海底冷泉的地震海洋学初探

海底冷泉活动在全球大陆边缘海域广泛分布.与传统利用高频声学方法探测海底冷泉羽状流不同,本文利用常规多道反射地震(地震海洋学)方法对海底边界附近水体进行成像,结合盆地流体逸散结构特征,圈定活动冷泉流体活动发育位置,分析其地震反射特征和流体活动特征.研究表明,活动冷泉流体渗漏、逸散活动在多道反射地震剖面上一般呈羽状、扫帚状和不规则状几何形态,内部反射杂乱,反射振幅偏弱,但也有振幅增强的情况出现,这可能是由于含有较多泥质和细粒颗粒物悬浮.所造成的.冷泉活动一般与盆地内部泥底辟、流体管道、断层和裂隙、气烟囱、海底麻坑和泥火山等流体逸散结构相关,反映了地层内部流体自深部向浅部运移,在海底渗漏、逸散形成了活动冷泉.但分析结果仍需要进一步实地观测和理论模拟等相关研究确认.     

利用反射地震和多波束资料研究南海西北部麻坑的结构特征与成因

麻坑通常是由海底流体逸散形成的一种海底表面的残留地貌.本文所研究的区域主要位于南海的西北部,包括琼东南盆地的西南部和中建南盆地的中北部.该区域海底表面主要覆盖细粒沉积物,并且底流活动强烈,底流水道发育,为麻坑的形成和发育提供了有利条件.麻坑发育的主要因素是流体逸散系统,本文通过反射地震资料在本区发现了断层、气烟囱、泥火山、泥底辟、声空白/声混浊、强反射等多种与流体逸散相关的指示特征.麻坑的几何特征随着区域的不同会有较大变化.首先本区麻坑的尺寸跨度较大,与底流水道伴生的麻坑和广乐隆起的麻坑表面宽度通常是几十米到数百米,其他区域麻坑的表面宽度通常可达数千米,被称为巨型麻坑.其次本区麻坑的表面形态复杂多样,有圆形、椭圆形、新月形、环形等.各种不同的形态有可能指示了麻坑的不同发育阶段,新月形麻坑可能发育程度较低,其次是环形,圆形则相对较为成熟.据此推断发育程度较低的新月形麻坑有可能是活动麻坑,而地震海洋学的资料也倾向于证实这一点.     

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物形成聚集的数值模拟研究

利用2D数值方法对南海北部陆坡神狐海域水合物形成聚集过程进行了模拟,对气烟囱、泥底辟与水合物成藏间的关系进行研究.模拟结果表明,来自深部的甲烷热解气在向上运移过程中以垂向运动为主,且局限在某一狭窄的范围内,故在地震剖面上显示为气烟囱及顶部BSR.只有当其越过水合物稳定带底界,才能形成水合物,此时BSR等于水合物稳定带底...     

南海北部陆坡神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的流体运移体系

通过新近纪断裂体系和底辟构造特征综合分析认为,底辟构造、高角度的断裂和垂向裂隙系统构成了南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的主要流体运移体系.神狐海域断层发育,可分为晚中新世活动的NW(NNW)向断层和上新世以来活动的NE(NNE)断层两组.NE向断层活动强度小,规模大,从下至上切穿上新世以来沉积层,组成高角度断裂和垂向裂隙系统.底辟构造在地震剖面上呈直立的、上小下大的烟囱状通道,局部横向扩张呈囊状、花状,形成大型的反射模糊带.底辟构造的发育在上覆沉积层产生了树枝状、似花状组合形态的高角度断裂和垂向裂隙系统,构成了良好的流体运移通道和疏导体系.当富含甲烷气体的流体通过底辟构造、断裂及裂隙系统垂向或侧向运移时,在合适的温压条件下形成天然气水合物.     

南海北部陆坡细粒沉积物天然气水合物系统的形成模式初探

我国在南海北部陆坡的细粒沉积物中首次钻获水合物样品,为深入了解这一特殊成藏体系的形成机制,本研究以钻探区域高精度的二维和三维多道地震资料为基础,通过精细的地球物理解释和地质分析,探讨了该天然气水合物系统的成藏控制因素.细粒沉积物天然气水合物系统中水合物的富集过程存在着三个特殊的控制因素：（1）大面积丰富的含甲烷流体的参与.南海北部深水盆地广泛存在的异常热流体活动促使深部的热解成因天然气或浅层的生物成因气运移到水合物稳定带,有利于水合物的发育.热流体活动表现为底辟和气烟囱构造,在地震剖面上,表现为地震声学模糊带、同相轴下拉或中断、顶部出现反射亮点,这些构造直抵水合物稳定带.在气烟囱或底辟构造顶部通常有BSR伴生,说明热流体活动与水合物成藏具有密切关系;（2）断裂构造的发育在水合物稳定带中细粒沉积物的成核和生长过程中具有重要的作用,一方面促进稳定带流体的垂向和侧向运移,另一方面,构造裂缝可能成为成核和生长过程的空间;（3)大型海底滑坡导致了地层中超压流体活动和构造裂缝的发育,从而促进了水合物富集.在上述研究基础上,提出了南海北部水合物钻探区高饱和度水合物成藏模式.     

南海东北部陆坡冷泉系统的浅地层剖面特征与分析

本文通过对南海东北部陆坡区浅地层剖面资料的处理,结合横跨陆坡区的长地震测线,总结了该区浅层气聚集、海底流体运移、泥火山和冷泉活动在浅地层剖面中的特征,并对剖面中出现的声学空白带现象做了分类.研究认为浊反射、增强反射等现象,反映了该区域存在广泛的浅层气聚集.对声学空白带成因的分析,认为窄空白带很可能对应海底流体运移的通道,而宽空白带则可能由沿地层分布的浅层气引起,同时提出了自生碳酸盐岩体散落分布造成声学空白的可能性.我们在南海东北部陆坡区发现了泥火山,并讨论了其运移通道及对BSR的破坏.同时发现研究区水体中存在声学异常体,推断为冷泉羽状流,指示该区存在活动的冷泉.本文依托大量的浅地层剖面数据,对南海东北部陆坡区的冷泉系统有了较全面的认识,对冷泉系统剖面特征的成因进行了初步探讨,可为南海冷泉系统研究的进一步开展提供有益参考.     

麻坑、泥火山在南海北部与西部陆缘的分布特征和地质意义

本文利用新的高分辨率海底多波束地形数据与以往研究资料对南海台西南盆地及以西和中建南盆地北部及以北陆缘区域内的麻坑与泥火山分布区进行了统计、分析与总结.本文提出根据麻坑的个体平面形态、规模量级和组合形式建立麻坑的三类分类体系并进行总结阐述.麻坑的直径与坑深总体具有线性变化关系但又有区域性分布特征,可能反映了不同海区底质性质、浅地层构造活动、海底倾斜程度和海底底流等因素的不同影响;同一区域泥火山的直径与高度具有线性关系而不同区域拟合斜率差异较大,可能说明同区域泥火山形态、流体成分和来源具有高度一致性,但其分布具有区域差异性特征.研究表明,麻坑、泥火山的产生与近5Ma新构造运动期内台湾南部和南海西缘区域性走滑断裂活动相一致,主要分布在构造活动较为活跃,沉积较为薄弱的近坡折带和大陆坡区域,在具有走滑性质的台西南、莺歌海和中建南盆地分布较广、规模较大,而在其他主要张裂性质盆地中分布较少,规模较小.其分布特征一方面能够说明某些区域流体的大量渗漏与逸散,另一方面也能够说明某些区域持续的构造活动有利于该区域深部流体的重新聚集与成藏,从而成为指导油气资源勘探的重要参考指标.     

采自汶川地震断层带样品渗透性的初步实验研究

断层带被认为是深部流体的主要通道和流体活动最强的区段之一.近年来,地震断层带中流体活动及其效应倍受关注,其最主要原因是地震断层流体活动与地震的孕育和发生似乎存在某种关联,流体被认为是理解地震成核、发生和断层扩展等过程的重要因素.     

孔隙流体作用对地震活动影响的计算机模型研究

研究了孔隙流体对地震活动的影响．首先讨论了含有多个断层的地壳中流体的传输方程,并将该方程离散化,以期更有效地将流体的作用加到弹簧 滑块 阻尼器模型中;然后应用含有6个断层、每个断层含有8个震源的构造模型（简称68模型）,在给定镜像边条件的情况下,对孔隙流体的传输方程求显式和隐式解．通过分析有水源的情况,认为进行多步迭代时用隐式解法比较合理．利用隐式解法得到的结果,根据镜像边条件及无水源的初条件,对地震发生后破裂元件上孔隙流体压与周围未破裂元件上孔隙流体压,按某种比例进行了计算,并对所得结果进行了初步讨论．计算表明,有孔隙流体作用的系统中,地震活动明显增强,地震的频度和强度都有所增强．孔隙流体对模型系统地震活动的增强作用是不均衡的,因而流体压对地震系统的作用更增加了地震预测的复杂性．      

南海北部深水区盆地热历史及烃源岩热演化研究

南海北部深水区是中国重要的油气潜力区.本文在前人对其现今地温场和正演热史研究的基础上,利用磷灰石(U-Th)/He和镜质体反射率(R_o)数据对根据拉张盆地模型正演获得的热历史进行了进一步约束,并在此基础上对南海北部深水区的烃源岩热演化进行了研究.研究结果表明基于盆地构造演化模型的正演热历史可以作为烃源岩热演化计算的热史基础,而盆地内主力烃源岩热演化计算结果显示:南海北部深水区存在4个生烃中心,即珠江口盆地的白云凹陷和琼东南盆地的乐东凹陷、陵水凹陷和松南凹陷,生烃中心烃源岩有机质现今处于过成熟状态,以生气为主;受盆地基底热流显著升高的影响,32~23.3 Ma时段为南海北部深水区烃源岩快速成熟阶段,琼东南盆地烃源岩有机质现今(2.48 Ma后)还存在一期加速成熟过程,而珠江口盆地则不存在此期快速成熟过程.     

南海北部琼东南海域活动冷泉特征及形成模式

近年来,活动冷泉的研究越来越受到关注.本文利用多波束数据、多道地震数据以及底质取样结果研究琼东南海域活动冷泉系统,分析活动冷泉的羽状流特征、海底地貌与底质特征以及流体活动构造特征.多波束水体数据上,观测到多个延伸高度超过750 m的气泡羽状流,海底流体活动非常强烈;多道地震上识别出麻坑、流体运移通道、气烟囱等流体渗漏相关的构造,与其他海域观测到的反射特征不同,羽状流的下方流体运移通道呈强振幅"串珠"反射;重力活塞取样在两个站位上获得浅表层块状天然气水合物.其中一个站位位于活动冷泉附近,天然气水合物赋存于海底以下8 m左右.基于以上三方面的数据,笔者提出了一个用于描述活动冷泉系统的形成模式,游离气通过气烟囱向上运移到达浅层,一部分在天然气水合物稳定带内形成天然气水合物,另一部分穿透天然气水合物稳定带到达海底,形成活动冷泉的羽状流.     

中国新疆北天山和台湾南部陆地泥火山研究进展

在系统介绍中国新疆北天山地区和台湾南部地区泥火山研究进展的基础上, 对其地质特征进行了对比分析。结果显示, 北天山和台湾南部地区的泥火山均沿着断裂带分布, 主要位于背斜轴部, 泥火山分布区地层多出露为含泥岩层。对两个地区泥火山喷出物物理特征进行了对比分析, 固体喷发物的矿物成分相似, 如石英、 蒙脱石等; 液体喷出物的泥浆温度与冒泡频率相近, 但最大气泡直径与气体流量有很大差别。又分别对两地区液体、 气体喷出物的化学特征进行了对比分析, 液体喷出物均盐度高; 甲烷是大多数泥火山喷发气体的主要成分, 一些泥火山喷发的气体主要是二氧化碳。区域构造地质和气候条件不同, 导致两地泥火山喷出物存在差异。从现有研究来看, 两地泥火山的喷发都是岩层的孔隙压力增大造成的。两个地区泥火山与当地地震活动之间表现出良好的对应关系。泥火山的地球化学参数可能是地震活动的潜在指标。     

Geological and geophysical evidences for mud diapirism in south-eastern Sicily (Italy) and geodynamic implications

A recent investigation on the northern margin of the Hyblean Plateau in south-eastern Sicily highlights the occurrence of a clayey diapiric intrusion into the foreland carbonate series. The piercing body, exposed along a ∼270 long and ∼30 m deep NE-SW elongated quarry, consists of serpentinite-bearing clayey material. As suggested by the internal contractional features and by its geometric relations with the adjacent rocks, the clayey body intruded in the foreland series producing on its flanks a set of domino-arranged normal faults which nucleated as a result of gravitative collapse. Taking into account previous petrological studies, which provided information about the origin of the mud, a deep geodynamic model for the northern part of the Hyblean Plateau is here presented. The mud diapirs originated from the uprising of pre-existing serpentinite bodies and others products of alteration probably developed along an ancient ridge-transform intersection where a hydrothermally altered mantle wedge occurred. This interpretation is supported by seismic, magnetic and gravimetric anomalies beneath the analyzed area and has implications on its geodynamic evolution.     

Geochemistry of gases and waters discharged by the mud volcanoes at Paternò, Mt. Etna (Italy)

 Approximately 20 km south of Mt. Etna craters, at the contact between volcanic and sedimentary formations, three mud volcanoes discharge CO₂-rich gases and Na–Cl brines. The compositions of gas and liquid phases indicate that they are fed by a hydrothermal system for which temperatures of 100–150  °C were estimated by means of both gas and solute geothermometry. The hydrothermal system may be associated with CO₂-rich groundwaters over a large area extending from the central part of Etna to the mud volcanoes. Numerous data on the He, CH₄, CO₂ composition of the gases of the three manifestations, sampled over the past 5 years, indicate clearly that variations are due to separation processes of a CO₂-rich gas phase from the liquid. The effects of these processes have to be taken into account in the interpretation of the monitoring data collected for the geochemical surveillance of Etna volcano. Received: 4 September 1995 / Accepted: 14 February 1996     

THE FLUID GEOCHEMICAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WUSU MUD VOLCANOES BEFORE THE JINGHE EARTHQUAKE OF MS6.6 ON AUGUST 9, 2017

Mud volcano is a conical sedimentary body formed by high-pressure mud and gas-dominated fluid migrated to the surface through faults and other channels deep underground, which looks like a volcanic cone formed by magma-volcanism. As a product of crustal movement, mud volcano can bring a large amount of valuable information from deep to the surface when erupting. Therefore, mud volcano is called "god-given borehole" with a depth of 7~12km. Mud volcanoes are the result of upthrust of trapped gases released by the pressure in the stratum and also the channel for the upward migration of gases in the earth. The submarine mud volcano is one of the signs of hydrate and the living evidence of hydrate. The Wusu mud volcanoes are located in the northern Tianshan tectonic belt. Since the mud volcamoes locate in the active part of the tectonic belt and are well connected to the underground, their active degree has a good correlation with the seismicity. The earthquake cases studies based on the 7a long real-time macroscopic monitoring data and the more than 3a long geochemical monitoring data of the Wusu mud volcanoes show that in the earthquake cases of M_S ≥ 5.0 within the range of 300km around the Wusu mud volcanoes, the abnormal mud gushing quantity obviously increased by macroscopic monitoring before 9 out of 13 earthquakes. The geochemical microcosmic monitoring data showed obvious abnormal changes before 3 out of 6 earthquakes. The anomalous duration from the emergence of the anomaly to the occurrence of the earthquake is mainly of the mid-term(6~12 months). Before the Jinghe M_S6.6 earthquake on August 9, 2017, the Wusu mud volcanoes spewed violently and the chemical components showed an obvious high value anomaly. In January 2017, there was a significant increase in the amount of mud spewing in Aiqigou No.1mud volcano and Baiyanggou No.1mud volcano, and one month before the earthquake, there was the phenomenon that mud gushing amount of Aiqigou No.2 mud volcano gradually increased and the volcano was from dormant to active. There were obvious high values appearing before the earthquake in F^-and SO₄^2- in the Aiqigou No.1mud volcano and in F^-, CO₃^2-, SO₄^2-, Rn(gas), CH₄, Ar and N₂ in Baiyanggou(No.1 and 2)mud volcanoes. The values of F^-, CO₃^2-, SO₄^2-, Ar and N₂ showed short-term anomalies, while CH₄ and Rn(gas)showed medium term anomalies. Giggenbach triangular diagram (Na-K-Mg) indicates that the water-rock reaction of Baiyanggou mud volcanoes is complete and little disturbed by the outside. The water-rock reaction of the Aiqigou mud volcanoes is still ongoing, which can explain why the precursor anomaly of the chemical components of the Baiyanggou mud volcanoes is more obvious than that of the Aiqigou mud volcanoes. The geothermal reservoir temperature of the study area is estimated by using a cationic (Na-K, K-Mg, Na-K-Ca) geothermometer. The geothermal reservoir temperature of the Wusu mud volcanoes is about 70℃, and the circulation depth is about 3km. In the process of earthquake preparation, the mud carries deep chemical components to the ground surface due to the effect of compression stress(the result of focal mechanism)or the concentration of regional tectonic stress with earthquake preparation; Or the rock strata in or near the seismogenic area are deformed, the depth of liquid circulation will increase, and the water-rock reaction will be accelerated, which will increase the concentration of some ionic components, and the squeezing process will cause a large number of mud to gush out of the ground, carrying geochemical components. Therefore, the gushing quantity and some chemical components of the mud volcanoes were obviously abnormal before the earthquake.