阿萨巴斯卡盆地铀矿省(加拿大):基底和其他区域构造

阿萨巴斯卡盆地的铀矿床与其他省的不整合型铀矿床不同,其主要特征是:Ⅰ)具有非常高品位铀矿石(大约是别处相似矿床品位的10倍),Ⅱ)富多金属的Ni、As、Co等矿化,Ⅲ)多数矿床是产于盖层内(在不整合中和直接产于不整合上)。尽管阿萨巴斯卡盆地的矿床特征都有些变化,但其大多数矿床的共同特点,是它们在空间上与下伏基底的早元古代黑色页岩共生,这种页岩在阿萨巴斯卡盆地沉积之前大约19—18亿年的哈德森造山运动期间发生了陡褶皱和变质(石墨化)。但是,上(阿萨巴斯卡)砂岩不整合     

不整合面中的成矿机制与找矿研究

不整合包括角度不整合和平行不整合两种。不整合面附近成矿是一种比较常见的现象 ,但通常只简单地认为不整合面只是成矿的有利通道和储矿场所 ,而对发生在不整合面中的后期构造活动主动促进成矿 (成矿流体流动 )的作用认识不足。文中在列举了国内外一批产于不整合面中的矿床的基础上 ,总结了这类矿床的主要特点是 :矿床均产于不整合面及其靠近的盖层和基底地层中 ,常呈矿产密集区分布 ,规模一般较大 ,品位较富 ,矿床的成矿过程一般是经过沉积和热液叠加两个阶段 ,成矿作用和围岩蚀变都是以低温为主 ,矿床的成矿元素与同区域的其他类型矿床相似 ;两种不整合面中的矿床的矿体形态与产出位置不大一样。最后讨论了中国为什么不能形成不整合脉型铀矿床和为什么在不整合面中主要只形成低温热液矿床     

阿萨巴斯卡不整合面铀矿床勘查模式的发展

本文报道了“Ｕｒａｎｅｒｚ勘探和采矿公司”目前用于对阿萨巴斯卡盆地更深部的不整合面铀矿床的勘探技术和成矿的成因模式。     

油气运移通道及其对成藏的控制

通过油气在地下岩石中运移通道空间类型的分析,指出孔隙、裂缝和孔隙—裂缝组合是油气运移通道的三种主要类型。据此提出油气在地下运移的三种基本输导层为连通砂体、断层和不整合面,它们在地下又可构成砂体—不整合面、砂体—断层、由不整合面—断层、砂体—断层—不整合面四种组合,成为油气运移的立体网络通道。油气运移通道类型控制着油气成藏模式。连通砂体输导层可控制地层超覆、岩性尖灭、断层遮挡油气藏的形成;不整合面、不整合面—砂体组合、断层—不整合面组合构成的输导层可控制基岩风化壳油气藏的形成;断裂、砂体—断层组合、砂体—断层—不整合面组合构成的输导层可控制断块、背斜、构造—岩性和断层—岩性油气藏的形成。     

加拿大萨斯喀彻温(Saskatchewan)省北部铀成矿作用的主要特点与启示

本文扼要介绍了加拿大萨斯喀彻温省北部比弗洛支地区脉型 (veintype)和阿萨巴斯卡盆地中与不整合面有关的 (Unconformity associated)铀资源概况 ;比较系统地阐述了两类铀矿化成矿作用的共同特征 ,指出控矿的核心因素是热点活动与构造作用的叠加。这从本质上与我国华南铀矿富集区的控矿因素是相似的。因此 ,通过两个铀矿富集区的对比 ,认识铀成矿作用的本质 ,拓宽找矿思路 ,对于探索寻找新成矿区和新类型铀矿具有一定的启发意义。     

加拿大McArthur River铀矿床成矿特点及在我国寻找相同类型铀矿床的几点认识

加拿大萨斯喀彻温省西北部阿萨巴斯卡盆地McArthur River铀矿床是世界上最大、最富的不整合面型铀矿床。笔者通过对该矿床的剖析，从宏观上对这类铀矿床的一些形成规律进行了初步探讨，并对在我国寻找不整合面型或相似类型的铀矿床提出了一些认识。     

辽东不整合脉超大型铀矿床找矿前景分析

不整合脉超大型铀矿床是20世纪60年代后期在加拿大和澳大利亚发现的一种新类型.其最大特点是矿床均产于不整合面附近,矿床既大又富,矿床储量达数十万吨,品位最高达50%,是世界上经济效益很好的铀矿类型.辽东地区在前寒武纪地层内存在5个不整合面,且著名的连山关铀矿床产于元古宇-太古宇不整合面附近,具有不整合脉型铀矿的特征,显示出该区不整合脉超大型铀矿床较好的找矿前景.虽然20世纪90年代曾在该区进行过此类型找矿工作,但由于战略调整而停止.随着我国"十五"期间核电迅猛发展对铀矿资源的需求,继续开展该类型铀矿床的找矿工作具有重要的现实意义.     

延吉盆地多期不整合面的形成及其油气地质意义

延吉盆地是一个后期改造较为强烈的断陷盆地。应用地震、地质、测井资料识别出延吉盆地中存在6个较大的不整合面,它们以角度不整合和超覆不整合2种类型为主。分析认为,燕山Ⅰ、Ⅱ幕运动形成了盆地雏形,燕山Ⅳ幕运动则使盆地回返,此期出现大量高岭石（40%）,表明其与大气水淋滤等有关。短暂沉降后（龙井组）,燕山运动晚期（Ⅴ幕）发生的又一次大规模以南北挤压为主的构造运动,导致南北两翼抬起幅度巨大,剥蚀厚度超过700 m,盆地中部剥蚀厚度大约为300 m。不整合面是划分三大构造层（前断陷期、断陷期、坳陷期）的依据。其早白垩世铜佛寺组和大砬子组间的整合关系利于油气的生成。不整合面既可改善储集体的渗透性,又是形成油气二次运移的良好通道。初步预测与不整合有关的油气藏（侵蚀残丘、地层超覆不整合、断层坡折）可作为下一步勘探的目标。     

有关贵州成矿研究中的几个问题讨论

很多矿产都产于不整合面及其附近，常见的有油气、金、铀、铅锌、铜、锑与铂族元素等，不整合面与成矿的关系值得深入研究。作认为，不整合面不仅是成矿热液运移的通道和储矿的空间，且是一种容易失稳的界面，在后期的构造活动演化过程中，常形成走向弯曲的拆离断层带和韧性与脆性变形并存的韧性剪切带，进而驱动矿液运移和沉淀。不整合面类型不同，矿体形态和产出特征也不同，不整合面附近多形成一些中低温热液矿床。清墟洞组是贵州铅锌、汞和铀矿的重要赋矿层位，其原因是该地层成矿元素丰度较高，地层上部有透水性低的“地球化学障”，下部有与断裂相通的“矿源层”，一般都沿深大断裂发育的背斜轴部出露。银厂坡矿床的地质地球化学特征与其附近的会泽的矿山厂、麒麟厂(超)大型铅锌矿床非常相似，预测其深部具有良好的找矿前景。     

准噶尔盆地不整合结构模式及半风化岩石的再成岩作用

由于风化剥蚀程度的不均一性及后期水进形成上覆岩石使得不整合纵向可分为三层结构:不整合面之上岩石、风化粘土层和半风化岩石。准噶尔盆地不整合面之上岩石类型主要包括底砾岩、水进砂体与煤层,它们的发育受控于构造运动强度、古气候、古地形及暴露时间,其中底砾岩分布最为广泛,而且孔渗性好,构成流体的良好运移通道。风化粘土层在上覆沉积物压实作用下岩性较致密,是一套良好的封盖层。半风化岩石类型有砂质岩类、泥质岩类和火山岩类,它们均能形成风化淋滤带,改善其孔隙结构,增大储集空间,其中火山岩岩溶作用较强,次生孔隙发育带最厚,砂质岩类次之,泥质岩类较差。     

The role of the thermal convection of fluids in the formation of unconformity-type uranium deposits: the Athabasca Basin,Canada

In the global production of uranium, ~18% belong to the unconformity-type Canadian deposits localized in the Athabasca Basin. These deposits, which are unique in terms of their ore quality, were primarily studied by Canadian and French scientists. They have elaborated the diagenetic–hydrothermal hypothesis of ore formation, which suggests that (1) the deposits were formed within a sedimentary basin near an unconformity surface dividing the folded Archean–Proterozoic metamorphic basement and a gently dipping sedimentary cover, which is not affected by metamorphism; (2) the spatial accommodation of the deposits is controlled by the rejuvenated faults in the basement at their exit into the overlying sedimentary sequence; the ore bodies are localized above and below the unconformity surface; (3) the occurrence of graphite-bearing rocks is an important factor in controlling the local structural mineralization; (4) the ore bodies are the products of uranium precipitation on a reducing barrier. The mechanism that drives the circulation of ore-forming hydrothermal solutions has remained one of the main unclear questions in the general genetic concept. The ore was deposited above the surface of the unconformity due to the upflow discharge of the solution from the fault zones into the overlying conglomerate and sandstone. The ore formation below this surface is a result of the downflow migration of the solutions along the fault zones from sandstone into the basement rocks. A thermal convective system with the conjugated convection cells in the basement and sedimentary fill of the basin may be a possible explanation of why the hydrotherms circulate in the opposite directions. The results of our computations in the model setting of the free thermal convection of fluids are consistent with the conceptual reasoning about the conditions of the formation of unique uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin. The calculated rates of the focused solution circulation through the fault zones in the upflow and downflow branches of a convection cell allow us to evaluate the time of ore formation up to the first hundreds of thousands years.     

Migration of brines in the basement rocks of the Athabasca Basin through microfracture networks (P-Patch U deposit,Canada)

The unconformity-type uranium deposits of the Athabasca Basin (Saskatchewan, Canada) are hosted near the unconformity between a middle Proterozoic intracratonic sedimentary basin and an Archean to Paleo-Proterozoic metamorphic and plutonic basement. These deposits, which are considered to be the richest U deposits in the world, are the result of massive basinal fluid migrations in the basement rocks.This study shows that basinal brines have strongly penetrated into the basement not only through faults and major pathways but also by way of dense networks of microfractures which favoured the percolation of fluids down to considerable depths (hundred metres below the unconformity) and their chemical modification (salinity increase) by interaction with basement lithologies. These processes are one of the major causes of uranium mobility within the basement rocks and the formation of unconformity-type mineralization.Microfracture networks, which opened during the basinal brine stage (ca. 1600–1400 Ma) are interpreted as sets of mode I cracks corresponding to a specific stage of deformation and occur as fluid inclusion planes after healing. The stress field at that stage (σ₁ = N130–150 °E, subvertical) partly reopened the earlier microcrack networks (σ₁ = N80–110 °E and N130–150 °E, subvertical) issued from the Trans-Hudson Orogeny late retrograde metamorphic stage (ca. 1795–1720 Ma). The circulation of the two types of fluids (carbonic and brines) occurs thus at two distinct events (Trans-Hudson Orogeny late retrograde metamorphism for carbonic fluids and maximal burial diagenesis for brines) but the same main microfissure geometry was used by the fluids. This demonstrates the existence of a similar stress field direction acting before and after the basin formation. Moreover, the brine circulations in the basement acted in a wider volume than the clay-rich alteration halo surrounding the U-ores, generally considered as the main envelope of fluid percolation outside the fault systems. The data on the chemistry of the fluids and on the geometry of their migration at various scales emphasise the fundamental role of the basement in the chemical evolution of highly saline brines linked to unconformity-related uranium mineralization in the Athabasca Basin.     

Role of hydrodynamic factors in controlling the formation and location of unconformity-related uranium deposits: insights from reactive-flow modeling

The role of hydrodynamic factors in controlling the formation and location of unconformity-related uranium (URU) deposits in sedimentary basins during tectonically quiet periods is investigated. A number of reactive-flow modeling experiments at the deposit scale were carried out by assigning different dip angles and directions to a fault and various permeabilities to hydrostratigraphic units). The results show that the fault dip angle and direction, and permeability of the hydrostratigraphic units govern the convection pattern, temperature distribution, and uranium mineralization. A vertical fault results in uranium mineralization at the bottom of the fault within the basement, while a dipping fault leads to precipitation of uraninite below the unconformity either away from or along the plane of the fault, depending on the fault permeability. A more permeable fault causes uraninite precipitates along the fault plane, whereas a less permeable one gives rise to the precipitation of uraninite away from it. No economic ore mineralization can form when either very low or very high permeabilities are assigned to the sandstone or basement suggesting that these units seem to have an optimal window of permeability for the formation of uranium deposits. Physicochemical parameters also exert an additional control in both the location and grade of URU deposits. These results indicate that the difference in size and grade of different URU deposits may result from variation in fluid flow pattern and physicochemical conditions, caused by the change in structural features and hydraulic properties of the stratigraphic units involved.     

巴音戈壁盆地砂岩型铀矿找矿新发现与意义

砂岩型铀矿是全球最重要的铀矿类型之一,一般以表生流体的氧化还原成矿作用为主。虽然在勘查中发现部分砂岩型铀矿中存在热液流体活动的痕迹,但热液流体与铀成矿之间的关系仍不明确。本研究以巴音戈壁盆地下白垩统巴音戈壁组下段底部砂质砾岩中新发现的铀矿化为研究对象,通过镜下鉴定、电子探针(EPMA)、铀含量、铀价态和微量元素分析等手段,研究了铀矿石的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征。结果显示,铀矿化产出于巴音戈壁组下段的紫红色砂岩中,与不整合界面及次级断层有关;铀呈分散状态分布在胶磷矿中,并伴生有方铅矿、闪锌矿等金属硫化物;微量元素分析显示矿石中Sr、Y、Mo、W和REE等显著富集,指示其形成与深部流体密切相关。研究认为,苏红图组玄武岩喷发形成的火山热液在上升过程中与地表大气降水混合形成弱酸性氧化流体,流体沿不整合和断层向上运移并不断萃取地层中的U和P,当其遇到上覆巴音戈壁组砂砾岩中的菱铁矿等还原物质时,形成酸碱度和氧化还原接触界面,进而诱发铀、磷的沉淀。本次在新层位发现的铀矿化拓宽了巴音戈壁盆地铀矿勘查的找矿空间和方向。     

Chemical brecciation processes in the Sue unconformity-type uranium deposits, Eastern Athabasca Basin (Canada)

Chemical brecciation in sandstone is common in many unconformity-type uranium deposits of the Athabasca Basin, and is expressed in some of them as ball zone breccia. Ball zones are composed of rounded argillized sandstone fragments, varying in size from several centimeters to 1 m, wrapped in a clay matrix. The Sue C open pit provided a unique opportunity to map and to study such ball zones. Here, they were up to 5 m wide with a 20–30 m vertical extension. They were mainly observed along a reverse fault controlling the Sue A and B uranium deposits, and were well developed at intersections with dextral NE-trending structures. Their maturity, characterized by the matrix percentage, increased toward the unconformity and at fault intersections. They are characterized by massive quartz dissolution, hematite leaching, (Ca,Sr,LREE)Al-phosphates crystallization and replacement of dickite by illite. Illite composition indicates formation temperatures of 240–280 °C, close to peak diagenesis conditions in the basin. Mass balance calculations show that V, K, Rb, B, LREE, Mg, Cr, Sr, U and Y were added and Si and Fe leached out with up to 85% volume loss.Ball zones were initiated by tectonic fracturing in sandstone during reverse faulting. Consecutive permeability increase induced basement fluid circulation in the sandstone with quartz dissolution along fractures. With a silica saturation of the fluid of 90%, a minimum fluid/rock ratio of 38,000 is obtained. The rounded morphologies of the breccia fragments are attributed to a diffusion-limited regime of dissolution. The resulting increase of clay content led to self-sealing of the hydrothermal system. Seismic reactivation may have been periodically rejuvenated the permeability. These processes seem to be coeval with the formation of structurally controlled high-grade unconformity-type uranium mineralization. Formation of the ball zones required probably more than 1 million years.     

Age and origin of uranium mineralization in the Camie River deposit (Otish Basin,Québec,Canada)

The Camie River uranium deposit is located in the southeastern part of the Paleoproterozoic Otish Basin (Québec). The uranium mineralization consists of disseminated and vein uraninite and brannerite precipitated close to the unconformity between Paleoproterozoic fluviatile, pervasively altered, sandstones and conglomerates of the Matoush Formation and the underlying sulfide-bearing graphitic schists of the Archean Hippocampe greenstone belt. Diagenetic orange/pink feldspathic alteration of the Matoush Formation consists of authigenic albite cement partly replaced by later orthoclase cement, with the Na₂O content of clastic rocks increasing with depth. Basin-wide green muscovite alteration affected both the Matoush Formation and the top of the basement Tichegami Group. Uraninite with minor brannerite is mainly hosted by subvertical reverse faults in basement graphitic metapelites ± sulfides and overlying sandstones and conglomerates. Uranium mineralization is associated with chlorite veins and alteration with temperatures near 320 °C, that are paragenetically late relative to the diagenetic feldspathic and muscovite alterations. Re-Os geochronology of molybdenite intergrown with uraninite yields an age of 1724.0 ± 4.9 Ma, whereas uraninite yields an identical, although slightly discordant, 1724 ± 29 Ma SIMS U-Pb age. Uraninite has high concentrations in REE with flat REE spectra resembling those of uraninite formed from metamorphic fluids, rather than the bell-shaped patterns typical of unconformity-related uraninite. Paragenesis and geochronology therefore show that the uranium mineralization formed approximately 440 million years after intrusion of the Otish Gabbro dykes and sills at ∼2176 Ma, which constrains the minimum age for the sedimentary host rocks. The post-diagenetic stage of uraninite after feldspathic and muscovite alterations, the paragenetic sequence and the brannerite-uraninite assemblage, the relatively high temperature for the mineralizing event (∼320 °C) following the diagenetic Na- and K-dominated alteration, lack of evidence for brines typical of unconformity-related U deposits, the older age of the Otish Basin compared to worldwide basins hosting unconformity-related uranium deposits, the large age difference between basin fill and mineralization, the older age of the uranium oxide compared to ages for worldwide unconformity-related U deposits, and the flat REE spectra of uraninite do not support the previous interpretation that the Camie River deposit is an unconformity-associated uranium deposit. Rather, the evidence is more consistent with a PaleoProterozoic, higher-temperature hydrothermal event at 1724 Ma, whose origin remains speculative.     

Geochronology of unconformity-related uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin,Saskatchewan, Canada and their integration in the evolution of the basin

The importance of geochronology in the study of mineral deposits in general, and of unconformity-type uranium deposits in particular, resides in the possibility to situate the critical ore-related processes in the context of the evolution of the physical and chemical conditions in the studied area. The present paper gives the results of laser step heating ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of metamorphic host-rock minerals, pre-ore and syn-ore alteration clay minerals, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS) U/Pb dating of uraninite from a number of basement- and sediment-hosted unconformity-related deposits in the Athabasca Basin, Canada. Post-peak metamorphic cooling during the Trans-Hudson Orogen of rocks from the basement occurred at ca 1,750 Ma and gives a maximum age for the formation of the overlying Athabasca Basin. Pre-ore alteration occurred simultaneously in both basement- and sandstone-hosted mineralizations at ca 1,675 Ma, as indicated by the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of pre-ore alteration illite and chlorite. The uranium mineralization age is ca 1,590 Ma, given by LA-ICP-MS U/Pb dating of uraninite and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of syn-ore illite, and is the same throughout the basin and in both basement- and sandstone-hosted deposits. The mineralization event, older than previously proposed, as well as several fluid circulation events that subsequently affected all minerals studied probably correspond to far-field, continent-wide tectonic events such as the metamorphic events in Wyoming and the Mazatzal Orogeny (ca 1.6 to 1.5 Ga), the Berthoud Orogeny (ca 1.4 Ga), the emplacement of the McKenzie mafic dyke swarms (ca 1.27 Ga), the Grenville Orogeny (ca 1.15 to 1 Ga), and the assemblage and break-up of Rodinia (ca 1 to 0.85 Ga). The results of the present work underline the importance of basin evolution between ca 1.75 Ga (basin formation) and ca 1.59 Ga (ore deposition) for understanding the conditions necessary for the formation of unconformity-type uranium deposits. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Thermal profiles inferred from fluid inclusion and illite geothermometry from sandstones of the Athabasca basin: Implications for fluid flow and unconformity-related uranium mineralization

The Proterozoic Athabasca basin and underlying basement host numerous unconformity-related uranium deposits that were formed from extensive fluid circulation near the basement-cover interface. Although it is generally agreed that the mineralizing fluids were basinal brines, it is still unclear what driving forces were responsible for the circulation of the basinal fluids. Because different fluid flow driving forces are associated with different thermal profiles, knowing the basin-scale distribution of paleo-fluid temperatures can help constrain the fluid flow mechanism. This study uses fluid inclusions entrapped in quartz overgrowths and authigenic illite in sandstones from three drill cores (WC-79-1, BL-08-01, and DV10-001) in the central part of the Athabasca basin as thermal indicators of paleo-fluids in the basin. A total of 342 fluid inclusions in quartz overgrowths were studied for microthermometry. The homogenization temperatures (T_h) range from 50° to 235 °C, recording the minimum temperatures in various diagenetic stages. Temperatures estimated from illite geothermometry (121 points) range from 212° to 298 °C, which are systematically higher than (partly overlapping) the T_h values, suggesting that illite was precipitated in hotter fluids following the formation of quartz overgrowths. Neither the fluid inclusion T_h values nor the illite temperatures show systematic increase with depth in individual drill cores. This, together with the high illite temperatures that cannot be explained by burial at a normal geothermal gradient (35 °C/km), is interpreted to indicate that basin-scale fluid convection took place during the diagenetic history of the basin. Prolonged fluid convection is inferred to be responsible for delivering uranium (extracted from the basin or the upper part of the basement) to the unconformity, where uranium mineralization took place due to redox reactions associated with fluid-rock interaction or structurally controlled fluid mixing.     

不整合面型矿床特征及云南绿春——江城一带找矿方向探讨

自从不整合面型矿床提出以来,尤其是在加拿大和澳大利亚等国相继发现了一大批与不整合面有关的超大型铀矿床后,在国内外寻找该类矿床取得了较大突破。不整合面型矿床以其规模大、品位富以及受不整合面上下盘地层中构造控制的特点,引起广大地质工作者的关注。在总结不整合面型矿床特征的基础上,进一步探讨不整合面型矿床形成机制,并对云南绿春-江城一带地质、矿化、蚀变和特定的中低温元素组合特征研究认为,该区具有寻找不整合面型矿床的前景。     

U redox fronts and kaolinisation in basement-hosted unconformity-related U ores of the Athabasca Basin (Canada): late U remobilisation by meteoric fluids

Proterozoic basement-hosted unconformity-related uranium deposits of the Athabasca Basin (Saskatchewan, Canada) were affected by significant uranium redistribution along oxidation–reduction redox fronts related to cold and late meteoric fluid infiltration. These redox fronts exhibit the same mineralogical and geochemical features as the well-studied uranium roll-front deposits in siliclastic rocks. The primary hydrothermal uranium mineralisation (1.6–1.3 Ga) of basement-hosted deposits is strongly reworked to new disseminated ores comprising three distinctly coloured zones: a white-green zone corresponding to the previous clay-rich alteration halo contemporaneous with hydrothermal ores, a uranium front corresponding to the uranium deposition zone of the redox front (brownish zone, rich in goethite) and a hematite-rich red zone marking the front progression. The three zones directly reflect the mineralogical zonation related to uranium oxides (pitchblende), sulphides, iron minerals (hematite and goethite) and alumino-phosphate-sulphate (APS) minerals. The zoning can be explained by processes of dissolution–precipitation along a redox interface and was produced by the infiltration of cold (<50°C) meteoric fluids to the hydrothermally altered areas. U, Fe, Ca, Pb, S, REE, V, Y, W, Mo and Se were the main mobile elements in this process, and their distribution within the three zones was, for most of them, directly dependent on their redox potential. The elements concentrated in the redox fronts were sourced by the alteration of previously crystallised hydrothermal minerals, such as uranium oxides and light rare earth element (LREE)-rich APS. The uranium oxides from the redox front are characterised by LREE-enriched patterns, which differ from those of unconformity-related ores and clearly demonstrate their distinct conditions of formation. Uranium redox front formation is thought to be linked to fluid circulation episodes initiated during the 400–300 Ma period during uplift and erosion of the Athabasca Basin when it was near the Equator and to have been still active during the last million years. A major kaolinisation event was caused by changes in the fluid circulation regime, reworking the primary uranium redox fronts and causing the redistribution of elements originally concentrated in the uranium-enriched meteoric-related redox fronts.