Analysis about the influence on the thermal regime in permafrost regions with different underlying surfaces

In the last several decades, the underlying surface conditions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have changed dramatically, causing permafrost degradation due to climate change and human activities. This change severely influenced the cold regions environment and engineering infrastructure built above permafrost. Permafrost is a product of the interaction between the atmosphere and the ground. The formation and change of permafrost are determined by the energy exchange between earth and atmosphere system. Fieldwork was performed in order to learn how land surface change influenced the thermal regime in permafrost regions. In this article, the field data observed in the Fenghuo Mountain regions was used to analyze the thermal conditions under different underlying surfaces on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Results show that underlying surface change may alter the primary energy balance and the thermal conditions of permafrost. The thermal flux in the permafrost regions is also changed, resulting in rising upper soil temperature and thickening active layer. Vegetation could prevent solar radiation from entering the ground, cooling the ground in the warm season. Also, vegetation has heat insulation and heat preservation functions related to the ground surface and may keep the permafrost stable. Plots covered with black plastic film have higher temperatures compared with plots covered by natural vegetation. The reason is that black plastic film has a low albedo, which could increase the absorbed solar radiation, and also decrease evapotranspiration. The ＂greenhouse effect＂ of transparent plastic film might effectively reduce the emission of long-wave radiation from the surface, decreasing heat loss from the earth＇s surface, and prominently increasing ground surface temperature.     

近30年来青藏高原西大滩多年冻土变化

结合1975年已有勘探资料,对青藏高原多年冻土北界西大滩进行了雷达勘探。勘探发现,近30年来青藏高原多年冻土北界发生较大规模的多年冻土退化,多年冻土面积从1975年的160.5 km²退化成现在的141.0 km²,缩小约12%;开始出现多年冻土的最低高程为4 385 m,比1975年升高了25 m。近30年来研究区的气候变化是造成北界多年冻土退化的主要原因。相同气候背景下,多年冻土腹部地温有升高,但在30年尺度上不会发生明显的退化。本次冻土区域调查的结果可为检验冻土－气候关系模型的可靠与否提供依据。     

Current developments of research on permafrost engineering and cold region environment: a report of the 8th International Symposium on Permafrost Engineering

The Eighth International Symposium on Permafrost Engineering was held in Xi’an,China,October 2009.The major topics discussed in the symposium included:permafrost engineering (involving design,construction and evaluation);mitigation of frost hazards in the regions affected by seasonally frozen ground;properties of frozen soils,model development and their applications;frost hazards and periglacial environments in mountain and plateau regions;climatic,environmental and cryospheric changes;and permafrost hydrology,cold regions water resources and land uses.The papers submitted to the symposium and lectures during the meeting represented some new developments of research on cold region engineering and environment.Here we summarized the works of the symposium in topics including:Permafrost engineering;General geocryology;Properties of frozen soils:model development and their applications;And climatic,environmental and cryospheric changes.During the symposium,the attendees pointed out that future studies should pay more attention to theoretical study and engineering mechanism study,and also on interaction between climate change and cold region environments and their engineering affects.     

湿地土壤N2O排放研究进展

湿地作为一种重要而独特的生态系统,在全球变化过程中起着重要作用,是温室气体重要的源、汇和转换器。近年来,湿地垦殖、氮沉降等造成湿地退化、萎缩,湿地功能也因此遭到破坏,这必然会引起湿地温室气体排放的变化。N2O作为备受关注的温室气体之一,许多国内外学者对湿地N2O排放进行了深入研究,并取得了大量研究成果。综述了国内外湿地N2O排放的研究现状及其产生机制,总结了湿地N2O排放的影响因素以及N2O排放的模型估计,并对今后湿地N2O排放研究提出了展望。     

Studies on frozen ground of China

Permafrost in China includes high latitude permafrost in northeastern China, alpine permafrost in northwestern China and high plateau permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau. The high altitude permafrost is about 92% of the total permafrost area in China. The south boundary or lower limit of the seasonally frozen ground is defined in accordance with the 0 oC isothermal line of mean air temperature in January, which is roughly corresponding to the line extending from the Qinling Mountains to the Huaihe River in the east and to the southeast boundary of the Tibetan Plateau in the west. Seasonal frozen ground occurs in large parts of the territory in northern China, including Northeast, North, Northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau except for permafrost regions, and accounting for about 55% of the land area of China. The southern limit of short-term frozen ground generally swings south and north along the 25o northern latitude line, occurring in the wet and warm subtropic monsoon climatic zone. Its area is less than 20% of the land area of China.     

中国冻土研究进展

Permafrost in China includes high latitude permafrost in northeastern China, alpine permafrost in northwestern China and high plateau permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau. The high altitude permafrost is about 92% of the total permafrost area in China. The south boundary or lower limit of the seasonally frozen ground is defined in accordance with the 0 ℃ isothermal line of mean air temperature in January, which is roughly corresponding to the line extending from the Qinling Mountains to the Huaihe River in the east and to the southeast boundary of the Tibetan Plateau in the west. Seasonal frozen ground occurs in large parts of the territory in northern China, including Northeast, North, Northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau except for permafrost regions, and accounting for about 55% of the land area of China. The southern limit of short-term frozen ground generally swings south and north along the 25° northern latitude line, occurring in the wet and warm subtropic monsoon climatic zone. Its area is less than 20% of the land area of China.     

Studies on frozen ground of China

1ThestatusoffrozengroundinChinaBased on previous studies, Zhou and Guo (1982) summarized the distribution characteristics of permafrost in China and indicated that the permafrost area in China is about 215×104 km2, in which about 163.4×104 km2 is on the Tibetan Plateau. After mapping and zonation of frozen ground in 1983, Xu and Wang suggested that the areas of permafrost, seasonally frozen ground and temporal frozen ground in China were 206.8×104 km2, 513.7×104 km2 and 229.1×104 km2 …     

气候变化对我国农业地理分布的影响及对策

依据已有的研究结果, 分析了全球变化的趋势和温室气体（特别是CO2） 对气候变化的贡献和影响以及气候变化对我国和世界农业地理分布和农业生产的影响。分大区分析了气候变化对水稻、小麦、玉米等影响情况。提出了我国农业对全球气候变化应采取的战略对策和措施, 这些对策和措施可分为减缓温室气体排放和适应气候变化两部分。     

湿地景观变化过程与累积环境效应研究进展

湿地在流域中处于水陆交错的特殊过渡区域,是地表重要的景观覆盖类型和生态系统。湿地具有独特的水文、土壤和植被特征,在维护区域/流域生态平衡和环境稳定方面发挥巨大作用。湿地景观变化过程主要表现为景观格局和过程在时间和空间尺度上的相互作用过程。该过程对系统的能量流动、物质循环以及物种迁移产生作用,对地理环境也产生巨大环境效应。湿地景观变化与土地利用/覆盖变化紧密相关,与人类活动影响息息相联。至今,人类已把天然的湿地景观格局改变为受人类支配的土地利用格局。自然湿地景观格局的变化过程对湿地生态系统以及其他系统的生物多样性、初级生产力产生显著影响,对局地、区域及全球气候环境、水文环境、生物多样性等方面产生显著而深刻的影响。湿地景观变化是全球变化研究的重要内容,尤其对认识全球气候变化、土地利用/覆盖变化和生物多样性变化的区域响应具有重大意义。     

Research progress in cold region wetlands, China

China has some of the most abundant wetland resources in the world. Cold region wetlands cover more than 60% of the total natural wetlands in China and play an indispensable role in global climate regulation, water holding, uptake and emission of greenhouse gases, and biodiversity conservation. Because cold region wetlands are sensitive to climatic and environmental changes, it is important for ecological conservation and environmental management to summarize and analyze current research progress on these specific ecosystems. This paper reviews the focus of present studies on the typical cold region wetlands in the northeast region and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China from several aspects as follows: types and distribution, responses of permafrost to climatic changes, uptake and emission of greenhouse gas, eco-hydrological processes, and vegetation succession. Our conclusions are: global warming has a long-term and serious impact on cold region permafrost; emission of greenhouse gases has great temporal and spatial heterogeneity; and hygrophytes in the cold region wetlands have been generally replaced by xerophytes, although it is still unclear whether the vegetation diversity index has increased or decreased. Based on this review, some key topics for future study are recommended as follows: (1) the response of degeneration of cold region permafrost at various spatial and temporal scales; (2) prediction of wetland degeneration tendency by coupling weather, soil, and hydrological models; (3) evaluation of carbon storage; (4) the actual response mechanisms of greenhouse gases to climatic changes; and (5) development of water requirement calculation methods tailored to the unique ecosystems of cold region wetlands.     

模拟增温对生态系统碳循环影响研究进展

气候变暖影响着生态系统碳循环,碳循环的变化反馈于气候变化。这两者的相互作用影响着未来气候变化的方向和强度。野外增温试验有助于了解生态系统碳循环对气候变化的响应及其机制,因此成为近年来的研究热点。生态系统所处的地理位置及相应的气候背景影响着碳循环对增温的响应。增温后不同生态系统的碳释放和碳固定均可表现为增加、减小或者无显著变化,因而生态系统净碳收支对气候变化响应多样。增温后土壤氮矿化速率、物候、生态系统物种组成和结构的变化间接影响着生态系统净碳收支。多年冻土区储存了大量的土壤有机碳,冻土融化后冻土有机碳分解将释放大量的CO₂到大气中,正反馈于气候变暖,因而是目前野外增温试验对碳循环影响研究的焦点。     

兴安岭多年冻土退化特征

受气候变暖和人为活动的共同影响,过去数十年来兴安岭山区的多年冻土退化显著.冻土退化南部快于北部、城镇快于田野、农田快于林区、采伐过林区快于原始林区.在局部小范围内,冻土退化顺序为先高后低、先山上后谷地(或盆地中心)、先阳坡后阴坡.冻土退化程序从农田(或裸地)→草地→灌丛→林地→沼泽湿地,依次冻土退化由快到慢.纬度和高度地带性控制冻土退化特征,但局地因素亦对其产生重要影响,造成小范围内冻土特征的突变.人为活动已经、正在并将对兴安岭冻土退化和寒区生态环境产生重要影响.     

氮沉降和水位下降对湿地生态系统的影响

介绍了湿地生态系统及其氮沉降和水位下降的概况,综述了全球变化背景下的氮沉降和水位下降对湿地生态系统的具体影响。氮沉降能够在一定范围内提高生产力,具体表现在植物的地上生物量、净初级生产力、植株高度等方面,氮沉降还影响植被组成,使苔藓类植物向维管植物过渡;氮沉降通过两种方式促进微生物分解,一是解除微生物代谢的限制因素,二是改变微生物分解底物的质量;此外,氮沉降还影响温室气体(甲烷、二氧化碳、氧化亚氮)的通量。水位下降后,植被的光合速率降低,生长降低,促进微生物的分解,使温室气体二氧化碳、氧化亚氮的通量增加,使甲烷通量降低。     

湿地生态系统观测进展与展望

作为地球之肾的湿地,具有重要的生态环境与社会服务功能。湿地生态系统观测是获取湿地生态系统以及环境信息的重要手段,其观测结果是对湿地生态系统的变化做出科学预测和制定合理保护措施的重要依据。湿地生态系统的观测始于16世纪对湿地的利用,至20世纪70年代得到了较大的发展,全球生态系统监测网络的建立为湿地生态系统观测提供了良好的平台。不同地区湿地观测的水平、具体内容及指标不同,北美及地中海地区湿地观测水平较高。通过对国内外湿地生态系统观测的历史、观测内容和指标进行研究,提出我国湿地生态系统观测要在观测网络的建立、指标体系完整性、先进技术和方法引用等方面进一步完善和补充。     

2015年中国生态系统生态破坏损失核算研究

利用遥感影像数据,结合第八次全国森林资源清查和第二次全国湿地资源调查以及草地监测报告,对中国2015年森林、草地和湿地三大生态系统因人类不合理利用导致的生态破坏损失进行核算。核算结果显示：① 2015年中国生态破坏损失约为2.38万亿元,占GDP比重的3.3%。其中,森林生态破坏损失约为2 437.5亿元,占全部生态破坏损失的10.2%;草地生态破坏损失约为3 112.1亿元,占比为13.1%;湿地生态破坏损失约为18 269.6亿元,占比76.7%。② 中国生态破坏损失主要分布在西部地区,区域空间差异大,青海、湖南、四川、黑龙江、内蒙古、江苏等省份的生态破坏损失都大于1 000亿元。③ 中国生态破坏损失主要来自气候调节和水流动调节服务损失。2015年中国气候调节服务损失量为17 451.8亿元,占全部生态破坏损失的73.3%;水流动调节服务损失量为4 234.6亿元,占比为17.8%。     

10个CMIP5模式预估中亚地区未来50 a降水时空变化特征

利用CRU月降水资料首先对参与IPCC第五次评估报告（IPCC AR5）的10个CMIP5模式对1951-2005年中亚地区年降水气候平均态、年际变率以及线性趋势等特征参数的模拟能力进行了系统评估,并选取具有较好模拟性能模式的未来预估试验结果作多模式集合平均预估未来50 a（2011-2060年）中亚地区在不同代表性浓度路径下降水量各特征参数的空间分布特征,结果表明：多数模式能够模拟出中亚地区年降水气候平均态、年际变率以及线性趋势的空间分布特征,同时发现中亚地区年降水量在过去50 a整体以轻微增加为主,趋势不显著。根据定量评估结果,从10个模式中选取4个具有较好模拟性能的模式结果做集合平均,同时利用历史回报试验数据进行检验,发现集合平均的模拟结果无论在量级还是高、低值中心的位置和范围与CRU资料非常接近。未来预估结果表明4种排放情景下4模式集合平均的中亚年降水在未来50 a增加较为明显,尤其在中国新疆南部（由低值区转变为高值区）。总体来看,未来50 a中亚降水增加趋势随着RCPs的增加而增加,且降水增加显著的区域随着RCPs的增加而明显增大。     

Modeled response of talik development under thermokarst lakes to permafrost thickness on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Permafrost thickness under identical climates in cold regions can vary significantly because it is severely affected by climate change, topography, soil physical and thermal properties, and geothermal conditions. This study numerically in- vestigates the response of ground thermal regime and talik development processes to permafrost with different thicknesses under a thermokarst lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. On the basis of observed data and information from a representative monitored lake in the Beiluhe Basin, we used a heat transfer model with phase change under a cylindrical coordinate system to conduct three simulation cases with permafrost thicknesses of 45 m, 60 m, and 75 m, respectively. The simulated results indicate that increases in permafrost thickness not only strongly retarded the open talik formation time, but also delayed the permafrost lateral thaw process after the formation of open talik. Increasing the permafrost thickness by 33.3% and 66.7% led to open talik formation time increases of 83.66% and 207.43%, respectively, and resulted in increases in the lateral thaw duration of permafrost under the modeled thermokarst lake by 28.86% and 46.54%, respectively, after the formation of the open taliks.     

Progress in China’s climate change study in the 20th century

IPCC (2001) pointed out that the earth's climate was undergoing a remarkable change with characteristics of global warming over the past 100 years. The latest research showed that the global mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.6 oC since 1861. It is very likely that the last 20 years in the 20th century was the warmest decades. The Northern Hemisphere temperatures in the 20th century appeared to have been unprecedented during the past millennium. The research also indicates th…     

20世纪中国气候变化研究

Studies on the 20th century climate change in China have revealed that under the background of global warming over the past century,climate in China has also experienced significant change with mean annual temperature increased by about 0.5 °C.More reliable results for the latter part of the 20th century indicate that the largest warming occurred in Northwest China,North China and Northeast China,and the warming in winter is most significant.Although no obvious increase or decrease trends were detected for mean precipitation over China in the past half century,regional differences are very distinct.In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,precipitation increased,while that in the Yellow River Basin markedly decreased.Studies suggest that climate change in China seems to be related not only with the internal factors such as ENSO,PDO,and the others,but also with the anthropogenic effects such as greenhouse gas emissions,and land use.The future climate change studies in China seem to be important in narrowing understanding the nature of China's climate change and its main causes,since it is significant for projection and for impact assessment of climate change in the future.     

Progress in China’s climate change study in the 20th century

Studies on the 20th century climate change in China have revealed that under the background of global warming over the past century, climate in China has also experienced significant change with mean annual temperature increased by about 0.5 °C. More reliable results for the latter part of the 20th century indicate that the largest warming occurred in Northwest China, North China and Northeast China, and the warming in winter is most significant. Although no obvious increase or decrease trends were detected for mean precipitation over China in the past half century, regional differences are very distinct. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, precipitation increased, while that in the Yellow River Basin markedly decreased. Studies suggest that climate change in China seems to be related not only with the internal factors such as ENSO, PDO, and the others, but also with the anthropogenic effects such as greenhouse gas emissions, and land use. The future climate change studies in China seem to be important in narrowing understanding the nature of China’s climate change and its main causes, since it is significant for projection and for impact assessment of climate change in the future.