BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviews in this article:
ELEMENTARY PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By D. R. C rone .
INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (Vol. III, 1963). Editor, E duard I mhof .     

使用最简几何基元构建3维空间数据模型

在对现实世界进行高度抽象化的表达过程中,许多学者和机构提出了多种空间数据模型（或称之为空间数据结构）。文章首先总结了现有模型所使用的基本几何要素,并对其利弊进行了讨论：然后总结了使用这些几何要素进行组合、扩展以构建更为复杂的空间实体的理论即空间数据建模理论,同时也对不同理论的通用性和局限性进行了讨论。笔者随后以4维空间为基础．从空间内嵌的角度去思考不同维度下的空间构成．得出了3维空间的最简基本要索,并通过对比相关文献对geometricprimitives的中文翻译将其命名为“几何基元”。在此基础上笔者探讨了3维几何基元构成空间实体的数学表达本质．沦述了依此几何基元构成的空间实体之间基本拓扑关系的表达方法。最后笔者设计了一套数据结构以系统构建空间数据模型,该模型有利于实现3维空间数据库．可为形成3维数据资产提供蘑础。本文的结论认为,该3维空间数据模型可以有效地解决体3维和表面3维的模型一致性问题,提供了结合“地学3维”和“3维数字城市”等不同应刚系统的途径：同时可将当前的2维地理信息系统自然地扩展到3维：另外还可以为3维空间分析和专门的3维渲染引擎提供理论支持。     

Enhancing the Reliability of 3D Subsurface Models through Differential Weighting and Mathematical Recombination of Variable Quality Data

One of the first stages of the three‐dimensional (3D) subsurface modeling process involves collation and analysis of available borehole and/or outcrop data to identify individual subsurface units, usually distinguished by the grain size of the sediment, and the elevation of their bounding contacts. Input data can come from a variety of sources and may be categorized according to their reliability and/or quality. The output from the 3D model is a prediction of subsurface conditions based on these data and the reliability of the output model is highly dependent on both the quality of input data and the types of interpolation methods used. This article presents a new quality weighting methodology that allows the user to assign a differential weighting factor to data points of variable quality in the modeling process. Input data are categorized into high and low quality datasets which are then recombined using a grid math process in which a differential “weighting” factor is applied. This allows the 3D modeling program to maximize the use and effectiveness of data from all available sources while giving high quality data greater influence on the final model output, and will result in the generation of more accurate and reliable 3D subsurface models.     

浅谈基于ArcGIS的三维可视化系统实现

将ArcGIS作为基础平台,以面向对象的思想原理为基础,对相对规则的实体对象进行了三维重建。考虑到三维平台模型缺乏真实感,在用传统三维建模的基础上,实现了对三维模型的创建并巧妙地将得到的模型转换为GIS可以处理利用的数据格式,进而依此实现对三维GIS系统的开发。     

p-范分布的统计特性

本文利用特征函数,得到了ｐ－范分布的几条重要性质。     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Statistical Methods for Spatial Data Analysis by OLIVER SCHABENBERGER AND CAROL A GOTWAY. Chapman & Hall, Norwell, MA, 2005, 488 pp. ISBN 1-58488-322-7, $89.95.
Fuzzy Modeling with Spatial Information for Geographic Problems , edited by FEDERICK E PETRY, VINCENT B ROBINSON, AND MARIA A COBB. Springer, New York, 2005, 338 pp. ISBN 3-54023713-5, $92.00 (hardcover).
Statistical Analysis of Geographic Information with ArcView GIS® and ArcGIS® (Second Edition) by DAVID W S WONG AND JAY LEE. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2005. 429 pp. ISBN 0-471-34874-0, $95.00 (cloth).     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book review in this aricle:
MAPPING AND SPATIAL MODELLING FOR NAVIGATION. Edited by L. F. P au
INTRODUCTORY READINGS IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS. Edited by D. J. P euquet and D. F. M arble .
CAD-KARTOGRAPHIE: ANWENDUNGEN IN DER PRAXIS. Edited by M. S chilcher .
INTERPRETING SPACE: GIS AND ARCHAEOLOGY. Edited by K. M. S. A llen , S. W. G reen and E. B. W. Z ubrow .
AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE RAF (BATTLE OF BRITAIN 50TH COMMEMORATIVE EDITION). By R. C. N esbitt .
RADAR EVALUATION HANDBOOK. By D. K. B arton , C. E. C ook , P. H amilton (editors) and staff of ARNO E ngineering , I nc .
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS. Edited by L. W orrall .
BAYESIAN INFERENCE WITH GEODETIC APPLICATIONS. By K.-R. K och .
3D IMAGING IN MEDICINE: ALGORITHMS, SYSTEMS, APPLICATIONS. Edited b K. H. H öhne , H. F uchs and S. M. P izer
REMOTE SENSING YEARBOOK 1990. Edited by A. P. C racknell , L. W. B. H ayes and H. W ei G en .
GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND SECTIONS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS. By P. R. T homas .
THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH: THEORETICAL GEODESY AND THE EARTH'S INTERIOR. By H. M oritz .
THE ARCHITECTURE OF PETRA. British Academy Monographs in Archaeology I. By J. S. M c K enzie .
SOUND UNDERWATER IMAGES: A GUIDE TO THE GENERATON AND INTERPRETATION OF SIDE SCAN SONAR DATA. By J. P. F ish and H. A. C arr .     

Smart 3D数据的三维模型重建

针对Smart 3D生成的实景三维模型是一个三角网集合,并不能直接应用于数字城市建设、土地利用管理与城市规划的问题,该文提出了Smart 3D数据三维模型重建的方法:研究了基于分割过滤方法,提取高精度数字高程模型;基于参数化建模、纹理重建方法构建了建筑物三维模型。利用敦化市的倾斜影像进行了实验。实验结果表明:三维重建模型精度高、效果好、提高了自动化的程度,实现了城市建筑物模型的单体化。     

Monitoring fog using FY-1D meteorological satellite

FY-1D is the second national operation meteorological satellite of China, and is much better compared to monitoring fog. However, research on monitoring fog using FY-1D is very few. In this paper, based on the typical FY-1D data, a fog’s spectral characteristics in the different channels are analyzed using the histogram analysis method, and a method of monitoring fog using FY-1D is suggested. The results indicate that the 1st and 4th channels are the representative channels of FY-1D for the identification of fog. In the 1st channel, the fog is with uniform veins, smooth top, and clear-cut boundary, and its albedo is 20%～48%. In the 4th channel, the fog’s brightness and temperature is 272～289K, and the difference value between the fog’s and the ground surface’s is not more than 6K.     

应用FY-1D气象卫星监测雾(英文)

FY-1D is the second national operation meteorological satellite of China, and is much better compared to monitoring fog. However, research on monitoring fog using FY-1D is very few. In this paper, based on the typical FY-1D data, a fog＇s spectral characteristics in the different channels are analyzed using the histogram analysis method, and a method of monitoring fog using FY-1D is suggested. The results indicate that the 1st and 4th channels are the representative channels of FY-1D for the identification of fog. In the 1st channel, the fog is with uniform veins, smooth top, and clear-cut boundary, and its albedo is 20%-48%. In the 4th channel, the fog＇s brightness and temperature is 272-289K, and the difference value between the fog＇s and the ground surface＇s is not more than 6K.     

三维地质建模及其在地下空间开发中的应用

开发地下空间是许多城市谋求发展的重要途径,也是当前城市建设的重要组成部分。信息化是地下空间开发利用的必然要求,三维地质建模系统具有直观、高效、便利等特点,在城市地下空间开发利用领域有着广阔的应用前景。本文首先阐述了三维地质建模系统的理论方法,给出了三维地质建模流程,介绍了两种三维地质建模方法;然后分析了三维地质建模系统在地下空间选址、地下工程建设、地下空间管理中的应用     

网络三维虚拟校园建设及应用

本文以ArcGIS Server平台为基础,将WebGIS融合于三维数字校园中,设计出B/S模式的数字校园系统;系统采用JavaScript技术、Ajax技术以及地图切片等关键技术,完成了数字校园系统设计,从数据准备、三维建模,到系统设计的过程中,总结了一些新思路、新方法,并结合实际情况进行了一系列优化。     

Parallel algorithm for viewshed analysis on a modern GPU

Spatial analysis, including viewshed analysis, is an important aspect of the Digital Earth system. Viewshed analysis is usually performed on a large scale, so efficiency is important in any Digital Earth application making these calculations. In this paper, a real-time algorithm for viewshed analysis in 3D scenes is presented by using the parallel computing capabilities of a graphics processing unit (GPU). In contrast to traditional algorithms based on line-of-sight, this algorithm runs completely within the programmable 3D visualization pipeline to render 3D terrains with viewshed analysis. The most important difference is its integration of the viewshed calculation with the rendering module. Invisible areas are rendered as shadows in the 3D scene. The algorithm process is paralleled by rasterizer units in the graphics card and by vertex and pixel shaders executed on the GPU. We have implemented this method in our 3D Digital Earth system with the DirectX 9.0c API and tested on some consumer-level PC platforms with interactive frame-rates and high image quality. Our algorithm has been widely used in related systems based on Digital Earth.     

输电线路三维模型的构建与数据组织

提出了一种以二维输电线路GIS和DEMs数据为基础,通过三维扩展构建输电线路三维模型的方法;针对虚拟地形环境的特点,采用地形几何与纹理数据一体化组织的策略,以提高实时数据调度的效率。实例证明了该方法的科学性和实用性。     

3D Motion parameters determination based on binocular sequence images

Introduction Amongexistingvisionmoniteringandtheesti mationof3Dmotion,nearlyallinvestigations aremoniteringandtracingthemotionobject basedonsinglesequenceimages.Themotionin formationbyanalyzingthesinglesequenceima gesisrelative,whichincludesascaleoffactor…     

RGB-D SLAM在室内高精度三维测图中的应用

高精度三维测图是室内三维制图的重要支撑,基于三维激光雷达扫描技术的三维测图成本高,需要提前布置标靶,在室内复杂环境中易导致数据不完整;基于图像序列的三维重建建模时间长,易受多种因素影响。针对以上问题,本文将RGB-D SLAM技术应用于室内高精度三维测图中。通过将深度相机与SLAM技术相结合,计算相机位姿并恢复三维空间信息,获取室内三维点云模型,并以目标物实际量测为基准评价密集点云精度。试验结果表明,该方法可快速获取精度较高的三维点云模型,成本低且效率高,能够较好地满足应用需求。     

采用3D D-P算法的等高线三维综合实验研究

将等高线看作是由高程点以特定形式组织得到的空间三维线段,采用3维Douglas-Peucker算法从三维空间提取等高线上的主要特征点。根据等高线数据特点,对该算法进行等高线综合的几种方案进行实验讨论。实验结果和运算速度表明,采用3维Douglas-Peucker算法综合等高线具有广阔的研究前景。     

基于凸壳的TIN建立技术

文章阐述了如何利用计算几何中的凸壳问题来处理测量中的DEM建模问题并推导出了TIN的建立方法。同时列举了该方法在舰艇螺旋桨 3维模拟中的应用。     

利用氧气和水汽吸收波段暗像元假设的MERIS影像二类水体大气校正方法

摘 要:MERIS数据以其更为合理的水色波段设置和300m较高的空间分辨率,在内陆湖泊水环境遥感监测中有较大的应用潜力, 对其进行有效的大气校正则是水环境参数定量化反演的前提。以太湖为研究区, 研究基于氧气和水汽吸收波段的暗象元假设, 改进传统的近红外波段暗像元假设的大气校正方法。采用MERIS L2p数据辅助获取湖区气溶胶参数, 并利用2007年11月11日、2008年11月20日以及2009年4月25日三景MERIS影像进行方法验证。结果表明, 该方法能够快速、有效地完成MERIS影像的大气校正, 与地面准同步实测数据相比, 三次校正的RMSP都在25%以下; 与BEAM自带的二类水体大气校正算法、气溶胶厚度辅助的6S大气校正以及改进的暗象元算法进行精度比较, 表明该算法校正精度较高。由于该算法不需要同步实测气溶胶数据, 因此具有一定的适用性。     

面向WebGL的矢量数据三维绘制技术

矢量数据的叠加显示能够提高三维虚拟地球的表达效果与分析能力。受限于GPU的计算精度,在三维虚拟地球中矢量数据绘制普遍存在抖动现象和深度冲突现象。对基于WebGL的矢量数据三维绘制中计算精度问题进行了分析,提出了使用CPU RTC技术和GPU RTE技术提高顶点变换的精度,使用多视锥渲染算法和深度平面技术解决深度缓存精度问题。实验证明,这几种技术和算法可以有效缓解抖动现象和深度冲突现象导致的视觉干扰,改善了各种尺度和范围的矢量数据在三维地形上的叠加显示效果。