西藏舍索铜多金属矿床岩相学、矿相学特征及其成因意义

舍索矿床位于西藏申扎县境内,为小型矽卡岩型富铜多金属矿床。本文在大量的野外地质调查、室内岩矿鉴定、扫描电镜与电镜能谱以及ICP-MS分析测试的基础上,查明其岩相学与矿相学特征。舍索矿床形成过程可分为5个阶段:(1)磁铁矿+辉砷钴矿+自然铋+大量石榴石+少量透辉石,形成温度达到800℃;(2)硫铜钴矿+辉钼矿+硫铜铋矿+硫银铋矿+针硫铋铅矿+透辉石;(3)硫铋铜矿+含铋斑铜矿+绿帘石+次闪石+黑云母;(4)黄铜矿+不含铋斑铜矿+闪锌矿+绿帘石+绿泥石,形成温度约228℃;(5)低温磁铁矿+菱铁矿+碲银矿+低温石英+燧石。主要金属矿物为黄铜矿、斑铜矿、自然铜、蓝辉铜矿、蓝铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、辉钼矿、自然铋、硫铋铜矿、硫铜铋矿、硫银铋矿、硫铜(银)铋矿、针硫铋铅矿、硫铜钴矿、镍黄铁矿、辉砷钴矿和含钴斜方砷铁矿。主要的有用金属元素为铜、铅、锌、铋、铟等,它们的含量均达到最低工业品位的要求。该矿床为典型的双交代矽卡岩型矿床,区域上应重视对该类型矿床的找矿评价。     

福建碧田铜金银矿床中硫盐矿物及钨锡硫化物研究

福建碧田矿床成因上是与燕山晚期次火山岩有关的、以银为主的大型铜金银矿床。该矿床产于燕山早期花岗岩中,在其铜矿石内发现了较多的锌砷黝铜矿、铋砷黝铜矿、铋锑黝铜矿、碲砷黝铜矿、针硫铋铅矿、硫铋铜矿、硫砷铜矿等硫盐矿物及少见的钨锡硫化物——硫锡铁铜矿、硫铁锡铜矿和硫钨锡铜矿。这些矿物形成于成矿作用早期的黄铜矿-斑铜矿-黄铁矿阶段。成矿温度在260～380℃之间,最低成矿压力20～40 MPa,硫逸度(lgfs_2)=-8.74～-12.06。钨锡铋矿物的发现表明,燕山早期花岗岩可能为成矿提供了部分物质来源。     

福建碧田铜金银矿床中硫盐矿物及钨锡矿化物研究

福建碧田矿床成因上是与燕山晚期次火山岩有关的,以银为主的大型铜金银矿床。该矿床产于燕山早期花岗岩中,在其铜矿石内发现了较多的锌砷黔铜矿、铋砷黝铜矿、铋锑黝铜矿、碲砷黝铜矿,针硫铋铅矿、硫铋铜矿、硫砷铜矿等硫盐矿物及少见的钨锡矿化物－硫锡铁铜矿,硫铁锡铜矿和硫钨锡铜矿。     

鄂东南鸡笼山矽卡岩型金铜矿床金、银、碲、铋的赋存状态及其对成矿条件的制约

鸡笼山矽卡岩型金铜矿床是长江中下游成矿带典型的矽卡岩矿床,矿体主要赋存于下三叠统大冶组碳酸盐岩与花岗闪长斑岩接触带内。根据野外观察和镜下鉴定,将成矿过程划分为进矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段,其中石英-硫化物阶段为金和铜的主要成矿阶段。鸡笼山金铜矿床中不同类型矿石的矿相学观察和电子探针微区成分分析(EPMA)表明,金、银主要以自然金、银金矿、碲银矿、硫银铋矿等形式产出,主要载金矿物为黄铜矿和黄铁矿;同时发现鸡笼山金铜矿床中发育大量碲-铋矿物(如辉碲铋矿、针硫铋铅矿等)。成矿流体物理化学性质研究表明,鸡笼山金铜矿床中金银元素在高温热液中主要以氯络合物的形式运移,随着温度降低和流体进一步的演化,金银元素转变为以硫络合物、碲铋化物熔体等形式运移。在石英-硫化物阶段,由于硫化作用与流体的沸腾作用,流体中硫逸度降低,碲逸度升高;当流体处于黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿氧逸度范围、酸碱性呈中性-弱碱性、碲逸度(logf_(Te2))为-10.7~-8.4、硫逸度(logf_(S_2))为-11.4~-10.6时,金、银、铜元素近于同时沉淀,碲、铋和砷元素对金和银元素运移和富集起到了重要作用,最终形成了鸡笼山矽卡岩型金铜矿床。     

江西永平铜多金属矿床岩相学、矿相学特征及其意义

永平矿床位于江西省铅山县境内,为江西省规模第二大的富铜多金属矿床。在永平铜矿火烧岗采场进行野外地质调查、样品采集、室内岩相学与矿相学和电镜能谱研究的基础上,确定矿区内主要的容矿围岩为互层状安山-玄武岩和钙铁榴石矽卡岩,其中,夹有灰质硅质岩和片岩,以及层状与透镜状矿体,为典型的海底火山喷发环境。大量胶状黄铁矿的存在表明曾经发生过大规模的热水沉积作用;胶状黄铁矿普遍重结晶和钙铁榴石矽卡岩本身就代表着变质作用（或矽卡岩化作用）,在成矿过程中发挥了重要作用;后期强烈的热液蚀变对成矿物质进一步富集成矿起到促进作用。有用元素除铜与钨外,铋与铟的含量也达到最低工业品位的要求,新发现含铼白钨矿、含稀土沥青铀矿与一系列金属铋和碲的矿物：自然铋、辉铋矿、硫铜铋矿、含银辉铜铋矿、硫银铋矿、沃仑斯基矿、碲铋矿、叶碲铋矿、铁铜碲硫铋矿、含锝碲银矿、辉铋碲银矿(?)、叶碲铋-碲银矿(?)等。     

吉林山门银金矿床地质特征

山门银金矿床为浅成低温热液型矿床,贫硫化物型矿石.银矿物有自然银、辉银矿、锌银黝铜矿、深红银矿、硫砷铜银矿、硫锑铜银矿、马硫铜银矿、硫铜银矿.矿化分6个阶段.成矿温度为110~160℃.成矿时代燕山晚期.     

东天山维权银铜矿床中钴矿化发现及成因意义

新疆东天山地区是中国重要的钴成矿带之一,在多个与基性-超基性岩有关的铜镍硫化物矿床和磁海铁矿床中伴生有中小型钴矿资源。最近,笔者在研究东天山维权矽卡岩型银铜矿床物质组分的过程中,通过显微镜观察、电子探针扫描和成分分析发现了独立钴矿物辉砷钴矿,不仅代表了东天山含钴矿床的新类型,而且具有综合利用的前景。文章对维权矿床中铜银钴矿石类型、矿石中辉砷钴矿和其他主要金属矿物的赋存状态进行了研究,划分出铜矿石、铁铜矿石、含银铜钴矿石、银矿石、含钴铁铜矿石和铅银铜矿石6种矿石类型,认为它们可能是铁铜、钴、银3期成矿作用叠加的产物,钴成矿作用为独立的一期中高温热液成矿作用,含钴铁铜矿石是钴成矿作用叠加在铁铜成矿作用之上形成,而含银钴铜矿石是银成矿作用叠加在钴成矿作用之上形成。     

新疆包古图斑岩铜矿伴生元素金和银赋存状态初步研究

新疆西准噶尔包古图斑岩铜矿床Au平均含量0.25g/t,Ag为2.56g/t,Cu为0.30%,属于富金斑岩铜矿。伴生金和银矿化作用有两期:早期为斑岩矿化,形成了Cu-Mo-Au矿化组合,是主矿化期;后期叠加了Cu-Au-Ag-Te-Bi矿化,规模不大,出露于矿床的局部部位,但对矿石起到了加富作用。通过对钻孔薄片和光薄片的镜下观察及电子探针成分分析,认为早期矿化中Au和Ag主要呈固溶体形式存在于硫化物中,分布比较均匀,基本上不出现独立矿物,Au含量明显高于Ag;晚期矿化形成了复杂的Cu-Au-Ag-Te-Bi矿物,矿石呈浸染状和脉状叠加在早期矿化之上,以银矿物为主,与多种碲铋类矿物共生,主要银矿物有碲银矿、铋-碲银矿(?)、银-辉碲铋矿(?)、银-硫铋铜矿、银金矿等。晚期矿化规模不大,但对于提高矿床的经济价值具有重要意义。     

西藏铁格隆南斑岩-高硫型浅成低温热液矿床主要矿石矿物特征

铁格隆南矿床位于班公湖—怒江成矿带西段多龙矿集区,是青藏高原发现的首例具有典型高硫型浅成低温热液矿化特征的超大型Cu(Au、Ag)矿床。本文通过大量的钻孔岩矿心地质编录,结合矿相学及电子探针分析,查明铁格隆南矿床的矿石矿物以原生硫化物为主,主要是斑铜矿、黄铜矿等Cu-Fe-S体系矿物、硫砷铜矿、砷黝铜矿等Cu-As-S体系矿物和以铜蓝和蓝辉铜矿为代表的Cu-S二元体系矿物,以及少量辉钼矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿,微量硫锡砷铜矿等。从矿石矿物组合特征可看出,铁格隆南矿床是高硫型矿化叠加于斑岩型矿化之上复合成矿的典型实例,矿床深部具有进一步扩大斑岩铜矿规模的巨大潜力,是下一步获取更多资源量的重点勘查方向。     

Discovery of Bismuth Mineral of the Garqiong Copper-Gold Ore Deposits in Tibet and Its Significance

班公湖-怒江成矿带是西藏自治区重要的铜金多金属成矿带,东西延伸约2000 km,南北两侧与拉萨地块和羌塘地块相接.随着研究程度的深入,近已发现成矿带中铋的矿化呈带状展布.尕尔穷是该成矿带中重要的矽卡岩型铜金矿床,笔者通过野外地质调查采样、显微镜鉴定、扫描电镜观察和能谱成分分析,在矿石中首次发现铋的独立矿物——辉铋矿,这也是班公湖-怒江成矿带中首次发现的重要铋工业矿物.此外还有含锇自然铋、硫铜铋矿、碲铋矿、含硫碲铋矿、未定名的BiTe2等铋的自然元素矿物、碲化物及硫盐矿物.研究成果丰富了成矿带铋矿物种类,对矿床研究和勘查方向的确定有着重要的指示意义.根据镜下鉴定和流体包裹体测温讨论了Cu-Au-Bi共生关系,铋在成矿热液中以硫络合物形式迁移,辉铋矿在高温热液下形成.尕尔穷铜金矿床的含矿岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄83.2～87.1 Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄86.87～87.29 Ma,矿床类型为岩浆热液接触交代成因的矽卡岩型铜金矿床.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.