秋季南黄海浮游动物分布及其影响因素

基于2007年秋季在南黄海（32°20'~37°00'N;124°E以西）进行的浮游动物及环境因子大面调查;分析了秋季南黄海浮游动物种类组成、分布特征及其影响因素;主要结果如下:共鉴定浮游动物113种（不包括25种浮游幼体）;中华哲水蚤（Calanus sinicus）、强壮滨箭虫（Aidanosagitta crassa）、磷虾幼体（Euphausia larvae）和小齿海樽（Doliolum denticulatum）是秋季优势种;浮游动物丰度为（156.37±12.04）ind/m3;生物量为（172.57±10.41）mg/m3;与历史调查数据相比;本航次浮游动物丰度和生物量相对处于较高水平;磷虾幼体分布趋势与中华假磷虾（Psudeuphausia sinica）一致;说明秋季是中华假磷虾种群的一个重要的补充时期;小齿海樽在南黄海的大量出现系自身种群补充的结果;精致真刺水蚤（Euchaeta concinna）和肥胖软箭虫（Flaccisagitta enflata）主要分布在深水区;在近岸海区很少出现。中华哲水蚤、强壮滨箭虫丰度高值区倾向分布于海洋锋附近;进一步佐证了海洋锋对浮游动物的积聚作用。     

夏季南黄海浮游动物分布及其影响因素分析

基于2006年7-8月在南黄海西部 (32°~37°N,124°E以西) 进行的137个站位的浮游动物大面调查,研究了浮游动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量、优势种及生态环境指示种的分布及影响因素。结果显示,浮游动物种类组成较以往多,中华哲水蚤对浮游动物丰度贡献最高,超过50%,生物量也明显高于以往,本研究胶质性浮游动物生物量超过非胶质性浮游动物。优势种组成差别不大,中华哲水蚤存在2个丰度高值区,一个位于叶绿素a浓度较低的黄海冷水团内,一个位于海区南部;强壮滨箭虫出现频率最高,高丰度区与中华哲水蚤不同,主要位于山东半岛南岸至海州湾外侧;细足法鲹主要分布在34°N以北的冷水团范围内,在盐度低于31的海区几乎绝迹;太平洋磷虾主要分布在33°~35°N的深水区。暖水种精致真刺水蚤和肥胖软箭虫在海区南部较多,与北向的长江冲淡水和台湾暖流有关,其分布北限受到南向的苏北沿岸流和黄海冷水团的影响,这两种浮游动物在南黄海的分布可以反映上述海流的相互作用。     

渤海湾南部水域春秋季强壮滨箭虫 摄食压力变化的初步研究

于2010 年5 月和10 月在渤海湾南部进行了10 个站位的浮游动物生态调查,分析了强壮滨箭虫对浮游动物的摄食 压力,结果表明,春季强壮滨箭虫（Aidanosagitta crassa）的数量分布受控于温度和盐度,强壮滨箭虫的生物量为279 mg/m3, 丰度为33.8 ind/m3,摄食率为0.95mg C/m2·d,强壮滨箭虫对浮游动物总生产力和现存量的摄食压力分别为6.98 %和0.21 %, 优势种中华哲水蚤（Calanus sinicus）的数量分布与强壮滨箭虫呈现显著相关,相关系数为0.648,中华哲水蚤是强壮滨箭虫 主要的食物来源之一。秋季,强壮滨箭虫生物量和丰度分别为66 mg/m3和30.5 ind/m3,摄食率为0.50 mgC/m2·d,强壮滨箭虫 对浮游动物总生产力和现存量的摄食压力分别为3.43 %和0.72 %,强壮滨箭虫的数量与桡足类的数量呈显著相关,中小型 桡足类是强壮滨箭虫的主要食物来源。研究表明,温度和黄海海流是强壮滨箭虫摄食压力变化的主要因素。     

北黄海中华哲水蚤各期幼体昼夜垂直移动的初步研究

本文分析了1986年5、7、11月和1987年2月在北黄海预倾废区(38°35'N、122°12'E)进行定点连续观测中分层采样的中华哲水蚤各期幼体。结果表明,北黄海一年四个季度月均能采到不同数量的各期中华哲水蚤幼体。随着季节的变化,各期幼体昼夜垂直移动的幅度、数量均有所变化,垂直移动的能力从无节幼虫至成体越来越显著。光、温度和盐度是影响中华哲水蚤幼体垂直移动的主要外界因素。     

北黄海獐子岛海域浮游动物群落年际变化

本文比较了海洋普查期间（1959年1-12月）和2009-2010年獐子岛海域附近站位的浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、丰度、生物多样性,结果显示,北黄海区域浮游动物群落物种组成未发生较大的变化,在獐子岛海域以及整个北黄海,中华哲水蚤和强壮箭虫的优势种地位没有发生变化,细足法虫戎也一直出现且为冬春季的优势种;太平洋磷虾在2009-2010年獐子岛海域虽然全年均有出现,但是全年均不是优势种,而在1959年的獐子岛海域,作为优势种出现在4月和11月;1959年与2009年相较,腹针胸刺水蚤在春夏季优势种的地位被沃氏纺锤水蚤所取代。2009年浮游动物丰度（131.26 ind/m3）比1959年（78.90 ind/m3）高;浮游动物多样性指数（H'）均在夏秋季高于冬春季节,且年平均多样性指数也有所提高。     

南海西北部陆架区沿岸流和上升流对中华哲水蚤分布的影响

中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)是广泛分布于西北太平洋大陆架水域的浮游桡足类,在海洋生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中具有重要作用。根据2006年7月至2007年10月4个季节使用网目孔径为0.505mm的浮游生物网采集的样品,分析了南海西北部陆架区中华哲水蚤的水平、季节和昼夜垂直分布以及与季风、海流和温度的关系。中华哲水蚤丰度季节变化显著,整个调查海域春季的平均达(22.30±77.78)个/m3,夏季的降低,平均为(13.74±45.10)个/m3,秋季消失,冬季调查期间仍未出现。中华哲水蚤的区域分布差异十分显著,将调查海域划分为粤西近海、琼东近海、粤西-琼东外海三个亚区,在粤西近海亚区春、夏季中华哲水蚤的平均丰度分别为(115.63±145.93),(68.12±84.00)个/m3,远高于另外两个亚区。夏季琼东沿岸上升流区的中华哲水蚤没有昼夜垂直移动行为,呈底层分布,以躲避表层高温的伤害。南海西北部陆架区是中华哲水蚤的季节分布区,冬春季东北季风期间由广东沿岸流从东海沿岸携带而来,出现的时间从北往南逐渐推迟;夏季西南季风期间雷州半岛东部近海的冷涡和琼东沿岸上升流区成为中华哲水蚤度夏的避难所;秋季季风转换时期上升流减弱或消失,中华哲水蚤因耐受不了高温(>27℃)死亡而消失。因此,中华哲水蚤对东北季风时期的沿岸流和西南季风时期的上升流均具有良好的指示作用。     

北黄海獐子岛海域强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)丰度的周年变化及其与环境因子的关系

强壮箭虫是我国温带海域的浮游动物优势种。本文通过2009年7月至2010年6月在北黄海獐子岛海域的逐月综合调查,研究了大网浮游动物中强壮箭虫丰度的周年变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示,强壮箭虫年平均丰度为22.6 ind/m3,高峰值出现在12月（47.5 ind/m3）,最低值出现在8月（7.8 ind/m3）;在水平分布上,除了夏季的8月,全年近岸海域强壮箭虫丰度均高于外海海域,且在10月及次年2月差异显著（P<0.05）。相关性分析显示,作为肉食性浮游动物,强壮箭虫丰度时空变化除了受温度和盐度影响外,还与饵料生物（主要是桡足类）丰度有关。我们认为,这是其丰度周年变化规律在不同海域出现明显差异的主要原因。     

西北太平洋波候与大气涛动的联系

利用ECMWF 1958-2001年44 a的ERA-40海浪再分析资料计算了西北太平洋海域(0°~45°N,99°~160°E)月平均有效波高(SWH)、平均周期(T)与北太平洋模态指数(NPI)、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)和多变量ENSO指数(MEI)等大气涛动之间的时间和空间的相关性,重点探讨了NPI对北半球西太平洋波候(SWH和T)的影响。结果表明:NPI、PDO和MEI均与SWH和T有显著的相关性;NPI与SWH和T呈现正相关性,NPI超前SWH和T半年左右正相关最强,最强的相关海域位于日本和菲律宾以东洋面;NPI还存在3~5 a、8~9 a和13~15 a的年际和年代际周期变化; NPI高指数且PDO负位相或MEI负位相均使得SWH和T 增大; MEI冷位相且叠加PDO负位相时也利于SWH和T增大。NPI影响西北太平洋波候的可能机制是:NPI处于低(高)指数时,阿留申低压加深(减弱)且位置偏东(西),北太平洋西风带海面风速急流出现(消失),太平洋副热带东北信风大值区东移(西移),西北太平洋海域信风减弱(加强),西北太平洋海域有效波高和平均周期随之减小(增大)。中、东太平洋西向传播的涌浪对西北太平洋海域波侯有重要影响。     

中华哲水蚤对环状异帽藻生物调控的初步研究

在实验室条件下开展了中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)对海洋赤潮藻环状异帽藻(Heterocapsa circularisquama)的生物滤食及其影响因子研究。结果表明藻浓度、温度、盐度和光周期等对中华哲水蚤的滤食率均有显著的影响(P0.01)。中华哲水蚤对环状异帽藻的滤食率随藻浓度的增加呈递增趋势;在10～20℃时,中华哲水蚤对环状异帽藻的滤食活动随温度的升高而增强,表现为滤食率G和清滤率F都同时上升,最佳滤食温度是20℃;18～24盐度是中华哲水蚤滤食环状异帽藻的适宜盐度,低于或高于该盐度范围,F和G都降低;中华哲水蚤对环状异帽藻的滤食率和清滤率对光周期的响应完全一致,均在全黑暗条件下为最佳,在全光照条件下达最低。     

春、夏季长江口邻近水域浮游动物优势种的生态特征

依据2000～2003年长江口邻近海域5月和8月8个航次的调查资料,对长江口浮游动物优势种的生态特征进行了研究。根据优势种出现的年份,平均丰度、优势度、聚集强度和对总丰度变化的回归贡献,确定本区优势种的重要性为真刺唇角水蚤（Labidocera euchaeta）〉中华哲水蚤（Calanus sinicus）〉背针胸刺水蚤（Centropage dorsispinatus）。太平洋纺锤水蚤（Acartia pacifica）,火腿许水蚤（Schmackeria poplesia）和虫肢歪水蚤（Tortanus vermiculus）为次要优势种。马蹄娩螺（Limacina trochiformis）是偶然出现的优势种。中华哲水蚤在春季对总丰度贡献最大。真刺唇角水蚤是8个航次唯一的优势种,种群年间变化不显著。太平洋纺锤水蚤,火腿许水蚤和虫肢歪水蚤分布范围相对狭小,火腿许水蚤和虫肢歪水蚤分布在沿岸偏淡水的水体,适合较低的温度。太平洋纺锤水蚤分布在近岸偏成水的水体,适合较高的温度。     

Peaked abundance of Calanus sinicus earlier shifted in the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary: a comparable study between 1959, 2002 and 2005

The sea surface temperature (SST) of the East China Sea (ECS) increased in the past decades,which may have a great impact on the ecosystem of the ECS,including the changes in plankton-population structure.In this paper,the changes in peaked abundance of Calanus sinicus in the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary were compared between 1959 and 2002,based on the data collected from the seasonally oceanographic cruises and those performed in spring of 2005.It was much higher in spring compared with that in other seasons both in 1959 and 2002.Furthermore,in spring 2005,the time for occurrence and decrease of the peaked C.sinicus abundance advanced about one month, accompanying the increase in the sea surface water temperature (SST).It peaked in June and decreased in July in 1959,however,in 2005,it peaked in May and attenuated sharply in early June.The earlier decrease of peaked C.sinicus abundance may further deteriorate the ecosystem in the Changjiang River Estuary and north nearshore of the ECS.     

几种常见保存方法对浮游动物生物量的影响

5%的甲醛,-20°C冰冻和液氮是常见的浮游动物保存方法。本文以中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)为研究对象,以湿重、干重和碳、氮含量为生物量指标,研究了上述几种保存方法对浮游动物生物量的影响。研究结果显示,对于中华哲水蚤,湿重、干重、碳和氮含量,在用甲醛保存2个月后,分别下降为鲜重的81.03%、14.20%、7.02%和1.13%;冰冻保存2个月后,分别下降为鲜重的66.56%、22.34%、10.30%和2.14%;液氮保存2个月后,分别下降为鲜重的91.85%、26.65%、11.25%和2.41%。对于强壮箭虫,湿重、干重、碳和氮含量,在用甲醛保存2个月后,分别变为鲜重的104%、9%、3.49%和0.69%;冰冻保存2个月后,分别下降为鲜重的73.15%、12.39%、4.82%和1.02%;液氮保存2个月后,分别下降为鲜重的70.72%、11.22%、5.23%和1.13%。在保存初期浮游动物的生物量变化较大,后趋于稳定。甲醛保存方法对浮游动物生物量的影响最大,其次是液氮,冰冻的影响最小。中华哲水蚤的生物量受各种保存方法的影响要小于强壮箭虫。     

Stage-V copepodites of Calanus sinicus and Calanus jashnovi (Copepoda: Calanoida) in mesopelagic zone of Sagami Bay as identified with genetic markers, with special reference to their vertical distribution

We applied genetic makers to identify Calanus species occurring in Sagami Bay, Japan, in order to investigate their vertical distribution in the upper 1000 m. First, interspecific genetic distances of three gene loci, mitochondrial small ribosomal RNA (srRNA), nuclear internal transcribed spacers 1 (ITS1) and 2 (ITS2), were estimated from morphologically distinguishable adult females of Calanus sinicus, Calanus jashnovi and Calanus pacificus that were collected from Sagami Bay, the Kuroshio Extension and the Oyashio region, respectively. The highest levels of interspecific genetic distance were observed in srRNA, followed by ITS1 and ITS2. The intraspecific genetic distances within C. sinicus were much lower than the interspecific genetic distances, indicating that DNA sequences in these loci are consistent with the morphological differences. This information was used as a criterion for species identification based on DNA sequence variation, and allowed us to identify the fifth copepodites (CVs) or younger stages of these species. Next, the vertical distribution of Calanus species was investigated in Sagami Bay in May 2006, on the basis of a stratified sampling in the upper 1000 m. By applying the genetic markers, 23 individuals comprising all copepodite stages were allocated into either C. sinicus or C. jashnovi, and the small- and large-sized CVs were identified as C. sinicus and C. jashnovi, respectively. The total abundance of C. sinicus was highest at 0-50 m and decreased with depth. On the contrary, CV individuals of C. sinicus were abundant not only in 0-50 m but also below 200 m with minimum occurrences in 150-200 m depth. C. jashnovi was much less abundant than C. sinicus and comprised of only CIV and CV which occurred in the upper 100 m and deeper than 50 m depths, respectively. The abundance of C. sinicus in the 1000-m water column of Sagami Bay was at a level comparable to that in shelf waters, suggesting the importance of off-shelf individuals in the biological production and organic transport in the respective areas.     

Seasonal variability of the zooplankton community in the southwest of the Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea) Cold Water Mass

Samples were collected with a plankton net in the four seasonal cruises during 2006-2007 to study the seasonal variability of the zooplankton community in the southwest part of Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass (HSCWM, Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass). The spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton species composition, biomass, abundance and biodiversity were examined. A total of 122 zooplankton species and 30 pelagic larvae were identified in the four cruises. Calanus sinicus and Aidanosagitta crassa were the most dominant species, and Themisto gaudichaudi and Euphausia pacifica were widely distributed in the HSCWM area. The spatial patterns of non-gelatinous zooplankton (removing the high water content groups) were similar to those of the total zooplankton biomass in autumn, but different significantly in the other three seasons. The seasonal means of zooplankton biomass in spring and summer were much higher than that in autumn and winter. The total zooplankton abundance averaged 283.5 ind./m~3 in spring (highest), 192.5 ind./m~3 in summer, 165.5 ind./m~3 in autumn and 65.9 ind./m~3 in winter (lowest), and the non-gelatinous groups contributed the most total abundance. Correlation analysis suggests that the non-gelatinous zooplankton biomass and abundance had a significant positive correlation in the whole year, but the relationship was insignificant between the total zooplankton biomass and abundance in spring and summer. The diversity index H of zooplankton community averaged 1.88 in this study, which was somewhat higher than historical results. Relatively low diversity in summer was related to the high dominance of Calanus sinicus, probably due to the strongest effect of the HSCWM in this season.     

低氧对中华哲水蚤存活和繁殖影响的实验研究

为研究低氧对海洋浮游生物关键种存活、繁殖等的影响,作者采用了实验室模拟低氧环境的方法,研究了低溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)浓度对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)致死率、产卵和孵化的影响.研究发现,中华哲水蚤对低氧环境比较敏感,当DO质量浓度为2 mg/L左右时,中华哲水蚤会在1 h内全部死亡;当DO质量浓度为3 mg/L左右时,中华哲水蚤会在96 h内全部死亡;当DO质量浓度为4~6 mg/L 时,基本无死亡,但对中华哲水蚤的产卵有明显抑制作用,首次产卵时间推迟,产卵周期缩短.当DO质量浓度为4 mg/L时,基本不产卵,当DO质量浓度为6 mg/L时,产卵量也仅为常氧组的15%左右.当DO质量浓度为4~6 mg/L时,中华哲水蚤所产卵的孵化率为常氧组的60%左右,但差异不显著.可见,低氧对中华哲水蚤的存活和繁殖均有抑制作用,长时间低氧很可能会降低中华哲水蚤的种群数量,甚至改变海洋生态系统结构.     

Diel vertical migration of the copepod Calanus sinicus before and during formation of the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water in the Yellow Sea

To understand the effects of the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water(YSCBW)on the diel vertical migration(DVM)of the copepod Calanus sinicus,we surveyed vertical distribution of C.sinicus at a fixed station in the Yellow Sea before(spring)and during(summer)formation of the YSCBW.Cold water(<10 C)was observed in the bottom layer when the water column was thermally stratified in summer,but the water column was thermally well-mixed in spring 2010.Samples were collected from five different layers at 3-h intervals using an opening-closing net.Adult females(1–155 ind./m3)showed a clear normal DVM pattern throughout the entire water column in spring,whereas adult males did not migrate.DVM of copepodite V(CV)individuals was not clear,but the maximum abundance of CI–CIV occurred consistently in the upper 10–20 m layer,where there was a high concentration of chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)(0.49–1.19μg/L).In summer,weak DVM was limited to cold waters beneath the thermocline for adult females(<30 ind./m3),but not for adult males.The maximum abundance of CI–CIV also occurred consistently in the subsurface layer(20–40 m)together with high concentrations of Chl-a(0.81–2.36μg/L).CV individuals(1–272 ind./m3)moved slightly upward nocturnally to the near-surface layer(10–20 m),where the average temperature was 25.74 C,but they were not found in the surface layer(0–10 m;28.31 C).These results indicate that the existence of the YSBCW affected food availability at depth and the vertical temperature distribution,leading to variation in the amplitude and shape of stage-specific vertical distributions(CI to adults)in C.sinicus before and during the formation of cold waters in the Yellow Sea during the study period.     

Seasonal changes in zooplankton abundance,biomass, size structure and dominant copepods in the Oyashio region analysed by an optical plankton counter

To identify seasonal patterns of change in zooplankton communities, an optical plankton counter (OPC) and microscopic analysis were utilised to characterise zooplankton samples collected from 0 to 150 m and 0 to 500 m in the Oyashio region every one to three months from 2002 to 2007. Based on the OPC measurements, the abundance and biomass of zooplankton peaked in June (0–150 m) or August (150–500 m), depending on the depth stratum. The peak periods of the copepod species that were dominant in terms of abundance and biomass indicated species-specific patterns. Three Neocalanus species (Neocalanus cristatus, Neocalanus flemingeri and Neocalanus plumchrus) exhibited abundance peaks that occurred before their biomass peaks, whereas Eucalanus bungii and Metridia pacifica experienced biomass peaks before their abundance peaks. The abundance peaks corresponded to the recruitment periods of early copepodid stages, whereas the biomass peaks corresponded to the periods when the dominant populations reached the late copepodid stages (C5 or C6). Because the reproduction of Neocalanus spp. occurred in the deep layer (>500 m), their biomass peaks were observed when the major populations reached stage C5 after the abundance peaks of the early copepodid stages. The reproduction of E. bungii and M. pacifica occurred near the surface layer. These species first formed biomass peaks of C6 and later developed abundance peaks of newly recruited early copepodid stages. From the comparison between OPC measurements and microscopic analyses, seasonal changes in zooplankton biomass at depths of 0–150 m were governed primarily by E. bungii and M. pacifica, whereas those at depths of 150–500 m were primarily caused by the three Neocalanus species.