顾及各向异性的CSRBF空间插值及其在气温场重建中的应用

在地理空间中各种地理现象实际上是一种连续变化的空间场。由于受到观测手段、工具的限制,只能从有限的地点获得有限的观测数据。为了获得连续的空间场,通常采用克吕格插值、反距离权重插值等方法进行重建。但这些方法都是各向同性的,与具有各向异性的真实地理现象分布并不相符。该文以各向同性的紧支撑径向基函数插值模型为基础,对其进行改进,使其能够顾及空间场的各向异性。其方法是利用加权主成分分析对原始数据进行方向性特征分析并进行旋转,再利用半变异函数拟合变换后坐标系下各轴向的变程值,以此为基础构建紧支撑径向基函数插值模型并进行插值,最后将插值结果逆旋转到真实地理空间。以国家气象中心提供的黄淮海平原气温数据与香港天文台提供的香港地区气温数据为例,对该文提出的顾及各向异性紧支撑径向基函数空间插值方法进行验证,并与反距离权重插值、全局径向基函数插值及顾及各向异性的普通克里格插值进行对比,实验表明该方法具有较高的精度且能够对气温场的细节进行准确的重建。     

基于自适应紧支撑径向基函数的点云三维建模

激光扫描仪(Laser'Scanner,LS)获得的点云数据由海量全离散的矢量坐标点构成.由于点云数据没有明显的形体信息和拓扑关系信息,考虑数据本身蕴含的丰富信息,采用改进后的自适应紧支撑径向基函数(AdaptiveCS-RBF)算法对点云数据进行曲面重建.在介绍紧支撑径向基函数数学模型的基础上,采用激光扫描获得同济大学孔子头像点云数据进行实例建模,通过比较不同建模参数获得的模型,分析该方法的应用效果.     

DEM内插方法与可视性分析结果的相似性研究

以实际采样的散点数据为原始数据,利用反距离权、样条函数、克里格、自然邻点内插、TIN内插5种内插方法生成规则格网DEM,并对其可视性分析结果进行对比分析和相关分析,揭示不同内插方法对可视性分析结果的影响规律和可视性分析对内插方法的敏感程度。结果表明,可视性分析对内插方法比较敏感,不同的内插方法会得到不同的可视性分析结果,其中相关程度最强的是样条函数内插和克里格内插、自然邻点内插和TIN内插。     

DEM的不确定性对温度插值精度的影响

以2001-2010年全国711个气象站点温度观测数据为数据源,在薄板样条插值方法和ANUSPLIN软件支持下,对比分析了使用GTOP30、SRTM3和ASTER GDEM三种DEM数据作为协变量开展空间插值得到的温度成果数据精度。研究发现:1)GDEM的平均相对误差(MRE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)明显高于其他两套数据,数据质量最差;SRTM3和GTOP30的数据精度较高,各误差评估指标大致相同。2)在全国尺度上,在MAE方面,基于ASTER GDEM所得温度插值结果比其他两组DEM得到的温度插值结果高0.4℃左右;在RMSE方面,基于ASTER GDEM获得的温度比其他两组DEM得到的温度高0.5℃左右。基于ASTER GDEM所得温度插值数据的误差明显高于其他两套数据。3)在温度插值误差的空间分布格局上,在我国中东部地区,三种DEM温度插值误差分布规律基本相同;在我国西南部地区,基于GTOP30和SRTM3的温度插值结果的数据精度明显好于基于ASTER GDEM的温度插值结果。4)温度插值误差与DEM高程误差呈现明显的耦合特性,这表明DEM数据的精度是影响温度插值结果的重要因素。     

基于改进的逐点交叉验证的RBF形态参数优化方法及其空间插值实验

径向基函数(Radial Basis Function,RBF)是一种确定性的多维空间插值模型,可以有效逼近任意维度的空间数据。RBF插值模型中,基函数形态参数直接影响插值精度。为了快速求解最佳形态参数,获取准确的插值结果,该文采用改进的逐点交叉验证(Improved Leave One Out Cross Validation,ILOOCV)方法求取最优形态参数,首先从形态参数取值区间内选定初始形态参数α,然后从n个已知点中顺序选出一个点,使用剩下的n-1个已知点构建RBF插值模型,计算被取出点处真实值与插值结果的误差,循环n次,累计交叉验证误差,再依次从形态参数取值区间选取下一个值,重复操作,建立形态参数α与累计交叉验证误差之间的函数映射关系,最后通过最小化交叉验证误差来获取最佳形态参数。以我国东北地区气象观测数据进行实验,对ILOOCV方法进行验证,结果表明ILOOCV方法选取最佳形态参数使其插值结果比较精确,是一种可行的RBF形态参数优化方法。     

土壤厚度的空间插值方法比较——以青海三江源地区为例

利用青海三江源地区533个土壤剖面中的厚度数据, 在GIS技术的支持下, 采用确定性内插(反距离加权、全局多项式、局部多项式和径向基函数)和地统计内插(普通克里格、简单克里格、泛克里格和协同克里格)两类共八种插值方法对研究区土壤厚度的空间分布进行了预测, 并综合比较了各种插值方法的预测误差、统计特征值和插值结果分布图。结果表明:(1)在地统计内插方法中, 普通克里格方法(一阶)插值效果比普通克里格方法(二阶)要好;在普通克里格方法(一阶)的半方差函数模型中, 球状模型的插值效果优于指数模型和高斯模型;普通克里格方法在四种地统计内插方法中预测误差最小、预测结果准确性最好。(2)确定性内插方法中, 反距离加权(指数为1)法的误差较小, 并且对区域与局部趋势的反映效果最好。(3)从预测误差大小和对区域总体及局部趋势的综合反映效果来看, 有异向性的球状模型普通克里格(一阶)插值方法预测结果最能准确反映青海三江源地区土壤厚度的空间分布。     

3DGIS中复合地形纹理生成与应用

3DGIS仅用数字高程模型(DEM)表现地形远达不到三维可视化的要求.在传统3IDGIS中,通常采用数字正射影像(DOM)作为DEM的纹理表达地面景观,但其逼真性往往会受到影像分辨率的限制.该文借鉴Mipmap思想,提出一种新的纹理生成方法来解决上述问题,即通过对DOM和二维矢量数据赋予投影信息,将多幅影像及相关矢量数据作为生成3DGIS地形的纹理数据源,生成不同分辨率、不同详细程度的金字塔纹理,动态表现地面景观,并对生成的金字塔模型数据进行高效的索引、存储与管理.上述方法在实际应用中取得了满意的访问效率和视觉效果.     

薄盘光滑样条插值中三种协变量方法的降水量插值精度比较

在薄盘光滑样条插值中,高相关协变量的选取决定了插值结果的精确性。以2001-2009年全国728个气象站点日降水为数据源,提取年降水量数据,在分析多年平均降水量与两协变量高程（DEM）和距海岸线距离（DCL）的空间相关性基础上,利用ANUSPLIN软件,比较不同协变量下降水量插值结果精度在全国尺度以及区域尺度上的差异。以DEM、DCL及DEM-DCL分别为协变量对降水量数据进行空间插值发现：①在全国尺度上,DEM法的平均绝对误差（MAE）为47.79,略低于DEM-DCL法（48.90）,但显著低于DCL法（55.54）;且DEM法的平均相对误差和均方根误差也明显低于其它两种方法。②在区域尺度上,除西藏地区外的其他7个区域,3种方法的插值误差与全国尺度上相一致。西藏地区降水插值结果以DCL法的精度最高,而DEM法则较差。研究建议除在西藏地区的降水量插值研究中采用DCL法,在全国其他大部分区域采用DEM法。     

顾及风向和风速的气温空间插值方法

当前气温插值方法多将高程、经纬度等作为影响因素,无法解决风向、风速对气温空间分布的影响问题。该文提出一种顾及风向和风速的气温空间插值方法:1)根据气象观测站点的风向、风速数据进行插值,生成连续的风场表面;2)基于该风场数据利用高斯扩散模型构建成本表面;3)利用Dijkstra最短路径算法计算观测点与待求点的累计移动成本最短路径(SPOCMC);4)将SPOCMC作为协变量进行薄盘光滑样条插值以实现气温插值。为验证该方法的有效性和可靠性,选取山东省109个气象观测点样本数据,以SPOCMC、DEM和SPOCMC-DEM分别作为协变量对气温数据进行薄盘光滑样条插值,结果显示:SPOCMC-DEM法的MAE和RMSE均值(分别为0.517、0.779)略低于SPOCMC法(0.583、1.016),显著低于DEM法(0.809、1.231),表明添加SPOCMC作为协变量可有效提高气温空间插值的准确性。在江苏省与贵州省的插值实验结果证明了该方法的普适性。     

基于增量段式的地形数据存储模型设计及算法实现

在研究地形多分辨率细节层次模型构建理论的基础上,提出了结合地形特征的模型细节层次的细分过程,改进了基于外存的数据存储设计方法。设计了基于增量段式存储的数据组织方式,研究了地形数据绘制过程中的裂缝现象,引入模型高度损失误差计算方法,通过采用增删高程点的办法,消除了绘制图形中的裂缝。以某地区的DEM数据为实验数据,采用C++和OpenGL编程实现了地形的绘制。结果表明：本存储策略优于传统存储策略,通过增量段式的形式存储不同分辨率的高程点,重叠的高程值不再重复存储,以节约外存空间,减少了数据冗余度,I/O操作时间提高率为25%。且随着数据量增加,I/O操作时间提高效率更为显著。该存储设计将物理分块、逻辑分层、索引检索方法结合在一起使用,在减少外存占用率、降低数据量加载的同时,也提高了数据扩展的灵活性。当增加地形分块时,不会影响原有分块和存储结构。实验效果与原始地形非常相似,保证了生成的细节层次模型的真实性。此外,针对DEM实验数据,在加载非相邻分辨率等级层次的数据时,地形绘制过程出现裂缝的问题,通过删除高程点的办法来消除裂缝,取得了很好的实验效果。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,