining the permanent displacement of embankments and dams under earthquake loading. This paper highlights recent applications of sliding block theory to different geotechnical structures. The equations to determine seismic factor of safety, yield acceleration and permanent displacement are given for rock block, soil slope, landfill cover, geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall, and composite breakwater. The presented equations for seismic stability degenerate to that of static stability in the absence of earthquake. The permanent displacement for various structures can be obtained from that of a horizontal sliding block through a correction factor. A simplified procedure is included for the permanent displacement under vertical acceleration. The sliding block approach is rational for design under high seismic load.     

Soil-structure-water interaction of intake-outlet towers allowed to uplift

A procedure that can be used for preliminary seismic analysis of intake-outlet towers including soil-structure-water interaction is developed. The formulation also considers the effect of partial soil-foundation separation, a phenomenon of considerable interest for the design of such systems that has not been addressed in the literature. The hydrodynamic pressure of the water is accounted for through added masses given in concise closed-form expressions for easy use in analysis and design. The nonlinear equations of motion, based on foundation-soil bond conditions, are solved numerically.The effects of soil-structure-water interaction are evaluated for a representative intake-outlet tower. Parametric studies are also conducted in the presence and absence of surrounding and contained water for typical cases of soil conditions and tower height-foundation width ratios. The results indicate that hydrodynamic effects are significant and cause an increase in deflections, moments and shears and a decrease in foundation rotation. The study shows that for short towers, foundation uplift is unlikely to occur. On the contrary for slender towers, uplift is more likely to appear, especially for foundations supported by stiff soil, causing significant decrease in moments and deflections.     

行波效应对桥梁不同振动控制方法减震效果的影响分析

给出了地震行波输入下大跨度桥梁的主动、半主动和被动控制分析方法,并对1座4跨连续刚构桥梁进行了行波输入下地震反应计算,分析了8种振动控制情况下纵桥向和横桥向地震反应的减震效果。结果表明,行波效应会明显降低该连续刚构桥梁8种振动控制方法的纵桥向地震反应减震效果,最大开关控制算法对纵桥向的减震效果相对最好;最大阻尼力被动控制和最大开关控制算法对横桥向的减震效果相对最好,采用该2种控制方法时行波效应对横桥向总体减震效果影响不大。     

Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of southern part of Ghana

This paper presents a seismic hazard map for the southern part of Ghana prepared using the probabilistic approach, and seismic hazard assessment results for six cities. The seismic hazard map was prepared for 10% probability of exceedance for peak ground acceleration in 50 years. The input parameters used for the computations of hazard were obtained using data from a catalogue that was compiled and homogenised to moment magnitude (Mw). The catalogue covered a period of over a century (1615–2009). The hazard assessment is based on the Poisson model for earthquake occurrence, and hence, dependent events were identified and removed from the catalogue. The following attenuation relations were adopted and used in this study—Allen (for south and eastern Australia), Silva et al. (for Central and eastern North America), Campbell and Bozorgnia (for worldwide active-shallow-crust regions) and Chiou and Youngs (for worldwide active-shallow-crust regions). Logic-tree formalism was used to account for possible uncertainties associated with the attenuation relationships. OpenQuake software package was used for the hazard calculation. The highest level of seismic hazard is found in the Accra and Tema seismic zones, with estimated peak ground acceleration close to 0.2 g. The level of the seismic hazard in the southern part of Ghana diminishes with distance away from the Accra/Tema region to a value of 0.05 g at a distance of about 140 km.     

Bioassessment of water quality and defining of critical levels of multicontamination for aquatic life

The existing approaches to and methods for bioassessment of water quality are critically analyzed. The significance of the methodological approach under the concept of ecosystem “health” as the most integral numerical method for assessing pollution effects. Comparative analysis is given to the significance of criteria based on the state of individuals, populations, and communities. The results of practical testing of the methods developed for biological assessment of water quality for some water bodies are presented. Critical levels are established based on the construction of dose-effect dependences. The basic principles for limiting surface water pollution are formulated.