机载SAR运动补偿残余误差建模及影响分析

在基于运动传感器测量数据的机载SAR运动补偿方法中,IMU/GPS测量误差和地物定位误差等非理想因素的存在会导致相位补偿量的不准确,进而引入残余运动误差,影响SAR图像质量.本文针对IMU的各项测量误差、系统延时误差、多普勒中心频率误差、参考DEM误差等影响轨迹测量和地物定位精度的具体因素展开研究,建立了上述因素与残余运动误差之间的函数关系.该函数关系显示,残余运动误差主要来源于航迹测量误差和地物定位误差,航迹测量误差主要根源于IMU/GPS测量单元中加速度计的常值漂移和IMU关于姿态角的测量误差,地物定位误差主要根源于参考DEM误差等因素.本文通过建模分析,完成了对机载SAR运动补偿精度退化机理的研究.     

基于多分辨率特征的UWB SAR二维广义似然比目标检测方法

针对超宽带合成孔径雷达(UWB SAR)工作体制及探测背景的特殊性,结合成像过程,分析了不同分辨率条件下目标与杂波的区别,在此基础上采用了两种形式的一阶自回归(AR)模型实现对多分辨率序列的建模,并提出了广义似然比(GLR)的二维计算方法.该方法大大提高了多分辨率特征提取的稳定性,基于实际UWB SAR图像的试验结果表明:利用多分辨率特征可明显增强图像信杂比,从而提高UWB SAR目标检测效果.     

星载SAR成像参数联合估计方法

通信系统的不可靠性会造成SAR卫星下发数据出现误码或丢失,从而导致几何参数的解译、计算出现较大的误差或者缺失,限制了SAR数据成像处理及后续利用。针对该问题,提出一种基于回波数据的成像参数联合估计方法。首先通过回波数据进行多普勒中心频率估计和多普勒调频斜率估计;然后,根据SAR多普勒参数特性,建立多普勒参数与几何参数之间的超定方程组,并利用多普勒参数估计值求解方程组反演几何参数;最后,利用多普勒参数估计值和几何参数估计值完成SAR数据成像处理。实验结果表明,本文方法可以获得可靠的多普勒参数估计值和几何参数估计值,从而有效地解决像参数欠缺情况下的星载SAR成像处理问题。     

坐标转换在隐蔽物探测定位中的应用

以基于低空平台的超宽带合成孔径雷达（UWB SAR）探测隐蔽物为应用背景,结合GPS RTK（Real Time Kinetic）技术,提出并详细分析了一种简便实用的对平台进行高精度、高动态运动补偿的GPS坐标转换方法。利用转换后的坐标和雷达回波数据对探测区成像,并对目标进行大地坐标定位,最后通过实验结果验证了本文所提方法的有效性。     

基于测量数据的机载三维SAR横滚角运动误差补偿

机载三维SAR通过天线阵列、合成孔径和宽带信号实现三维成像,但平台的平动误差和姿态角误差会影响成像质量。不同阵元间的平动误差一致,可通过单天线SAR运动补偿方法去除,但姿态角误差改变阵元间相对位置关系,影响复杂,其中,横滚角误差影响最大,目前尚没有基于测量数据的补偿方法。本文建立了阵列天线SAR三维成像模型,分析了横滚角误差影响及横滚角误差与跨航向波数之间的关系,提出了波数域子孔径补偿方法,仿真结果证明该方法可有效补偿横滚角运动误差影响。     

近空间被动双站SAR的成像性能分析

近年来,近空间受到了越来越广泛的关注。近空间飞行器兼具卫星和航空飞机的优点,能提供类似卫星的宽覆盖、长续航能力和飞机的快速响应能力,这为研究新体制遥感技术创造了条件。基于此,文章提出了一种基于近空间平台的被动双站合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像方法。首先,通过分析近空间被动双站SAR的空间几何模型,建立了其相应的SAR回波信号模型;然后,根据发射机和接收机对成像目标产生的多普勒效应,对近空间被动双站SAR成像的距离分辨率和方位分辨率进行了分析和仿真,并分析了近空间被动双站SAR存在的方位向调频率空变特性。最后,以接收机静止模式为例,对其成像处理进行了仿真。理论分析和仿真实验结果表明,近空间被动双站SAR是一种具有良好应用前景的遥感新技术。     

基于影像模拟的星载SAR影像正射纠正

对山地和高山地等选点困难地区的星载SAR影像进行正射纠正时,通常采用距离多普勒模型进行影像模拟纠正。但由于每类星载SAR影像辅助数据不同,所建立的距离多普勒模型均不相同,从而导致针对每类星载SAR影像需要采用不同的软件模块进行模拟和正射纠正。针对该缺点,采用RPC模型代替距离多普勒模型并利用改进的模拟影像灰度确定方式进行星载SAR影像模拟,在此基础上建立模拟影像和真实SAR影像之间关系进行正射纠正。采用四川某地区的TerraSAR-X影像,将正射纠正的实际精度和理论精度进行对比,验证本文提出的理论和方法。     

双视向补偿最佳入射角组合研究

为了解决高分辨率合成孔径雷达双视向补偿的最佳入射角组合问题,提出了一种基于数据模拟的最优化选择方法.该方法利用DEM数据模拟2个视向不同入射角下的叠掩和阴影掩模图像,用补偿效果作为评价函数选择最佳的入射角组合.将该方法应用于地形平缓、适中和陡峭3个实验区的结果表明,该方法可以快速有效地获得最佳入射角组合,为双视向补偿应用中的SAR图像数据订购提供了科学依据,是SAR图像双视向补偿不可或缺的环节.     

SAR辐射定标中的地物杂波抑制方法

研究了SAR有源编码辐射定标技术,提出了通过移相器进行方位信号编码,通过混频器进行距离信号调频斜率反向的地物杂波抑制方法;采用RD成像算法获得了分布目标的图像,完成了不同分布和强度的地物杂波与定标参考目标的仿真图像,并采用峰值方法对SAR辐射定标精度进行了定量研究。实验结果证明有源编码辐射定标技术能够有效地抑制地物杂波的影响,提高SAR辐射定标精度。     

基于运动捕捉系统的UWB室内定位精度标定方法

为了对UWB(Ultra Wide-Band)室内定位系统精度进行有效的评估,提出了一种基于运动捕捉系统的UWB室内定位精度标定方法。该方法的实现是基于两个实验完成的。其一是使用全站仪对运动捕捉系统进行精度验证,通过布尔莎七参数坐标转换模型对实验数据进行处理,表明了运动捕捉系统的精度满足要求,可以用于标定UWB室内定位系统的精度。其二是通过运动捕捉系统来标定UWB室内定位系统的精度,以运动捕捉系统采集的数据为真值,将UWB室内定位系统采集的数据与运动捕捉系统采集的数据进行比较,得出的标定结果符合实际情况,表明了标定方法是有效和可靠的。     

Modified range-Doppler processing for FM-CW synthetic aperture radar

The combination of compact frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FM-CW) technology and high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing techniques should pave the way for the development of a lightweight, cost-effective, high-resolution, airborne imaging radar. Regarding FM-CW SAR signal processing, the motion during the transmission of a sweep and the reception of the corresponding echo were expected to be one of the major problems. In FM-CW SAR, the so-called stop-and-go approximation is no longer valid due to the relatively long sweeps that FM-CW radars transmit. The main effect of the continuous motion is a Doppler frequency shift throughout the SAR observation time. This Doppler frequency shift can be compensated for by modifying the range migration compensation.     

机载双基地SAR实测数据成像

建立双基地SAR的单基地等效模型,分析了系统时间同步误差的机理;提出了双基地SAR回波中的直达波数据进行时间同步误差校正的算法;在双基地SAR单站等效模型的基础上,利用时变阶梯变换算法进行成像处理。经过理论分析,实测数据处理验证,这一算法是有效的,能够校正双基地SAR时间同步误差,较好地进行实测数据的成像处理。     

Precise topography- and aperture-dependent motion compensation for airborne SAR

Efficient synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing algorithms are unable to exactly implement the aperture- and topography-dependent motion compensation due to the superposition of the synthetic apertures of several targets having different motion errors and potentially different topographic heights. Thus, during motion compensation, a reference level is assumed, resulting in residual phase errors that impact the focusing, geometric fidelity, and phase accuracy of the processed SAR images. This letter proposes a new short fast Fourier transform-based postprocessing methodology capable of efficient and precise compensation of these topography- and aperture-dependent residual phase errors. In addition to wide beamwidth (very high resolution) SAR systems, airborne repeat-pass interferometry especially benefits from this approach, as motion compensation can be significantly improved, especially in areas with high topographic changes. Repeat-pass interferometric data of the E-SAR system of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) are used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach.     

两种SAR数据目标定位的比较

和以前的定位方法相比,距离-多普勒(R—D)定位法因不需要选地面参考点进行定位,在许多遥感应用方面具有独特的优势和重要意义。本文论述了利用卫星星历数据和雷达回波数据的距离-多普勒信息对SAR图像目标定位的原理,并对相对位置定位算法的计算公式进行了推导。通过该定位方法对Radarsat和ERS图像目标进行了定位,详细说明了轨道参数、斜距参数、多普勒参数等获取方法,比较了这两种数据目标定位具体算法和精度的差异。     

Topography-dependent motion compensation for repeat-pass interferometric SAR systems

This letter presents a new motion compensation algorithm to process airborne interferometric repeat-pass synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. It accommodates topography variations during SAR data processing, using an external digital elevation model. The proposed approach avoids phase artifacts, azimuth coregistration errors, and impulse response degradation, which usually appear due to the assumption of a constant reference height during motion compensation. It accurately modifies phase history of all targets before azimuth compression, resulting in an enhanced image quality. Airborne L-band repeat-pass interferometric data of the German Aerospace Center experimental airborne SAR (E-SAR) is used to validate the algorithm.     

Doppler Keystone Transform: An Approach Suitable for Parallel Implementation of SAR Moving Target Imaging

In this letter, a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data reformatting approach named Doppler Keystone transform (DKT) is proposed to correct the range migration of a moving target. By using the DKT, the SAR imaging program, i.e., the 2-D matched filtering, can be transformed into separate 1-D operations along range or azimuth direction, and therefore, the DKT is suitable for the parallel implementation of SAR imaging of the moving target. Our simulations show that by combining the DKT and the Doppler phase compensation methods, the moving target can be well imaged in high signal–clutter-ratio case.      

非理想航迹城市建筑群MIMO下视阵列SAR三维仿真

在缺少真实下视阵列合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar，SAR）系统而带来数据获取和成像算法研究等困难的当下，下视阵列SAR三维仿真的研究具有重要意义。为了还原载机平台真实的飞行航迹，验证阵列SAR技术在高层建筑物密集城区的地形测绘能力，摒弃传统仿真研究基于匀速直线运动的假设，以高度骤变的城市建筑物为对象，分析构建了多输入多输出（multiple input multiple output，MIMO）下视阵列SAR非理想航迹运动误差模型，提出了非理想航迹城市建筑群MIMO下视阵列SAR三维距离多谱勒成像算法。利用航空平台的航迹与姿态建模仿真技术，以及快速高效的回波仿真技术对成像算法进行了仿真实验，验证了方法的正确性和有效性。     

基于PALSAR数据的DEM提取方法研究

针对PALSAR Level 1.1数据,研究使用NASA/JPL提供的开源干涉软件包ROI_PAC Version 3.0提取DEM.ROI_PAC的目前版本只能处理Level 1.0数据,因此,文章在分析了ROI_PAC软件包处理流程的基础上,提出处理Level 1.1数据的方法,并用PALSAR Level 1.1数据对该方法做了验证.干涉重建DEM与参考DEM的对比结果表明,二者的差异均值为0.27 m,标准差为±9.24 m,80%像元点的高程误差在±10 m以内.     

Comparison of Topography- and Aperture-Dependent Motion Compensation Algorithms for Airborne SAR

This letter presents a comparison between three Fourier-based motion compensation (MoCo) algorithms for airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. These algorithms circumvent the limitations of conventional MoCo, namely the assumption of a reference height and the beam-center approximation. All these approaches rely on the inherent time-frequency relation in SAR systems but exploit it differently, with the consequent differences in accuracy and computational burden. After a brief overview of the three approaches, the performance of each algorithm is analyzed with respect to azimuthal topography accommodation, angle accommodation, and maximum frequency of track deviations with which the algorithm can cope. Also, an analysis on the computational complexity is presented. Quantitative results are shown using real data acquired by the Experimental SAR system of the German Aerospace Center (DLR).     

Total zero Doppler Steering-a new method for minimizing the Doppler centroid

This letter presents a new method, called total Zero Doppler steering, to perform yaw and pitch steering for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. The new method reduces the Doppler centroid to theoretically 0 Hz, independent of the range position of interest. Residual errors are only due to pointing inaccuracy or due to approximations in the implementation of the total zero Doppler steering law. This letter compares the new method with currently applied methods. The attitude angles and the residual Doppler centroid frequencies are calculated and depicted exemplarily for the parameters of TerraSAR-X, for which the new method will be implemented and used. The new method provides a number of advantages. The low residual Doppler centroid and the reduced variation of the Doppler centroid over range allow a more accurate Doppler centroid estimation. Due to the low residual Doppler centroid, the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing can be alleviated, since the range cell migration is reduced and the Doppler frequencies are low. This facilitates the use of very efficient processing algorithms, which are based on approximations whose quality is better for low Doppler frequencies. The new method will furthermore optimize the overlap of the azimuth spectra of SAR image pairs for cross-track interferometry. Low Doppler centroids will also reduce the impact of coregistration errors on the interferometric phase. Furthermore, scalloping corrections in the ScanSAR processing are alleviated due to the low variation of the Doppler centroid over range.