甘肃礼岷金矿田的中继构造及其控矿作用

对甘肃礼岷金矿田控矿断裂的组合形式和力学性质的分析表明具有中继构造的模式，矿体为正断层带，呈不连续的错位排列，错位矿体的排列型式受基底构造控制，矿体的构造变形较弱，显示了断层带发展初期的特征。矿体在深部有规模扩大的趋势，与控矿断裂从深部向浅部的扩展顺序有关，这是岩体接触带构造环境和矿液压裂作用的结果。     

安徽东至查册桥金矿断裂构造型式、控岩控矿和区域构造意义

查册桥金矿是近年在安徽省东至县发现的具一定规模的金矿床,矿床的形成与燕山期强烈的构造岩浆活动有密切的时空和成因联系。我们通过金矿勘查及专题研究,对区内的主要断裂构造进行了划分,对可观测的主要断裂构造基本特征、形成与演化、相互关系及控岩控矿作用进行较系统的研究,初步认为,区内主要断裂构造在印支期前构造基础上经印支期和燕山期强烈的构造活动形成,记录了江南过渡带北缘中生代构造转换的过程;区内断裂构造具重要的控岩控矿作用,其中高坦断裂控制了东西向构造岩浆岩带,兰程畈断层带控制了北东向构造岩浆岩带,区内的矿体多受O/S界面逆冲推(滑)覆断裂、花山洋湖断层带和北东向断层带控制,并主要赋存于其断层破碎带及次级断裂构造破碎带内。同时对区内高坦断裂表现形式、形成机制、与其他构造的关系及本区和区域控岩控矿作用进行了探讨,建立了区内主要断裂的形成模型。     

安徽休宁—歙县东南部地区金多金属矿控矿构造研究

通过分析皖南休宁天井山金矿床和小贺铅锌矿床的构造控矿因素,认为燕山晚期花岗岩和北东向断裂是安徽休宁—歙县东南部地区金多金属矿形成最重要的控矿因素。歙县南源口和休宁桃溪两个地段的构造分析表明,该区中生代以来至少经历四期构造变形,其中早期向北西的逆冲推覆和北—北东向左行平移断层是成矿前构造;燕山晚期北东向高角度正断层控制燕山晚期花岗岩类侵入和成矿,是成矿期构造;随后的右行平移断层为成矿后构造。     

夏塞银铅锌矿床控矿断裂构造及矿体定位机制

义敦岛弧中段夏塞地区发育多个由断裂破碎带控制的大、中型岩浆热液脉状多金属矿床,这些矿床具有极其相似的地质背景,形成于相同的断裂构造体系。本文选取夏塞银铅锌矿床进行控矿断裂特征调查、断裂构造序次和成矿应力场分析及矿体定位机制研究,以期为该地区热液矿床的下一步找矿工作提供理论依据。对该矿床成矿地质背景及控矿断裂构造的综合研究表明:(1)矿区NNW向控矿断裂具有多期活动且成矿阶段断裂性质为左行正断层;(2)矿体定位于德格-乡城断裂和德莱-定曲断裂(Ⅰ)的次级断裂(Ⅱ)所派生的NNW向更次级的结构面(Ⅲ)中;(3)矿区NNW向断裂控制着矿化局部富集空间、矿脉展布型式及矿体的产出。     

毛坪铅锌矿构造控矿及找矿方向

本文着重研究毛坪铅锌矿的构造控矿特征，认为猫猫山倒转背斜是NW—SE向构造应力作用的产物。矿床伴随褶皱的演化而形成。“多字型”构造是矿区主要控矿构造型式，NE向毛坪断裂是矿床的主要导矿构造，倒转背斜NW翼层问压扭性断裂是主要容矿构造。在此基础上，提出该区的找矿方向。     

徐沛煤田控煤构造特征及成因分析

徐沛煤田石炭—二叠纪成煤以来,经过多期次构造运动,对煤系的赋存产生较大影响。利用徐沛地区近年来最新的地震、钻探等勘查成果,运用板块构造学和地质力学的观点,对区内控煤构造特征及其演化进行了探讨。分析认为,本区的控煤构造在空间上呈现出一定的规律性:丰沛区以伸展型和平移走滑型控煤构造样式为主,九里山区和贾汪区以压缩型控煤构造样式为主;近东西向掀斜断块的形成是印支期挤压运动和喜马拉雅期拉张运动的结果,走向近南北的右旋平移走滑断裂形成于新近纪以来右旋压剪性活动,构造面向NW倾的褶皱-逆断层构造型式形成于印支期NW-SE挤压力的作用,构造面向SE倾的褶皱-逆断层构造型式则形成于燕山期SE-NW挤压力的作用。     

伸展盆地区断裂构造特征与成因

近十年来断裂构造研究进展迅速，研究思路发生了重大转变，强调应变与应力在断裂形成过程中的同等重要性。重点论述了断裂位移特征及影响因素，断裂位移在断层中部最大，端部最小至零，具有与断层规模无关的特征，但它受断裂分段、连接、近端过程等影响而发生变化。位移作为应变的结果，控制着横向褶皱的形成和分布、沉积中心的迁移(断裂单侧扩展时)或沉积位置不变但范围扩大(断裂双侧扩展时)以及沉积充填结构等。探讨了断裂三维几何形态分类及断裂形成与形态的控制因素：深部与浅部耦合(基底构造的活化与沉积盖层的响应)，建造与改造的耦合，边界条件与构造应力场，沉积压实和埋藏作用等。提出了断裂分级和组合规律，总体上伸展区断裂可分五级，一级控盆，二级控坳，三级控带，四级控圈，五级复杂化；不同级别的断裂三维组合规律可分为软连接组合和硬连接组合。伸展区断裂生长史可划分为成核、扩展、释压、连接、消亡和活化6个阶段。     

苏北盆地金湖凹陷西斜坡构造特征及构造演化

基于苏北盆地金湖凹陷的地质及地球物理资料,根据区域构造演化背景和剖面,描述了该凹陷的构造特征,讨论了该凹陷西斜坡构造演化阶段,并探讨了其构造演化特征。结果表明：金湖凹陷西斜坡地区断裂构造发育,大部分断层弧形弯曲,断层以小级别断层为主,断层组合以拉张型为主,断块圈闭发育;西斜坡在新生代期间的构造演化可划分为斜坡发育阶段（古新世阜宁期）、差异抬升阶段（始新世戴南期一三垛期）、逆冲褶断阶段（始新世三垛期末）、构造稳定阶段（新近纪和第四纪）等4个阶段;新生代构造活动强弱交替,断层活动差异性明显,古新世阜宁期和始新世三垛期断层活动规模和活动强度较大,新生代整体持续西抬东降,有利于聚集来自斜坡东部深部凹陷的油气形成油气藏。     

渤海辽东湾坳陷金县构造变换带发育特征

根据地震资料和断层的位移－距离曲线,对辽东湾坳陷中部金县构造变换带的发育特征进行了分析。金县构造是一个发育在走滑断层叠置段内的大型含油气构造,属于郯庐走滑断裂带组成部分的辽中1号断裂带的两条分段断裂在金县地区发生相互作用和叠置,形成了在平面上呈菱形展布的走滑双重构造。菱形断块体同时也传递了分段断层的位移量,使其在空间上保持守恒,从而形成了金县斜向背斜型构造变换带。金县构造变换带的形成演化主要经历了孤立断层发育、变换带初始形成、变换带复杂化和变换带破裂4个阶段。针对渤海地区不同类型构造变换带进行深入分析,对指导油气勘探具有重要意义。     

滇西保山金厂河铜锌铁矿区构造演化过程及其成矿/控矿作用

金厂河矽卡岩型铜锌铁多金属矿床,位于三江构造带保山地块北部,其展布受地层与褶皱-断层构造系统共同控制。本文对矿区地表外围以及深部坑道出露的构造进行详细研究,分析构造变形作用过程,总结构造成矿/控矿规律。研究表明,矿区至少经历五期构造变形过程:第一期SN向正断层为先存导矿构造,控制了矿床的基本空间分布;第二期SN向纵弯褶皱及NE、NW向共轭断层,是成矿期控矿构造,直接控制了成矿流体贯入和聚集沉淀;第三期为NE-SW向断褶带,区域挤压隆升,矿体被改造并抬升至浅部;第四期NW向褶皱与第二期褶皱横跨叠加,形成穹窿构造;第五期为NW向阶梯式左行正断层,破坏矿体连续性。成矿过程中,硅钙面为后生矿床层状就位提供赋存条件,断层是矿液运移聚集的重要通道,背斜核部及西翼是矿体主要容矿空间,断层泥、泥岩层、断层上盘及辉绿岩等不透水层共同组成矿液圈闭。     

碳酸盐岩内断裂带结构及其与油气成藏

以野外观察描述为手段,系统研究了碳酸盐岩断裂变形机制的影响因素及断裂带结构演化过程,剖析了碳酸盐岩地层中断裂带结构与流体运移的关系。研究表明,影响碳酸盐岩内断裂变形机制的因素包括岩性、孔隙度、变形深度、温度、胶结作用、先存裂缝等,控制断裂带结构形成的因素包括滑动位移和破裂模式等。低孔隙度碳酸盐岩以裂缝发育为主,高孔隙度碳酸盐岩变形早期产生变形带,带内裂缝联接逐渐发育成断层带。随着埋藏深度的增加,断裂带结构不同：埋藏深度小于3 km,断层核主要发育无内聚力的断层角砾岩和断层泥;埋藏深度大于3 km,断层核普遍发育有内聚力的断层角砾岩和碎裂岩,破碎带发育多种成因的裂缝。随着位移的增加,破裂模式从早期的破裂作用变为后期的碎裂作用,最终形成碎裂流。断裂带演化是一个四维过程,断层核和破碎带发育情况直接影响断层对油气的运移和封闭的作用。断裂变形机制、断裂带内部结构以及与流体运移关系的研究,都可为封闭性提供重要的理论依据。     

伸展盆地的转换斜坡:控制储层发育与烃类运聚的重要构造单元

转换斜坡是指两条倾向相同并在走向上叠覆的正断层之间的强烈旋转地带.此定义自20世纪50年代提出以来,尤其是在20世纪90年代后得到了深入的研究.转换斜坡是伸展盆地中传递带的一种类型,对储层沉积和烃类运聚具有重要意义.基于正断层的生长机制形成的转换斜坡具有显著的位移和演化特征,虽成因相似但规模悬殊.由于转换斜坡部位较小的...     

Field evidence for normal fault linkage and relay ramp evolution: the Kırkağaç Fault Zone,western Anatolia (Turkey)

Linking of normal faults forms at all scales as a relay ramp during growth stages and represents the most efficient way for faults to lengthen during their progressive formation. Here, I study the linking of normal faulting along the active K?rka?aç Fault Zone within the west Anatolian extensional system to reconstruct fault interaction in time and space using both field- and computer-based data. I find that (i) connecting of the relay zone/ramp occurred with two breaching faults of different generations and that (ii) the propagation was facilitated by the presence of pre-existing structures, inherited from the ?zmir-Bal?kesir transfer zone. Hence, the linkage cannot be compared directly to a simple fault growth model. Therefore, I propose a combined scenario of both hangingwall and footwall fault propagation mechanisms that explain the present-day geometry of the composite fault line. The computer-based analyses show that the approximate slip rate is 0.38 mm/year during the Quaternary, and a NE–SW-directed extension is mainly responsible for the recent faulting along the K?rka?aç Fault Zone. The proposed structural scenario also highlights the active fault termination and should be considered in future seismic hazard assessments for the region that includes densely populated settlements.     

Normal fault corrugation: implications for growth and seismicity of active normal faults

Large normal faults are corrugated. Corrugations appear to form from overlapping or en échelon fault arrays by two breakthrough mechanisms: lateral propagation of curved fault-tips and linkage by connecting faults. Both mechanisms include localized fault-parallel extension and eventual abandonment of relay ramps. These breakthrough mechanisms produce distinctive hanging wall and footwall geometries indicative of fault system evolution. From such geometries, we can estimate the positions of tilted relay ramps or ramp segments and ramp internal deformation in incompletely exposed or poorly imaged fault systems. We examine the evolution of normal fault corrugations at Fish Slough (California), Yucca Mountain (Nevada), and Pleasant Valley (Nevada), in the Basin and Range province. We discuss how evolution of the Pleasant Valley and Yucca Mountain systems relates to seismicity. For example, the 1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake produced four en échelon ruptures that appeared as overlapping segments of a single immature fault at depth. At Yucca Mountain, we argue that an en échelon array, which includes the Solitario Canyon and Iron Ridge faults, should be considered a single source, such that western Yucca Mountain could experience up to a M_w 6.9 earthquake compared to M_w 6.6 estimates for the largest individual segment.     

伸展域构造变换带内部构造类型研究

分别从传递带和调节带两个方面论述了构造变换带内的构造类型，将传递带内的构造类型分为传递断层等四种类型，将调节带内的构造类型划分为背斜等四种类型。分析了传递带与调节带内各构造类型的发育条件、几何形态特征以及它们之间的相互关系。研究认为，传递带和调节带内的构造类型主要取决于其发育位置处的构造背景及边界控制条件。     

Oblique slip and the geometry of normal-fault linkage: mechanics and a case study from the Basin and Range in Oregon

Map patterns of normal fault linkages near Summer Lake, Oregon, show a systematic relationship between échelon step-sense, oblique-slip sense, and the position of linking faults. Where the step sense is the same as the sense of oblique slip (e.g. left step and left-oblique slip), the faults are linked in the lower part of their relay ramp. Where the step-sense and slip-sense are opposite (e.g. left-step and right-oblique slip), the faults are linked in the upper part of the ramp. A boundary-element code is used to calculate the stress field around échelon normal faults during oblique slip, and the model results reveal a relationship similar to the field observations. If step sense and oblique-slip sense are the same, there is a greater potential for deformation ahead of the tip of the front fault and in the lower part of the ramp. If step sense and oblique-slip sense are opposite, there is a greater potential for deformation ahead of the tip of the rear fault and in the upper part of the ramp. The field-model comparison confirms that oblique slip modifies the mechanical interaction among fault segments and thus influences fault growth and the geometry of fault linkage.     

New insights into the structure and evolution of the Isle of Wight Monocline

High quality seismic reflection data acquired during hydrocarbon exploration activities provide evidence for the subsurface structure and evolution of one of England's most well known structures at outcrop: the Isle of Wight Monocline. It is generally seen as a major northerly verging monoclinal structure linked to the Purbeck Monocline to the west. The Isle of Wight Monocline is the result of the interplay between two inverted east-west trending, southerly dipping and overlapping down-to-the-south major syndepositional normal faults that were active during Triassic and Jurassic times: the Needles and Sandown faults. The area between the two faults tips forms an easterly-dipping relay ramp, down which sequences of all ages thicken. Both of these major normal faults were inverted during Cenozoic (Miocene: Alpine) compressional events, folding the overlying post-rift sequences of early Cretaceous to early Cenozoic (Palaeogene) age. Interpretation of the seismic reflection data suggest that previously unknown high angle, down-to-the-north reverse faults cut the northern limbs of both anticlines forming the composite monocline and are likely to come to crop in the steeply-dipping Chalk and/or the drift-covered Cenozoic sequences. Their identification marked a period of discussions and testing of the model by detailed field mapping. The existence and location of such faulting was proved through an iterative process with the result that a reverse fault zone is now mapped along the northern limb of the northern Sandown Anticline section of the Monocline. The main reverse faults on the Brighstone and Sandown anticlines result in up to circa 550 m of displacement at top Chalk level. It is thought that a series of smaller footwall short-cut faults affect the Cenozoic strata to the north of the main reverse fault, producing up-faulted sections of flatter-lying Cenozoic strata. Reverse displacements and the severity of folding on the inverted faults decreases on each fault segment in a complementary fashion in the area of the relay ramp as one fault takes up the movement at the expense of the other. The swing in strike of the Chalk in the area of shallowly dipping strata between Calbourne and Garstons is a result of deformation of the post-rift sequences across the relay ramp established between the overlapping fault tips of the Needles and Sandown faults and the interaction of the folds developed at the tips of the reverse faults.     

Three‐dimensional Evolutionary Models of the Qiongxi Structures,Southwestern Sichuan Basin,China: Evidence from Seismic Interpretation and Geomorphology

Fold terminations are key features in the study of compressional fault-related folds. Such terminations could be due to loss of displacement on the thrust fault or/and forming a lateral or oblique ramp. Thus, high-quality seismic data would help unambiguously define which mechanism should be responsible for the termination of a given fault-related fold. The Qiongxi and Qiongxinan structures in the Sichuan Basin, China are examples of natural fault-propagation folds that possess a northern termination and a structural saddle between them. The folds/fault geometry and along-strike displacement variations are constrained by the industry 3-D seismic volume. We interpret that the plunge of the fold near the northern termination and the structural saddle are due to the loss of displacement along strike. The fault geometry associated with the northern termination changes from a flat-ramp at the crest of the Qiongxinan structure, where displacement is the greatest, to simply a ramp near the northern tip of the Qiongxi structure, without forming a lateral or oblique ramp. In this study, we also use the drainage pattern, embryonic structure preserved in the crest of the Qiongxinan structure and the assumption that displacement along a fault is proportional to the duration of thrusting to propose a model for the lateral propagation of the Qiongxinan and Qiongxi structures. Specifically, we suggest that the structure first initiated as an isolated fault ramp within brittle units. With increased shortening, the fault grows to link with lower detachments in weaker shale units to create a hybridized fault-propagation fold. Our model suggests a possible explanation for the lateral propagation history of the Qiongxinan and Qiongxi structures, and also provides an alternative approach to confirming the activity of the previous Pingluoba structure in the southwestern Sichuan Basin in the late Cenozoic.     

A linkage criterion for segmented normal faults

A detailed field study of 39 centimetre- to metre-scale relay ramps from two outcrops was performed to investigate the development of a linkage criterion for segmented normal faults. We analysed the displacement distribution and the geometry of fault arrays containing three types of relay ramp: open, linked, and fully breached, in order to identify which parameters are relevant to fault linkage, and to establish a linkage criterion. Each relay ramp geometry has a specific graphical field on a relay displacement–separation diagram. The field including all the linked geometries (initiation of linkage) separates open and fully breached relay ramps and is interpreted as a value of relay displacement to separation ratio for which faults link during their overlap. A ‘linkage threshold’, in each studied fault system, is defined as the best-fit linear trend of linked relays. We discuss the scaling and the variability of the linkage criterion using published datasets from a wide variety of settings and scales. The observed linkage threshold is linear, with a slope value varying less than one order of magnitude. This suggests that linking relay ramps have self-similar geometries from centimetre- to kilometre-scale and that normal fault linkage is governed by similar fault interaction across a broad range of scales. The linkage criterion, which can be an effective tool to estimate relay ramp geometry at depth or at the earth surface, could therefore be used to improve investigations in determining fluid entrapment or in the evaluation of potential surface of seismic ruptures.     

Sandbox models of relay ramp structure and evolution

Relay ramps are a common feature formed during the growth of normal fault systems. We performed analogue experiments to investigate the structure and evolution of relay ramps. An extending rubber sheet induces extension at the base of a sand pack (brittle crust analogue). Silicone bars between the rubber and the sand control the location of fault nucleation. We tested the role of fault spacing, fault length, overlap length and fault strike in the evolution of relay ramps. The modelled relay ramps evolved in three stages, characterized by the growth of the normal faults, their interaction and linkage. Interaction and linkage occurred only when the combined length of the two interacting faults was larger than eight times their spacing. The length to width ratio of the relay ramps during the interaction stage showed preferred geometries, clustering around three. The propagation of the fault tips was observed both before and after the linkage stage. Overlap length and spacing relations of the modelled relay ramps are similar to those in nature, at different scales, and can be explained using existing mechanical models. Nevertheless, the further propagation of the fault tips after linkage has not been described previously.