不同降水方案对"03.7"一次暴雨过程模拟的影响

观测和数值模拟研究已经表明,潜热释放对中国东部夏季梅雨锋系统及其锋面降水的维持和发展发挥着非常重要的作用.然而,目前对于梅雨锋降水模拟中各种降水方案的相互协调和系统评估方面的工作仍不多见,为了增进对梅雨锋暴雨模拟中降水过程的认识,作者针对2003年7月4～5日一次梅雨锋暴雨过程,构造了四组试验,利用MM5模式考察了两种分辨率(36 km、12 km),各种隐/显式方案搭配下,对所生成的雨带、雨量和降水类型的配置进行了仔细的研究,得到了一些有意义的结论,为今后更好地使用模式、利用数值模式来认识中尺度降水过程中的气象问题打下基础.主要结论包括:模拟总降水的水平分布和强度,以及显式降水和隐式降水的划分对积云参数化方案的选择非常敏感.但对特定积云参数化方案而言,降水的模拟对36 km、12 km水平分辨率不敏感(除Betts-Miller方案外);在中尺度网格分辨率10～50 km范围内,不同积云参数化方案对梅雨锋降水分布和降水量模拟的影响比不同显式方案带来的变化大得多.     

短期集合预报技术在梅雨降水预报中的试验研究

数值预报的误差来源于初始场和模式的误差,集合预报技术是减小这些误差的有效方法。该文以MM5模式作为试验模式框架,模式的积云参数化方案分别取Anthes-Kuo、Grell、Kain-Fritsch和Betts-Miller方案,边界层参数化方案分别取MRF和Eta方案,通过组合4种积云参数化方案和两种边界层参数化方案产生8个集合成员,对1999年华东地区梅雨期间3个降水个例进行48 h集合预报试验。结果显示不同集合成员的预报结果各不相同,积云参数化方案对降水的影响比边界层参数化方案对降水的影响大;不同集合成员预报降水的偏差也各不相同,大多存在湿偏差,量级小的降水的湿偏差程度比量级大的降水的湿偏差程度小;对于不同个例,各成员中预报效果相对较好的成员是不同的,集合平均后可以得到一个比较稳定的预报结果;从集合预报结果中还能得到客观化和定量化的降水概率预报,它能对可能发生的天气现象发出信号。     

不同物理过程参数化方案对梅雨锋暴雨的敏感性试验

以2005年7月上旬江淮流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨为研究对象,选取WRF模式中Lin和Ferrier两个微物理方案和KF、NKF、Betts-Miller-Janjic三个积云参数化方案,经过组合得到6组方案,进行两重网格嵌套模拟,对数值模拟结果进行分析比较。通过分析得出如下结论：6个方案均能模拟出降水雨带的走向、降水中心,其中Ferri-er和NKF方案及Ferrier和Betts-Miller-Janjic方案模拟的降水强度和分布与实况最接近;在模拟降水量时采用微物理方案Ferrier初始阶段效果好,采用微物理方案Lin在后期效果好;当微物理方案相同时,积云对流参数化方案的变化对垂直速度、假相当位温、相对比湿的反映敏感;粗网格采用一定的积云对流参数化后,可一定程度再现α中尺度特征。     

形成2015年浙江省梅汛期暴雨的控制环流及梅雨锋结构

本文利用NCEP/NCAR全球再分析逐日资料、地面观测资料和自动站降水资料,在分析了2015年浙江省梅汛期强降水特征、水汽输送和局地环流的基础上,从西南季风进退、副热带高压、南亚高压及西风带波动等方面对2015年形成梅汛期暴雨的控制环流进行了分析。结果表明：2015年整个浙江省梅汛期降水量较常年显著偏多,浙江中部地区降水量比历史同期偏多接近一倍。丰沛的水汽从孟加拉湾经中南半岛向东输送,与西太平洋副热带高压西侧的西南气流相合并,在梅雨锋南侧形成异常辐合,为强降水提供了水汽条件。这次持续强降水由三次强降水过程构成并由西风辐合型锋生引起。第二次强降水过程中大气强对流性不稳定利于梅雨锋上中尺度对流系统发展,导致强降水呈现明显的局地性。而第一次和第三次过程中梅雨带附近大气基本处于对流稳定或中性,以斜压性降水为主。在对流层低层,副高较常年偏东偏南,其西北侧西南暖湿气流与北侧冷空气交汇于浙江省,利于梅汛期强降水集中期的出现。在对流层上层的南亚高压较常年位置偏东,其北侧的西风急流强度偏强,东亚急流核入口区右侧的强辐散利于造成强烈的上升运动。在对流层中层,贝加尔湖阻高的东侧有明显的波动能量向东向南传播并在长江中下游积聚,利于浙江地区扰动的维持,形成持续稳定的梅雨锋和中低空切变线,造成梅雨强降水过程的持续。2015年春夏季热带中东太平洋海温正异常分布有利于梅汛期降水偏多的异常环流的形成。     

湖北省夏季不同阶段强降水及其大气低频特征

利用1961-2014年湖北省68站逐日降水资料和美国国家海洋和大气管理局环流资料,对比分析了湖北省夏季梅雨期和盛夏期低频强降水事件的基本特征、大气环流形势和低频信号传播特征。结果表明:(1)湖北省夏季降水存在显著的准双周低频周期。(2)相较于盛夏期,梅雨期低频强降水事件次数多,强度强。(3)梅雨期和盛夏期低频强降水事件发生期间的环流形势有着显著的差异。梅雨期,对流层中层东亚沿岸为南北向的波列分布,低层受强索马里越赤道气流和副热带高压外围西南气流共同影响,水汽条件好,东亚存在鞍型场,流场变形,利于形成中尺度气旋系统;盛夏期,对流层中层为欧亚波列分布,低层索马里越赤道气流弱,主要受副热带高压外围水汽输送的影响,日本海以西地区有一异常气旋,其西侧的偏北气流与暖湿气流在30°N附近交汇维持。(4)在强降水事件发生前后,对流层低层的低频正涡度传播特征有较大差异,在梅雨期表现为驻波特征,盛夏期传播更为明显,表现为向西、向南向北传播。     

The Vertical Structures of Atmospheric Temperature Anomalies Associated with El Nio Simulated by the LASG/IAP AGCM： Sensitivity to Convection Schemes

The vertical structures of atmospheric temperature anomalies associated with El Nio are simulated with a spectrum atmospheric general circulation model developed by LASG/IAP (SAMIL). Sensitivity of the model’s response to convection scheme is discussed. Two convection schemes, i.e., the revised Zhang and Macfarlane (RZM) and Tiedtke (TDK) convection schemes, are employed in two sets of AMIP-type (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) SAMIL simulations, respectively. Despite some deficiencies in the up...     

不同微物理方案对一次梅雨锋暴雨过程模拟的影响

中尺度模式中描述湿物理过程的方案主要有对流参数化方案和云微物理方案,当网格距达到可以分辨积云对流尺度时,云微物理方案对描述云和降水物理过程的作用将变得更为重要.利用GRAPES高分辨率中尺度数值模式对2007年7月7-9日中国梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,从降水量、雷达回波、水成物分布方面结合观测资料,分析了NCFP简...     

积云参数化方案对热带降水年循环模态模拟的影响

本文利用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室( LASG)发展的大气环流模式(SAMIL),采用Zhang-McFarlane (ZM)和Tiedtke (TDK)两种积云对流参数化方案,讨论了积云对流参数化方案对热带降水年循环模态模拟的影响.结果表明,两种积云对流参数化方案均能合理再现...     

Improvements in Climate Simulation with Modifications to the Tiedtke Convective Parameterization in the Grid-Point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG （GAMIL）

The grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG （GAMIL） was developed in and has been evaluated since early 2004. Although the model shows its ability in simulating the global climate, it suffers from some problems in simulating precipitation in the tropics. These biases seem to result mainly from the treatment of the subgrid scale convection, which is parameterized with Tiedtke＇s massflux scheme （or the Zhang-McFarlane scheme, as an option） in the model. In order to reduce the systematic biases, several modifications were made to the Tiedtke scheme used in GAMIL, including （1） an increase in lateral convective entrainment/detrainment rate for shallow convection, （2） inclusion of a relative humidity threshold for the triggering of deep convection, and （3） a reduced efficiency for the conversion of cloud water to rainwater in the convection scheme.
Two experiments, one with the original Tiedtke scheme used in GAMIL and the other with the modified scheme, were conducted to evaluate the performance of the modified scheme in this study. The results show that both the climatological mean state, such as precipitation, temperature and specific humidity, and interannual variability in the model simulation are improved with the use of this modified scheme. Results from several additional experiments show that the improvements in the model performance in different regions mainly result from either the introduction of the relative humidity threshold for triggering of the deep convection or the suppressed shallow convection due to enhanced lateral convective entrainment/detrainment rates.     

The MJO in an AGCM with three different cumulus parameterization schemes

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is simulated using an AGCM with three different cumulus parameterization schemes: a moist convective adjustment (MCA) scheme, the Zhang–McFarlane (ZM) mass-flux scheme, and the Tiedtke scheme. Results show that the simulated MJO is highly dependent on the cumulus parameterization used. Among the three cumulus parameterizations, only the MCA scheme produces MJO features similar to observations, including the reasonable spatial distribution, intraseasonal time scales and eastward propagation. Meanwhile, the amplitude is too large and the eastward propagation speed too fast than observations and the relationship between precipitation and low-level wind anomaly is unrealistic with enhanced convection occurring within easterly anomalies instead of westerly anomalies as in observations. The over-dependence of precipitation on boundary convergence produced by the MCA scheme is presumably responsible for this unrealistic phase relation in the simulation. The other two schemes produce very poor simulations of the MJO: spectral power of westward propagation is larger than that of eastward propagation in zonal wind and precipitation, indicating a westward propagation of the intraseasonal variability.The mean state and vertical profile of diabatic heating are perhaps responsible for the differences in these simulations. The MCA scheme produces relatively realistic climate background. When either ZM or Tiedtke scheme is used, the observed extension of westerly winds from the western Pacific to the dateline is missing and precipitation over the equatorial region and SPCZ is dramatically underestimated. In addition, diabatic heating produced by both ZM and Tiedtke schemes are very weak and nearly uniform with height. The heating profile produced by the MCA scheme has a middle-heavy structure with much larger magnitude than those produced by the other two schemes. In addition, a very unrealistic boundary layer heating maximum produced by the MCA scheme induces too strong surface convergence, which perhaps contributes to the too strong intraseasonal variability in the simulation.     

Sensitivity of the Simulated Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation to Cumulus Parameterizations

The sensitivity of the simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillation or MJO (Madden and Julian oscilla tion)to different cumulus parameterizations is studied by using an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM)-SAMIL(Spectral Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG).Results show that performance of the model in simulating the MJO alters widely when using two different cumulus parameterization schemes-the moist convective adjustment scheme(MCA)and the Zhang-McFarlane(ZM)scheme.MJO simulated by the MCA scheme was found to be more realistic than that simulated by the ZM scheme.MJO produced by the ZM scheme is too weak and shows little propagation characteristics.Weak moisture convergence at low levels simulated by the ZM scheme is not enough to maintain the structure and the eastward propagation of the oscillation.These two cumulus schemes produced different vertical structures of the heating profile.The heating profile produced by the ZM scheme is nearly uniform with height and the heating is too weak compared to that produced by the MCA,which maybe contributes greatly to the failure of simulating a reasonable MJO.Comparing the simulated MJO by these two schemes indicate that the MJO simulated by the GCM is highly sensitive to cumulus parameterizations implanted in.The diabatic heating profile plays an important role in the performance of the GCM.Three sensitivity experiments with different heating profiles are designed in which modified heating profiles peak respectively in the upper troposphere(UH), middle troposphere(MH),and lower troposphere(LH).Both the LH run and the MH run produce eastward propagating signals on the intraseasonal timescale,while it is interesting that the intraseasonal timescale signals produced by the UH run propagate westward.It indicates that a realistic intraseasonal oscillation is more prone to be excited when the maximum heating concentrates in the middle-low levels,especially in the middle levels,while westward propagating disturbances axe more prone to be produced when the maximum heating appears very high.     

基于WRF的积云对流参数化方案对中国夏季降水预报的影响研究

为了研究WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）中尺度模式中积云对流参数化方案对夏季降水预报的影响,基于水平分辨率为9 km的WRF模式,采用Kain-Fritsch（KF）、尺度适应的KF、Tiedtke、new Tiedtke和尺度适应的new Tiedtke方案等5种积云对流参数化方案对中国2019年6—8月的降水进行了模拟。结果表明,两种尺度适应方案对夏季平均降水的量级和落区的预报比原方案（KF方案和new Tiedtke方案）更优,且能正确预报北方和南方的降水峰值时间。而Tiedtke方案、new Tiedtke方案和KF方案均提前了降水峰值时间。在降水的概率分布方面,相比原始的KF和new Tiedtke方案,其尺度适应方案降低（提高）了中小（大）量级降水的频率,模拟的50 mm/d量级以下的降水频次相对更接近观测,但高估了50 mm/d量级以上的降水频次。进一步对比5种方案的次网格积云降水与网格可分辨微物理降水对总降水的贡献,KF和new Tiedtke方案试验中总降水主要由积云降水主导,而Tiedtke方案和两种方案的尺度适应版本则由微物理过程降水主导。随着降水率的增大,尺度适应的KF方案和尺度适应的new Tiedtke方案中积云降水占比迅速减小到30%以下,对50 mm/d量级以上的降水,积云降水占比低于15%。而KF方案在25 mm/d量级以下的降水中,随着降水率的增大积云降水占比反而提高。统计评分表明,尺度适应KF方案和尺度适应new Tiedtke方案有助于减少小量级降水的空报和大量级降水的漏报,对0.1 mm到25 mm的24 h降水的TS评分均高于原始的KF和new Tiedtke方案。      

积云对流参数化对一交梅雨锋暴雨过程影响的模拟检验

应用１９８８年版日本谱模式ＪＳＭ,对比分析了Ａｒａｋａｗａ－Ｓｃｋａｗａ－Ｓｃｈｕｂｅｒｔ、Ｋａｉｎ－Ｆｒｉｔｓｃｈ、ＫｕｏＡｎｔｈｅｓ和Ｇａｄｄ－Ｋｅｅｒｓ等几种积云对流参数化方案在梅雨锋暴雨对流系统模拟中的表现。     

中国夏季不同强度降水模拟对不同积云对流参数化方案的敏感性研究

利用PσRCM9区域气候模式, 分析了中国夏季不同强度降水模拟对不同积云对流参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明, 采用四种积云对流参数化方案, 模式能够模拟出小雨、 大雨和暴雨的雨量百分比和雨日百分比空间分布的一致性特征, 但不能模拟出中雨雨量百分比和雨日百分比空间分布的相似性, 这是由于模式不能模拟中雨雨量百分比的空间分布形式所致。还发现模拟的我国夏季降水以小雨和中雨为主, 四种积云对流参数化方案均低估了中国夏季大雨和暴雨对总降水的贡献, 尤其是在我国西部、 东北和华北地区更明显。不同积云对流参数化方案下模拟的极端强降水阈值的空间分布形式基本与观测一致, 但强度与观测存在较大差异。相比较而言, Grell方案较Kuo、 Anthes-Kuo和Betts-Mille积云对流参数化方案更适合中国东南部地区夏季极端强降水的模拟。     

热带加热异常影响冬季平流层极涡强度的数值模拟

本文利用大气环流模式SAMIL/LASG,通过选择两种对流参数化方案,研究了热带加热异常对热带外平流层模拟的影响。结果表明,因不同对流参数化方案引起的热带对流加热状况的差异,可显著影响模式对北半球冬季平流层极涡强度的模拟偏差。与采用Manabe对流参数化方案相比,采用Tiedtke参数化方案可以显著改善对平流层极涡强度的模拟,使平流层极涡“过强”及极区“过冷”的模拟偏差得到明显改善。研究其中的影响过程发现,由于Manabe方案最大凝结潜热加热高度过低,在对流层中低层;而Tiedtke方案的最大凝结潜热加热位置在对流层中上层,因而Tiedtke(Manabe)方案时热带大气温度在对流层中上层较为偏暖(偏冷),在平流层低层较为偏冷(偏暖)。自秋季开始,与热带对流层高层温度的暖偏差相联系,热带外对流层高层以及热带平流层低层出现伴随的温度冷偏差;与之对应,平流层中纬度从秋季开始也出现持续的温度暖偏差。另外,随着秋冬季节平流层行星波活动的出现,Tiedtke方案时热带外地区行星波1波的强度也明显强于Manabe方案,使得秋冬季节涡动引起的向极热通量在Tiedtke方案时明显偏强,从而造成了冬季平流层极区温度偏暖、极涡强度偏弱。     

RegCM3模式对青藏高原温度和降水的模拟及检验

为了检验RegCM3区域气候模式对青藏高原地区的模拟能力,利用NCEP再分析资料和观测站点资料,采用三种不同的对流参数化方案,对青藏高原地区2006年夏季进行了模拟分析,并重点对温度和降水进行了细致的检验。结果表明：模式能较好地再现青藏高原地区大尺度的环流特征,具有对青藏高原地区的温度和降水分布特征的模拟能力;对于量值的模拟,三种对流参数化方案均模拟出了与实况温度一致的变化趋势,但均存在5~6 ℃的冷偏差;Grell方案模拟的降水量均大于实况,Kuo-Anthes方案对于高原地区的降水量的模拟较为接近于实况,但模式对降水量的模拟能力仍有待进一步提高。     

梅雨雨带北跳过程研究

利用1979～2007年逐日再分析资料和高分辨率逐日降水资料,通过定义确定了每年梅雨雨带北跳的日期,对梅雨雨带的北跳过程及其可能的物理机制进行了研究。分析结果表明:梅雨雨带北跳日期存在明显的年际变化,本文合成得到的雨带北跳过程与前人的工作相一致。水汽输送的变化和对流层中层的垂直运动是影响梅雨雨带位置分布的关键因素。Omega方程诊断结果表明,在梅雨雨带北跳前期,对流层高层的环流异常导致江淮流域出现异常下沉运动,不利于梅雨雨带的北跳;而涡度方程的诊断结果表明,江淮流域的异常下沉运动导致的非绝热冷却在中国东部的对流层低层引起异常反气旋涡度倾向,有利于副热带高压西伸,从而有利于梅雨雨带的北跳。因此,当对流层高层环流发生变化（主要受纬向涡度平流影响）,使得江淮流域的异常下沉运动转变为异常上升运动时,高低层相互配合,造成了梅雨雨带的突然北跳。     

Impacts of Cumulus Convective Parameterization Schemes on Summer Monsoon Precipitation Simulation over China

By using the Betts-Miller-Janjic, Grell-Devenyi, and Kain-Fritsch cumulus convective parameterization schemes in theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, long time simulations from 2000 to 2009 are conducted to investigate the impacts of different cumulus convective parameterization schemes on summer monsoon precipitation simulation over China. The results show that all the schemes have the capability to reasonably reproduce the spatial and temporal distributions of summer monsoon precipitation and the corresponding background circulation. The observed north-south shift of monsoon rain belt is also well simulated by the three schemes. Detailed comparison indicates that the Grell-Devenyi scheme gives a better performance than the others. Deficiency in simulated water vapor transport is one possible reason for the precipitation simulation bias.     

Sensitivity of the Simulated Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation to Cumulus Parameterizations

The sensitivity of the simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillation or MJO （Madden and Julian oscillation） to different cumulus parameterizations is studied by using an atmospheric general circulation model （GCM）--SAMIL （Spectral Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG）. Results show that performance of the model in simulating the MJO alters widely when using two different cumulus parameterization schemes-the moist convective adjustment scheme （MCA） and the Zhang-McFarlane （ZM） scheme. MJO simulated by the MCA scheme was found to be more realistic than that simulated by the ZM scheme. MJO produced by the ZM scheme is too weak and shows little propagation characteristics. Weak moisture convergence at low levels simulated by the ZM scheme is not enough to maintain the structure and the eastward propagation of the oscillation. These two cumulus schemes produced different vertical structures of the heating profile. The heating profile produced by the ZM scheme is nearly uniform with height and the heating is too weak compared to that produced by the MCA, which maybe contributes greatly to the failure of simulating a reasonable MJO. Comparing the simulated MJO by these two schemes indicate that the MJO simulated by the GCM is highly sensitive to cumulus parameterizations implanted in. The diabatic heating profile plays an important role in the performance of the GCM. Three sensitivity experiments with different heating profiles are designed in which modified heating profiles peak respectively in the upper troposphere （UH）, middle troposphere （MH）, and lower troposphere （LH）. Both the LH run and the MH run produce eastward propagating signals on the intraseasonal timescale, while it is interesting that the intraseasonal timescale signals produced by the UH run propagate westward. It indicates that a realistic intraseasonal oscillation is more prone to be excited when the maximum heating concentrates in the middle-low levels, especially in the middle levels, while westward propagating disturbances     

青藏高原那曲地区一次对流云降水的数值模拟

利用NCEP FNL再分析资料为初始场,通过WRF中尺度数值模式(V3.9.1版本)对2015年8月26~27日青藏高原那曲地区一次对流云降水过程进行了模拟,分析了不同积云对流参数化方案和云微物理参数化方案组合对本次降水过程中降水量、环流场、雷达反射率以及云微物理特征模拟效果的影响。结果表明:WRF模式能较好地模拟出本次降水的时空变化特征,但不同参数化方案组合各有优势,总体而言,Grell-Devenyi+SUB_YLIN和Grell-Freitas+SUB_YLIN组合模拟性能最优。本次对流云降水以冰相过程为主,雪粒子贡献最大,暖云粒子对降水的影响并不明显。从云微物理过程的时间演变可看出,性能最好的SUB_YLIN方案能合理模拟降水过程中雪粒子与冰晶粒子间的转换过程,雪粒子可在凝结过程中释放潜热促使对流运动发展,也可通过融化过程促进降水发生,对流层高层冰晶粒子凝华产生的潜热释放亦为深对流的发展创造了有利条件。