内蒙古索伦地区上二叠统林西组碎屑岩地球化学特征及其对物源的指示意义

内蒙古索伦地区上二叠统林西组沉积物源受控于晚古生代古亚洲洋的闭合事件。本文通过分析碎屑岩元素地球化学特征,对林西组母岩类型和古构造环境进行了探讨。常量元素分布特征表明,林西组早期属于风化程度较弱的第一次旋回沉积物,后期属于中等风化的第一次旋回沉积或再旋回沉积物,母岩类型以火成岩为主;微量元素和稀土元素分布特征表明,林西组母岩沉积环境为大陆岛弧背景下切割的岩浆弧,以上地壳碱性-中性火成岩为主,伴有钙质-泥质沉积岩,（Gd/Yb）_n表明早期沉积母岩为太古宙碱性火成岩。综合分析表明,林西组沉积同时接受南侧华北板块北缘和北侧苏尼特左旗-锡林浩特-西乌旗南岩浆弧的共同物源供给,早期沉积有华北板块北缘太古宙基底母岩的参与。     

玛湖凹陷西部斜坡区二叠系乌尔禾组厚层砂砾岩沉积相及储层特征

玛湖西部斜坡区二叠系乌尔禾组发育厚层砂砾岩储层,且油气储量巨大,但目前对于该套砂砾岩储层成因的认识尚不统一。在岩心、测井和地震资料分析的基础上,认为该区乌尔禾组发育冲积扇相和辫状河三角洲相。冲积扇分布在乌尔禾组下部,由于扇体不断前积,形成进积型冲积扇,纵向上沉积物粒度呈反韵律。辫状河三角洲相主要分布在乌尔禾组上部,划分为平原和前缘亚相,其中平原亚相以数层煤层和碳质泥岩为特征。乌尔禾组沉积过程为湖平面不断上升的过程,表现为由下部冲积扇相向上变为辫状河三角洲相。沉积相类型对储层物性具明显的控制作用,辫状河三角洲前缘储层物性较好,冲积扇储层物性较差。     

山东东营凹陷古近系碎屑岩储层特征及控制因素

通过对大量储层物性数据的分析和整理,结合薄片观察和扫描电镜分析结果,研究了不同构造背景、不同沉积类型及不同埋深的储层物性特征及其控制因素。东营凹陷近系碎屑岩储层类型多样,大多形成在冲积扇-河流、扇三角洲、近岸水下扇、深水浊积扇、三角洲前缘滑塌浊积扇以及滨浅湖滩坝等多种沉积环境中。碎屑岩储层类型主要包括砾岩、含砾砂岩、中粗砂岩、细砂岩及粉砂岩。其中中砂岩和细砂岩是最好的储层。但是不同地区、不同类型储层物性存在较大的差异。物性最好的储层为河道、（扇）三角洲前缘水下分流河道及河口坝砂体。在相同深度条件下,中央隆起带的物性最好,北部和南部次之。另外,本区随埋藏深度增加,碎屑岩储层物性逐渐变差（剔除次生孔隙的影响）。根据碎屑岩储层物性差异性分析和储层成岩演化研究结果,其储层物性主要受压实作用、碳酸盐溶蚀与胶结作用及沉积条件四大因素控制,其中压实作用、溶蚀作用及胶结作用是主要控制因素,而沉积条件对物性的影响主要表现在控制原生孔隙的发育程度,并进一步控制溶蚀、胶结等成岩作用。     

准噶尔盆地中拐地区上乌尔禾组富火山碎屑砂砾岩储层的古环境及储层机理研究

通过准噶尔盆地中拐地区二叠系上乌尔禾组的岩石矿物学特征、元素地球化学特征、沉积环境特征、物性特征、成岩作用特征等综合分析,研究了该区富火山碎屑砂砾岩储层的成因机理。结果表明,研究区乌尔禾组古气候总体较为稳定,为温暖湿润的气候,丰富的降水使上乌尔禾组发育多套厚层砂砾岩扇三角洲沉积体系,大量的火山碎屑在流域内湿润的气候条件下发生化学风化,并被富氧淡水携带入湖,水解释放大量的阳离子,使得上乌尔禾组时期湖盆水体环境为咸水的氧化条件。火山碎屑沉积埋藏后也为后期成岩作用提供了碱性的成岩流体环境以及自生矿物形成的物质基础。该区上乌尔禾组储层物性受到沉积环境和成岩作用的双重控制,埋深较浅的扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道微相的砂砾岩为研究区的主要目的储层,其储集空间主要为剩余粒间孔,以及长石、火山碎屑等溶蚀孔隙。     

差异胶结作用引起的储层物性差异成因分析：以白音查干凹陷达尔其扇三角洲为例

扇三角洲为陆相沉积盆地中的一个重要沉积体系,多数具有良好的油气储集能力。通常情况下,盆地中发育的扇三角洲具有相近的物性,扇三角洲前缘分流河道储层物性好,席状砂物性较差。然而,达尔其油田相邻的2个扇三角洲的物性出现了较大差异,达尔其西扇三角洲出现了分流河道物性差异与相控储层理论相悖的现象。利用偏光显微镜镜下薄片观察、岩芯物性分析与测井等资料,研究了该区储层岩石的孔隙类型以及成岩过程中压实和胶结作用对储层物性的影响,分析2个相邻扇三角洲储层物性差异及达尔其西扇三角洲河道物性差的原因,认为干旱气候和地壳抬升作用、盐湖沉积阶段和盐类沉积时间差异是形成2个扇三角洲物性差异的关键因素。研究成果为解释达尔其油田2个扇三角洲储层物性剧烈变化和差异提供了重要依据。     

砂砾岩沉积特征分析及有利储集相带确定--以玛北斜坡区百口泉组为例

为明确砂砾岩复杂储层的沉积特征及有利储集相带分布,通过岩心、测井、地震、实验分析等资料综合研究,认为玛北斜坡区百口泉组属近源快速堆积的扇三角洲沉积体系,主要发育扇三角洲平原辫状河道、扇三角洲平原/前缘砂质碎屑流、扇三角洲前缘近岸水下分流河道、远岸水下分流河道、河口坝五种主要沉积微相类型。发育牵引流、重力流两种搬运机制。主要发育夏子街扇、黄羊泉扇二大主扇体,夏子街扇细分为风南10、夏72、玛7三条支扇,西部的风南10支扇、东部的玛7支扇发育重力流(砂质碎屑流)沉积。夏72支扇位于玛北鼻状凸起上,鼻状凸起背景下发育的低缓沟槽控制着牵引流水系的展布。储层的成岩作用(压实、胶结)强度与沉积作用(泥杂基含量、粒度)关系密切,泥杂基含量、粒度为储层储集性能的主控因素。有利储集相带受沉积机制、沉积微相双重控制,重力流(砂质碎屑流)沉积整体物性最差;牵引流沉积视不同沉积相带,扇三角洲平原辫状河道、扇三角洲前缘远岸水下分流河道物性较差;扇三角洲前缘近岸水下分流河道、河口坝物性最优,优质储层主要分布在扇三角洲前缘近岸水下分流河道相带内。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘风城地区二叠系风城组沉积相研究

近几年勘探表明,准噶尔盆地西北缘风城地区二叠系风城组具巨大勘探潜力,该组储层以云质类岩石为主。为查明该区风城组沉积环境、沉积微相的展布特征,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、测井和录井资料分析,对该区沉积相特征进行研究。结果表明,准噶尔盆地西北缘风城地区二叠系风城组主要发育云质岩类岩石,含少量砂岩类、泥岩类。通过沉积相研究,结合研究区的构造背景、气候特征和沉积环境,认为研究区物源主要有两个：西部F26井以西物源、北部FC011井以北物源。风城组沉积期,研究区主要发育半深湖亚相沉积,在靠近物源区发育扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道沉积物及席状砂沉积物。沉积体系研究表明,该区风城组云质岩类岩石主要形成于半封闭咸水湖湾沉积环境,沉积环境对储层物性有较明显的控制作用,并据此建立了研究区冲积扇-扇三角洲-湖泊相的沉积模式。     

扇三角洲砾砾岩储层沉积特征及与储层物性的关系—以罗家油田沙四段砂砾岩体为例

从岩心和各类薄片资料入手，以沉积物和储层地质学为基础，结合各类分析资料，对山东沾化凹陷罗家油田沙四段砂砾岩体储层的沉积特征进行了研究。前人所提出的水下冲积扇和近岸水下扇沉积的认识，忽视了扇形沉积体的水上部分，因而改为扇三角洲沉积更为适合。扇三角洲沉积可进一步细分为扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘和前扇三角洲三个沉积相及五个微相，其中水下分流河道沉积微相的储层最为发育。详细阐述了砂砾岩体的岩性、沉积微相等沉积因素对储层物性的影响，其中粒度对砂砾岩储层特性与对砂岩储层物性的影响明显不同。     

基于微量元素分析的古沉积背景重建——以准噶尔盆地西北缘安集海河组为例

作为沉积背景变化的敏感性指标,微量元素丰度及其比值对物源构造背景识别、沉积环境恢复和古气候重建等具有重要意义。本文对准噶尔盆地西北缘古近系安集海河组23件泥质岩类样品开展微量、稀土元素分析测试,结合岩心与薄片等相标志,完成了研究区古沉积背景的恢复。研究表明：①稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分配模式、微量元素上地幔标准化蛛网图以及Th/Sc- Zr/Sc、La/Yb- REE、La- Th- Sc判别图解综合分析指示,安集海河组沉积期物源供给较为稳定,物源区风化程度较高,再旋回及分选作用不明显;沉积物源主要来自上地壳的长英质岩石,母岩岩石类型以酸性火成岩为主,主要为大陆岛弧成因,扎伊尔山早石炭世侵入岩是可能的物源区;②元素Li、Sr、Sr/Ba和Th/U组合以及U/Th、 δ U、 δ Ce、Ceanom和Ce/La组合指示,安集海河组沉积期表现为陆相半咸水的氧化型沉积环境,该沉积环境受古近纪系列热气候事件的影响,在极热气候背景下,湖盆水体蒸发强烈,湖平面略有下降且湖水浓缩,水体盐度增高,部分湖底沉积物因暴露水面而被氧化,该现象可在陆相红层的特殊沉积物中得到进一步印证;③纵向上,安集海河组Sr/Cu以及Cu和Cs含量变化整体呈上升趋势,反应气候的干旱程度不断增加,同时风化作用指数Rb/Cs整体呈下降趋势,表明受气候干旱的影响,该时期风化作用逐渐减弱。综上,安集海河组沉积期,研究区气候经历了由湿热向干热转变的过程。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷东斜坡中二叠统扇三角洲储层特征与成因

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷东斜坡区中二叠统下乌尔禾组是区域油气勘探的重要领域,但勘探程度总体较低,成藏规律不明。以单井岩心、镜下薄片、扫描电镜等分析为基础,储层物性分析为辅,结合地震地球物理分析,对下乌尔禾组储层特征与成因进行分析。结果表明,研究区发育扇三角洲沉积体系,进一步可划分出扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲平原-前缘过渡、扇三角洲前缘等亚相。由于近物源区具有多级坡折古地貌形态,沉积相平面展布具较窄的平原亚相及较宽的三角洲前缘亚相,构成了纵向上由SW向NE方向长轴缓坡到短轴陡坡扇三角洲的潜在油气富集区带。扇三角洲前缘是油气富集的主要有利相带,其水下分流河道微相和水下分流河道间湾微相控制了主要的优质储层,加之多种成岩作用的共同影响及优越的鼻状构造圈闭条件,形成多个潜在油气藏富集区,是下步勘探的重点目标。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.