四维剥蚀地貌的计算机模拟

该文根据戴维斯山地演化模型，推导了四维剥蚀地貌的数学模型，阐述如何基于这个数学模型，采用计算机模拟四维剥蚀地貌，最后详细介绍两个四维剥蚀地貌的计算机模拟实例。     

地貌形态模拟

对地貌模拟,常用的物理机制和统计规律都有其自身的水足之处。而采用地貌形态模拟的方法,即运用地理地再现地貌形态的空间特征和地貌演化的过程。这一技术的实现在于创建四维地貌数据库,建立分形地貌模拟模型,用分形内插技术实现地貌形态的模拟。四维地貌数据库扩充了数字地面模型数据库,分形地貌模拟模型第一次反地貌的分形特征用计算机模拟实现。同其它地貌模拟方法相比,本模型具有定量化、快速准确、操作方便和视觉效果好等     

四维地貌模型研究

地貌模型在地学数量化研究和GIS研究中作用非常关键。在三维模型基础上增加了时间维的四维地貌模型 ,能够模拟地貌景观随时间的演变。如何动态表现这种演变 ,一直是地貌模型研究的难点之一。本文探讨四维地貌模型研究的地学理论和意义 ,推导出一种四维地貌模型的建立方法 ,介绍以该方法建立的一个四维地貌模型实例。     

四维地貌模型研究

地貌模型在地学数量化研究和GIS研究中作用非常关键，在三维模型基础上增加了时间维的四维地貌模型。能够模拟地貌景观随时间的演变，如何动态表现这种演变，一直是地貌模型研究的难点之一，本文探讨四维地貌模型研究的地学理论和意义，推导出一种四维地貌模型的建立方法，介绍以该方法建立的一个四维地貌模型实例。     

贵州喀斯特水文地貌模型及其应用初步研究

借鉴常态流域地貌数学模型的思想方法,在贵州喀斯特开放流域中建立水文地貌数学模型,以研究亚热带剥蚀区喀斯特地貌的水文形态结构及其建造过程,并应用于分析贵州一些特殊的喀斯特水文地貌现象。     

三峡库区不同地貌区土壤元素分布特征

利用土壤表层样分析成果,探讨三峡库区不同地貌区土壤中Ca、P、B等43个常量元素及微量元素的分布特征,结果表明：三峡库区重庆段八个地貌分区可明显划分为两个地球化学分区,一区为河谷平原、侵蚀剥蚀台地、丘陵、低山及中山地貌地球化学分区;二区为褶皱抬升低山、中山及喀斯特地貌地球化学分区,两区的土壤元素含量差异明显,除常量元素K2O、SiO2、Ba、MgO、P、Zr及微量元素Sr、La外,一区土壤中其他元素含量总体上均远低于二区土壤中的含量,其差异总体上是地质背景差异的体现,母岩岩性是土壤元素的主要控制因素。在同类母岩条件下,地貌对土壤中元素分布具有明显影响。不同地貌区的土壤营养元素聚类既有共性也有个性,喀斯特地貌区元素聚为五类;褶皱抬升中山、低山区聚类结果基本一致,均为四类;侵蚀剥蚀中山区多数元素较分散,分异强烈,总体上聚为四类,但第四类各元素间距离较远;侵蚀剥蚀低山与丘陵区元素聚类总体上相近,均为五类,但内部存在分异;侵蚀剥蚀台地则聚为三大类。土壤中的某些特征矿物元素如Fe2O3、Mn、Cu、Zn组合,N、org．C组合在各个地貌区均聚为一类;而某些元素如Cl等在不同地貌条件下分别与MgO、CaO或与Na2O聚类,体现元素在不同地貌条件下的分布特征差异。     

扩散模拟型流域地貌汇流模型

根据概念性流域地貌汇流模型的一般理论，以概念性元素“扩散模拟河段”模拟各级单元河道的汇流作用，建立 以洪水波的波速和扩散系数为参数的扩散模拟型流域地貌汇流模型。     

论地貌的平衡与演化

地貌的平衡与演化牵涉到地貌学的理论核心,是其他地貌问题研究的前提和基础。但长期以来对此缺乏共识,认识混乱文呈讨论了地貌平衡的基本含义,认为根据剥蚀速率和堆积速率的大小,可把地貌平衡分为稳定平衡、不稳定平衡及动力平衡等３类,除稳定平衡外,其他两类平衡连同不平衡和非平衡都是与时间相关的,因而都是地貌演化的表现形式。即平衡可以伴随地貌演化而存在,把平衡与演化对立起来的错误观点引起了不少混乱。真实地貌作为     

基于势能信息熵的黄土小流域地貌演化特征

黄土高原流域地貌系统的地貌演化特征十分复杂,尚有诸多科学问题有待进一步深入研究。以往研究大多集中在流域地貌演化的侵蚀和发育特征等某一方面,缺乏从流域地貌系统及其势能信息熵的视角深入剖析野外多岩土层黄土小流域地貌演化特征的研究。为此,基于系统论的观点和方法,构建多岩土层黄土小流域地貌系统及其势能信息熵的数学模型,并以辛店沟小流域为例,对其地貌演化特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）构建的野外多岩土层黄土小流域地貌系统的概念模型及其势能信息熵的数学模型能够有效对辛店沟小流域进行数值模拟。（2）以黄土侵蚀作用为主的辛店沟小流域从2000—2019年的地貌演化过程是其势能信息熵的熵减过程和黄土地貌不断侵蚀的过程。（3）辛店沟小流域的势能信息熵能较好地反映该小流域的地貌演化阶段和地貌侵蚀过程。     

地貌过程研究回顾与展望

地貌学是现代地理科学的一个重要分支学科。本文对中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所建所以来在地貌研究领域的主要研究成果进行了综述,包括河流地貌、黄土高原与坡地地貌、青藏高原及南极地貌与第四纪、喀斯特与旅游地貌、地貌实验与模拟、地貌制图共六个方面,对地理资源所地貌研究团队目前的研究方向进行了介绍,并就提高地理资源所地貌研究在学科发展和服务国家建设中的作用提出了建议。     

Landforms on Asteroid 25143-Itokawa: A geomorphological perspective on periglacial origin and meltwater history

Asteroid surface geology offers a full range of opportunities for geomorphologists to participate in the analysis of landform distributions, deposit composition, source areas for sediments, age estimations, and the reconstruction of geohydrological records. A recent touchdown (2005) on 25143-Itokawa, a Near Earth Object (NEO), by the Hayabusa Spacecraft provides imagery (released, 2008, by the Japanese Aerospace Agency) that allows the analysis of data relevant to geomorphologists. The abbreviated interpretation of landform distributions on Itokawa discussed below provides a preliminary analysis of landform morphogenesis in a cold climate with near-zero gravity. The analysis generates several questions related to source of water, cause of fluid propagation and explanations of previously unrecognized processes of denudation.     

云南东川地区层状地貌面的成因

在东川地区的山地及小江河谷的两侧山麓上部，分布着不同高度和不同规模的层状地貌面，对其成因仍有不同的认识。分歧主要表现在两个方面：一是高原隆升之前的初始地貌面是否是准平原型夷平面；二是山顶面之下的梯级层状地貌面的成因。本文从以下几个方面对上述问题进行讨论：(1)层状地貌面的地貌特征及其与侵蚀河谷体系的关系；(2)层状地貌面上堆积物的性质；(3)层状地貌面与断裂构造水平展布的关系；(4)相邻层状地貌面的空间过渡关系；(5)区域构造演化背景。作者认为在云贵高原抬升过程中，东川地区以挤压穹起隆升变形为主。不同海拔高度的层状地貌面具有多成因特性。山顶面及局部高原面是高原隆升之前古夷平面的残留。并遭到后期强烈的侵蚀改造。目前，尚缺乏足够证据证明高原隆升之前的古夷平面为准平原型夷平面。小江河谷两侧的梯级层状地貌面是侵蚀或剥蚀面，它们形成于高原隆升及初始地貌面解体之后，其梯级空间分布特征与区域性的阶段隆升有关。     

Influence of orographic precipitation on the topographic and erosional evolution of mountain ranges

The influence of climate on mountain denudation has been the topic of an intense debate for two decades. This debate partly arises from the covariation of rainfall and topography during the growth of mountain ranges, both of which influence denudation. However, the denudational response of this co-evolution is poorly understood. Here, we use a landscape evolution model where the rainfall evolves according to a prescribed rainfall–elevation relationship. This relationship is a bell curve defined by a rainfall base level, a rainfall maximum and a width around the rainfall peak elevation. This is a first-order model that fits a large range of orographic rainfall data at the ca. 1-km spatial scale. We carried out simulations of an uplifting block with an alluvial apron, starting from an initially horizontal surface, and testing different rainfall–elevation relationships. We find that the denudation history is different from that with constant rainfall models. The results essentially depend on the ratio between the final steady-state summit elevation H_ss and the prescribed rainfall peak elevation H_p. This ratio is hard to predict because it depends on the transient coupling of rainfall and elevation. We identified three types of results according to H_ss/H_p. If H_ss/H_p > 4 (Type I), the denudation rates peak when the summits reach values close to H_p. If H_ss/H_p > 1.5 and < 4 (Type II), the denudation is strongly accelerated when the elevation of the summits approaches H_p, and then the denudation increases slowly towards the uplift rate. If H_ss/H_p < 1.5 (Type III), the denudation evolution is similar to situations with constant and homogeneous rainfall. In the Type I and II experiments, the mountain top is subjected to aridification once the summits have passed through H_p. To adapt to this reduced rainfall, the slopes increase. This can lead to a paradoxical situation where the mountain relief increases faster, whereas the denudation increases more slowly. The development of orographic precipitation may thus favour the stability of the mean denudation rate in a rising mountain. Despite the model limitations, including a constant rainfall–elevation relationship, our study suggests that the “classical” exponential increase in the denudation rate predicted by constant rainfall models is not the common case. Instead, the common case involves pulses and acceleration of the denudation even in the absence of uplift or global climate variations.     

Cliff retreat and talus development at the caldera wall of Mount St. Helens: Computer simulation using a mathematical model

To simulate the landform evolution at the caldera wall of Mount St. Helens, USA, a mathematical model for talus development was applied to model the topographic change during the 11years from the volcanic eruption, i.e., from formation of the cliff. Simulated results show that the topographic change is predicted to be large for about 10years after the eruption and to decline thereafter. If snow accumulation in the talus slope deposits is negligible, the talus top will not reach the cliff top within 300years after the eruption. Talus growth in Mount St. Helens was much faster than that in the Chichibu Basin, Japan. This may indicate the low strength and/or high weathering rate of the rockwall of Mount St. Helens, resulting in rapid production of debris and rapid retreat of the cliff.     

The Rise and Fall of the Davisian Cycle of Erosion: Prelude,Fugue, Coda,and Sequel

The Cycle of Erosion formulated by the American geographer William Morris Davis in the 1880s remained the dominant paradigm in geomorphology well into the 20th century, before it waned in response to improved understanding of Earth's crustal and surface behavior. The Davisian model sought to explain landforms in terms of structure, process, and stage. Following initial rapid tectonic uplift, landforms were presumed to evolve on a quiescent crust through stages of youth, maturity, and old age, to culminate in a peneplain. A new cycle would be initiated by landform rejuvenation in response to a changing base level of erosion. This model was a reflection of its time, of the cycle mania of the 19th century, which in turn was founded on Hutton's limitless "succession of worlds" and dissatisfaction with earlier notions of landscape origins constrained by limited Earth time. Davis's model was derived from ideas regarding orogenic cycles favored by Dana and Le Conte, and of prolonged subaerial denudation toward base-level observed by Powell and Dutton. The model's supremacy was challenged from time to time, notably by the Pencks (father and son) and by alternative cyclic denudation models that invoked pediplanation and etchplanation rather than peneplanation. The relevance of the Davisian model declined after 1940 in response to a growing awareness of Earth's crustal mobility, changing climates and geomorphic processes, and refined dating of geologic time. The subsequent quantitative revolution in geomorphology, with its emphasis on measurement of form and process aided by rapidly improving technologies, and based in part on lingering antecedents, sounded the death knell for the Davisian model but also triggered something of a theoretical hiatus. In recent years, resurrection of the concept of isostasy, defined by Dutton but ignored by Davis, has led to the formulation of a more realistic but more complex model, briefly introduced here, in which landforms may be viewed as responses to more-or-less continuous interaction between tectonic activity, subaerial denudation, and isostatic adjustment.     

Geomorphic consequences of urban development and mining activities; an analysis of study areas in Spain and Argentina

An analysis is presented on the contribution of urban and infrastructure development, mining and quarrying to direct and indirect modifications of landforms and transfer of earth materials. The analysis has been carried out in four study areas in Spain and Argentina and is based on data collection on the amounts of materials excavated for those activities and related sediment production. Results obtained show that human activity is presently the main contributor to landform modification and earth material transport in the study areas; mobilisation rates due to construction and mining seem to be 2–4 orders of magnitude greater than natural denudation rates. The ‘human geomorphic footprint”, expressed in terms of new landform creation rate and mobilisation rate is calculated for the study areas. Extrapolation to the global level is made on the basis of data obtained and mineral production data. Comparison with data on erosion rates and world sediment transport indicates that the latter is an order of magnitude less than construction plus mining mobilisation. It is suggested that geomorphic and related changes observed may represent manifestations of a global geomorphic change.     

则岔石林地质公园喀斯特地貌类型及形成机制

则岔石林地质公园位于甘肃省碌曲县,该处地貌完整地保存了高寒喀斯特的特征,具有典型性与稀有性。为了揭示其自然科学价值,促进自然资源开发与景观保护,基于前人工作基础,通过野外地质调查,以碌曲县区域地学为背景,介绍了则岔石林地质公园的喀斯特地貌类型,即以高原石林为主,一线天为亮点,小型溶洞为辅。继而从地质构造、岩性、水文气候、生物因素四方面分析了园内喀斯特地貌的形成机制。对完善我国高海拔地区岩溶系列地质遗迹的科学研究具有一定意义。同时,高寒喀斯特的生态化对南方喀斯特沙漠化的治理具有良好的示范作用。     

Danxia landform genesis of the Qiyun Mountain, Anhui Province

The Danxia landform of Qiyun Mountain is mainly developed on the red granule conglomerates named Xiaoyan Group (K2x1) of middle Cretaceous series, which is controlled mainly by three faulted zones, namely, Jingdezhen-Qimen faulted zone, Jiangwan-Jiekou compressional faulted zone and Kaihua-Chun’an folding faulted zone. During the Cretaceous period, this area firstly experienced massif subsidence to become a continental faulted basin, then having thick Cretaceous red sediments accumulated on it. In the supervened neotectonism, this area experienced an uplifting process, which made the thick Cretaceous sediments into a mountain with an altitude of 500-600 m. After undergoing the processes of vertical joint development, weathering, denudation and transportation, as well as evidently differential weathering and denudation influenced by lithology and structure between sandstone and conglomerate, the grand Danxia landscape consisting of peak forests, steep cliffs, caves, mesas, castellated peaks, natural bridges and so on formed. The three nick points located respectively at 585 m, 400 m and 150 m generally reflect the three dominated uplifting processes during the neotectonism.     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

齐云山丹霞地貌主要发育于中白垩统小岩组K₂x¹红色砂砾岩层中, 该区地貌发育主要受景德镇-祁门断裂带、江湾-街口挤压破裂带和开化-淳安褶断带三大断裂带控制。在白垩世该区经历了地块沉降, 成为陆上的断陷湖盆, 由此接受了巨厚的白垩系红层堆积。在新构造运动中, 该区经历了隆升过程, 巨厚的白垩系沉积物变成了海拔500~600 m的山体。白垩系红色砂砾岩在经历了垂直节理发育、风化破坏阶段及剥蚀搬运阶段后, 同时受岩性本身砂岩与砾岩在组分和结构上的影响, 差异性风化剥蚀显著, 因此形成了壮观的峰林、崖、洞、方山、城堡及天生桥景观。该区585 m、400 m和150 m处的三级裂点, 大致反映了该区新构造运动中三次主要的抬升过程。