香港地区重力固体潮和海潮负荷特征研究

介绍了在香港地区重力固体潮合作观测成果, 获得了该地区完整的重力固体潮实测模型. 利用全球和近海海潮模型以及岛屿验潮站数据较系统地研究了海潮负荷特征, 反演了全球海潮模型的适定性. 数值结果说明周日频段内的海潮模型要比半日频段内的模型更加稳定, 实施验潮站潮位高变化改正对精密确定重力固体潮相位滞后起重要作用. 文章还研究了重力观测残差和台站背景噪声水平. 本项研究填补了中国地壳运动观测网络在该地区重力固体潮观测空白, 为地表和空间大地测量提供有效参考和服务.     

中国大陆精密重力潮汐改正模型

利用理论和实验重力固体潮模型,充分考虑全球海潮和中国近海潮汐的负荷效应,建立了中国大陆的精密重力潮汐改正模型.结果表明,采用不同的固体潮模型会对重力潮汐结果产生相对变化幅度小于0.06％的差异;在沿海地区海潮负荷的影响约为整个潮汐的4％,而中部地区约为1％,其中中国近海潮汐模型的影响约占整个海潮负荷的10%,内插或外推潮波的负荷约占海潮负荷的3％.通过比较实测的重力数据表明,本文给出的重力潮汐改正模型的精度远远优于0.5×10^-8 m·s^-2,说明了本文构建的模型的实用性,可为中国大陆高精度重力测量提供有效参考和精密的改正模型.     

武汉超导重力仪观测最新结果和海潮模型研究

利用武汉台站GWR_C032超导重力仪观测资料,在对原始数据进行有效预处理的基础上作调和分析,获得反映地球内部介质特征的重力潮汐参数.基于卫星测高技术和有限元方法同时考虑验潮站数据作约束条件获得的多个全球海潮模型,利用负荷理论和数值褶积积分技术计算了重力负荷,对周日和半日频段内的重力潮汐参数实施负荷改正,提出了“负荷改正有效性”概念,研究了全球海潮模型适应性.数值结果说明,海潮改正的有效性高达91%（O1,NAO99）和92%（M2,ORI96）.基于11个海潮模型对主波（O1,K1,M2和S2）的负荷改正说明平均有效性为（86%,70%,73%和84%）,振幅因子与理论模型间的差异分别从（212%,155%,116%和080%）降到（031%,039%,034%和008%）,同时还说明利用NAO99和ORI96全球海潮模型能获得比其他模型更佳的负荷改正效果.文章还利用国际地球动力学计划网络其他7个台站的超导重力仪观测研究了全球海潮模型的适定性问题,结果说明不同模型中不同潮波具有明显的区域特点,早期构制的SCW80全球海潮模型仍可作为大地测量研究中的重要参考模型.     

基于全球超导重力仪观测研究海潮和固体潮模型的适定性

利用国际地球动力学合作观测网络中20个台站22个高精度重力潮汐观测系列综合研究了目前使用的海潮和固体潮模型的适定性. 对原始观测数据实施仔细的预处理, 利用国际标准算法计算了潮汐重力参数. 基于负荷理论和不同全球海潮模型获得了8个主波的重力负荷矢量, 用二维平面插值技术获得了14个小波的负荷改正值. 顾及不同潮波振幅特征, 提出了计算台站平均观测残差和剩余残差矢量的“非等权均值法”, 分析了海潮负荷改正的有效性和振幅因子与理论模型间的差异, 同时还讨论了仪器标定问题. 获得了经海潮负荷改正后全球各台站平均潮汐重力参数, 结果说明观测与理论模型间的差异小于0.3%, 最大仪器标定误差不超过0.5%. 另外文章还用地表重力实测数据证实了Mathews理论中相对于周日O₁波而言, K₁波相位滞后略呈正值的结论.     

南极中山和长城站重力潮汐观测研究

利用3台LaCoste-Romberg型弹簧重力仪（G-589、ET-20和ET-21）在南极中山站和长城站的长期重力潮汐观测资料，在武汉国际重力潮汐基准上精密测定了中山站和长城站的重力潮汐参数，其中主波振幅因子的标准偏差优于0.5％．各潮波的观测振幅在中山站比在长城站的小得多，两站周日潮（O1）的观测振幅因子相差约7％，而半日潮（M2）的观测振幅因子相差超过40％，气压和温度等气象因素的变化对观测结果的影响很明显．海潮负荷对两台站潮汐观测的影响非常显著，采用Schwiderski全球海潮模型对观测结果作海潮负荷重力改正．结果表明，经海潮改正后，各潮波的观测残差有较大幅度的减小，但是，由于采用的海潮模型没有顾及台站近区的海潮负荷效应，所以，O1 波的振幅因子对相应理论潮汐模型值之间存在大约4％（中山站）和9％（长城站）的偏差．      

中国及邻区重力合成潮汐参数

采用固体潮理论模型值和由最新的TPXO7海潮模型以及中国近海潮汐资料计算的海潮负荷效应,构制了中国及邻区的高分辨率的重力合成潮汐参数;并将合成结果与国家地震台网的重力观测值和武汉超导重力仪观测值以及香港台最新观测结果进行了比较. 结果表明,振幅因子的平均差异小于0.005,相位差的平均差异小于0.5deg;;观测结果与合成结果之间的差异与重力观测仪器有关,高精度的超导重力仪观测结果与合成参数更加一致;重力合成潮汐参数是观测值很好的模拟. 本文结果可为绝对重力测量等地表和空间大地测量提供固体潮改正模型,也可为没有实施观测的广大区域提供有效潮汐参数.      

琼中台重力非潮汐变化气压与海潮负荷改正

本文对琼中台连续重力观测数据进行收集整理并处理,基于处理后的数据,进行了潮汐分析和非潮汐分析。潮汐分析采用VAV调和分析方法;非潮汐分析则分别进行了零漂改正、固体潮改正、气压改正和海潮改正。其中,零漂改正采用一般多项式拟合零漂的方法;气压改正采用VAV软件;海潮改正运用SPOTL程序,以NAO.99b潮汐模型计算了琼中台海潮负荷值。最终获得了改正后的琼中台重力非潮汐变化,结果表明琼中台的重力气压导纳值为-0.34×10^-8m/s²/mbar,气压改正幅度约为10×10^-8m/s²,海潮改正幅度约为5×10^-8m/s²。改正后,琼中台重力非潮汐变化数据,比仅进行零漂固体潮改正后的重力非潮汐变化数据中的潮汐信号更加微弱,说明进行海潮改正后的效果是明显的,该方法可进一步去除其中的潮汐信号。     

气压和温度对南极中山站重力场观测的影响研究

对南极中山站1998-12-26-2000-01-01的气压、温度和重力场潮汐及非潮汐变化观测资料进行了综合对比与相关分析,研究了气压和温度变化对重力场观测的影响.结果表明,在南极中山站,重力场和气压变化存在很强的相关性,气压变化对重力场的影响非常大,且随频率的增加呈减少的趋势气压在长周期、周日、半日和1/3日频段的平均重力导纳值分别为-1.6834,-1.5304,-0.9450,-0.8791μGal/hPa,与中、低纬度地区的同类观测结果之间存在很大的差异,具有明显的"反变气压计"效应.重力场和温度变化的相关性随时间不同存在较大的差异,温度对重力场观测的影响主要反应在长周期频段,温度的平均重力导纳值为0.6296μGal/℃,对重力场高频(包括周日、半日和1/3日潮汐频段)扰动的贡献极小.气压和温度改正后,潮汐各频段的标准偏差有不同程度的下降,周日和半日频段的标准偏差从6.63μGal和1.41μGal分别下降到2.11μGal和1.13μGal,各重力潮波的观测精度都有提高;重力残差的振幅谱在各频段,特别是在长周期频段明显降低.     

北京地区最新重力潮汐结果及其在检测液核共振效应中的应用

利用中国计量科学研究院北京昌平基地iGrav-012超导重力仪最新观测资料,对其作仔细地预处理,根据调和分析方法精密测定了重力潮汐参数,基于负荷理论与卷积积分技术获得了包含HAM11a,DTU10,EOT11a在内的14个全球海潮模型的重力海潮负荷效应,利用近周日频段内潮波振幅因子的共振效应求解了自由核章动(FCN)的本征参数.调和分析结果表明,重力潮汐的观测精度非常高,标准差达到1.184nm·s-2.基于加汉宁窗的快速傅里叶变换方法获得地震频段的地震噪声等级(SNM)为0.206,说明该台站是低背景噪声的.周日主波O1和K1经海潮模型作负荷效应改正的平均有效性分别为83%和85%;使用13个高精度海潮模型进行迭积计算获得的FCN本征周期为430.0(427.8,432.3)恒星日,品质因子Q值为-5137.     

利用超导重力仪观测资料检测地球近周日共振

简要介绍了地球近周日摆动（ＮＤＦＷ）及其在周日重力潮汐中共振的理论背景,利用武汉和Ｂｒｕｓｓｅｌｓ两台站超导重力仪的潮汐观测结果,采用造积方法（Ｓｔａｃｋｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄ）检测ＮＤＦＷ,根据ＮＤＦＷ在４个周日潮波的共振,得到近周日摆动的本征频率和品质因子．考虑ＮＤＦＷ,可精化地球模型,更客观的理解和分析固体潮观测值和其它一些地球物理现象．     

Temporal variations in free core nutation period

Based on the nearly diurnal resonance in the tidal gravity observations,the temporal variations in period of the Earth's free core nutation (FCN) are investigated by using the tidal gravity observations of 18-year duration recorded continu-ously with a superconducting gravimeter (SG) at Brussels. The effects of the global oceanic tide loading and local barometric pressure on the SG observations have been removed by using eleven high-precision global digital models of oceanic tides and barometric pressure me...     

Earth's free core nutation determined using C032 superconducting gravimeter at station Wuhan/China

The long series tidal gravity observations from 1997 to 2002 recorded with C032 superconducting gravimeter (SG) at station Wuhan/China are used in order to study the Earth's geodynamics. The tidal gravity parameters are determined precisely using Eterna software package after careful data pre-processing. The Earth's free core nutation (FCN) resonant parameters (eigenperiods, quality factors and resonant strengths) are determined accurately. The results show the determined eigenperiod to be 431.0 sidereal days with an accuracy of ±1.81%, the quality factor is a negative one as of −7002, and the resonance strength can be explained by the elastic property of the Earth's mantle. The discrepancy of the eigenperiods when using various ocean models can amount to ±1.8%. The 30 sidereal days difference between the determined eigenperiod in this paper and the one in theoretical computation given by Wahr and Bergen can be explained by the real dynamic ellipticity of the Earth's liquid core, i.e., it is about 5% larger than the one under the hydrostatic equilibrium assumption.     

地球重力场的精细频谱结构及其应用

综述了近年内在全球地球动力学合作观测和研究网络框架下开展的重力场观测、频谱结构和应用研究方面的成果. 内容涉及精密大气、海潮负荷信号检测, 重力潮汐和自由核章动参数测定, 海潮模型和重力固体潮模型有效性检验, 重力潮汐实验模型构制, 地球球型基频和低阶震型谱峰分裂现象和地球Chandler摆动等方面. 文章还介绍了综合现代大地测量技术, 全球超导重力仪的长期、连续观测在地表水循环、同震和震后形变、地球慢形变和地壳垂直运动等方面将发挥重要作用的情况.     

Wavelet approach to the determination of gravity tide parameters

A new approach is proposed for the determination of gravity tide parameters.Three pairs of compactly supported wavelet filters are introduced in the approach.They can efficiently extract the objective tides from the gravity observation series.The new approach guarantees a direct and precise analysis on the tidal gravity records of any sampling length.The new approach is applied to the harmonic analysis on Wuhan superconducting gravimeter records.The results clearly show the resonant effects of the Earth Nearly Diurnal Free Wobble (NDFW).     

Accuracy assessment of ocean tide loading computations for precise geodetic observations

The increasing resolution of ground based gravity measurements (e.g. by superconducting gravimeters) as well as satellite based gravity field studies allows to study very small signals, globally as well as local. On the other hand, this requires the correction of such signals to uncover others. To study the Earth’s deep interior and the on-going dynamic processes requires the correction of disturbing signals, and one of these signals is related to ocean tidal loading. Although new ocean tide models are being derived from current satellite missions, there are still uncertainties.In this paper we present an intercomparison ocean tide models to test their fit to world-wide observations. Therefore, three TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) satellite derived models (CSR3.0, FES95.2 and TPXO.2) beside the classical SCHW80 model were selected for an accuracy assessment study. The selected models have been subjected to an intercomparison test, tide gauge validation test and comparison to 59 tidal gravity stations.The intercomparison test shows a good agreement between the T/P-based models for the open ocean and remarkable disagreement between the selected models in the coastal regions indicating that such models are still problematic in these regions. The tide gauge validation shows that the T/P derived models fit tide gauges better than SCHW80, with a better fit for the semidiurnal constituents than for the diurnal constituents. Comparing the gravimetric ocean-tide loading computed from the selected models with the residuals from a set of 59 tidal gravity stations shows that there is an improvement of the T/P derived models with respect to the Schwiderski model, especially in M2. However, this improvement is not as significant as the result of the comparison with the pelagic data. The procedure developed for the comparison of T/P derived models with SCHW80 is presented. The results provide not only information and improvement with regard to SCHW80, but also information about the properties of the new models. It is intended to continue this work applying the very recent models to see how they perform compared to this study.With this study we provide boundary conditions for the improvement of new ocean-tide models in order to benefit from the gravity measurements now possible regarding the evaluation of Earth structures and dynamic processes.     

Synthetic tidal parameters for gravity over China and its neighbor area

The synthetic tidal parameters with high spatial resolution for gravity over China and its neighbor area are con- structed with Earth’s tidal model and ocean tide loading calculated using TPXO7 global ocean tide model as well as tidal data over China seas. The comparison between synthetic parameters and ones observed by spring gravime- ters at some seismic network stations and Hong Kong station and one observed by super-conducting gravimeter at Wuhan station shows that the average differences in amplitude factors and phases are smaller than 0.005 and 0.5° respectively; and that the discrepancies between observational and synthetic parameters are dependent on gravim- etric technique in that the synthetic parameters are in well agreement with the superconducting gravimetric obser- vations. This also indicates that the synthetic result is a good estimation for tidal gravity, and the numerical results in the present paper not only can provide ground and space gravimetry such as absolute gravimetry with correction model of tidal gravity, but also provide effective tidal parameters over areas where no observation is carried out.     

Investigation of the time variability of diurnal tides and resonant FCN period

The time variability of diurnal tides was investigated by analyzing gravity observations from global superconducting gravimeter (SG) stations with running time intervals. Through least-square and Bayesian approaches, FCN resonance parameters were estimated for each data section after obtaining the tidal parameters of mainly diurnal tidal waves. The correlation of the time variation in diurnal tidal waves and FCN period was discussed. For comparison, a similar method was used to analyze VLBI observations to study the time variability of nutation terms and FCN period. The variation trend of the FCN period totally depends on the Ψ1 wave in tidal gravity and on the retrograde annual term in nutation. We observed a similar variation trend in the FCN periods obtained from different SG stations worldwide and VLBI observations. The relation between diurnal tides and LOD variations is discussed and the possible mechanisms of the decadal variation in FCN periods were discussed.     

A global experimental model for gravity tides of the Earth

The long-term, continuous and high-quality tidal gravity data, recorded with the superconducting gravimeters (SGs) at 19 stations in the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP), were simultaneously used to investigate the global pattern of the tidal gravity variations. The atmospheric effects were removed from the gravity observations by using the simultaneous pressure records at the stations. A total of six global co-tidal models were employed to remove the loading effects of oceanic tides. The resonance parameters of the Earth's free core nutation (FCN), as well as the spheroidal constant components in the gravimetric factors of waves O₁ and M₂, were accurately retrieved. As a result, a global experimental model for gravity tides (GEMGT) was developed, considering the nearly diurnal resonance and the latitude-dependence of the gravimetric amplitude factors. The final results indicate that the mean discrepancy of the four main tidal waves (i.e. O₁, K₁, M₂ and S₂) between the GEMGT and SG observations is less than 0.2% on average. The GEMGT is in good agreement with the theoretical models based on the inelastic non-hydrostatic equilibrium Earth models [Dehant, V., Defraigne, P., Wahr, J., 1999. Tides for a convective Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 1035–1058; Mathews, P.M., 2001. Love numbers and gravimetric factor for diurnal tides. J. Geodetic Soc. Jpn. 46 (4), 231–236] with a mean discrepancy less than 0.15%. However, the GEMGT is in closer accordance with the theoretical model given by Mathews [Mathews, P.M., 2001. Love numbers and gravimetric factor for diurnal tides. J. Geodetic Soc. Jpn. 46 (4), 231–236] for the diurnal tides while it is in closer agreement with one obtained by Dehant et al. [Dehant, V., Defraigne, P., Wahr, J., 1999. Tides for a convective Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 1035–1058] for the semi-diurnal tides.