福建无岩浆热源的深循环水热系统

近年来对福建省存在具有岩浆热源的高温水热系统的呼声甚高。因而在福建是否可能存在具有岩浆热源的高温热田再次成为必须回答的重要问题。在综述前人研究成果的基础上,论述了福建省地热活动的地质构造背景、温泉分布状况、地热系统的特征、深部是否存在岩浆热源以及地壳的热结构,系统论述了福建深循环水热系统的特征。认为由于地质构造条件所决定,福建有大量的温泉出露,其中大部分为中温水热系统(90~150 ℃)和低温水热系统(＜90 ℃),均属受断裂控制的深循环水热系统,皆为温水热储。极少数高温热水系统(＞150 ℃)也仅仅是地下水沿断裂循环的深度较大所致。笔者认为福建不具备形成“有岩浆热源的水热对流系统”的条件。     

塔里木盆地中央隆起区现今地温场分布特征及其与油气的关系

沉积盆地热状态研究不仅对于理解盆地成因演化具有重要意义, 而且还与油气生成和保存息息相关.根据塔里木盆地中央隆起区近120口钻井的试油温度资料和296块岩石热导率的测试结果, 获得了该区现今地温梯度、深部温度(1 000~5 000 m埋深及烃源岩顶界面)及大地热流的分布特征.结果表明, 该区热状态整体偏低(平均地温梯度为23.3 ℃/km, 平均大地热流为47.3 mW/m2), 二叠纪的岩浆活动对现今地温场已无影响.不同埋深的地层温度表现出与地温梯度及大地热流相似的分布模式, 即隆起区高、凹陷区低, 这一展布特征受基底起伏和形态控制.烃源岩顶部温度表明, 巴楚组、卡拉沙依组和良立塔格组等烃源岩层目前仍处于油气的有利保存状态; 巴楚隆起、卡塔克隆起西北部和古城墟隆起东部的中下寒武统烃源岩则处于良好的油气保存状态, 其他地区处于不利的油气保存状态.特别是, 该区已探明的油气田往往位于相对高温区, 并提出深部热流体的向上运移和聚集过程可能是造成异常高温的因素.这一发现表明盆地现今地温场特征与油气田分布具有良好的对应关系, 可为今后油气勘探提供地热学依据.      

福建岩石圈的热结构

本文由福建硅热流值研究出发,探讨了热流省参数(qr,A,D),并进而推算了岩石圈不同深度上的温度状态。笔者认为福建东部地区硅热流值偏高,岩石圈厚度较小,居理点深度较浅(大于27km)。热活动性较强,属微弱的地热正异常地区;而西部则反之,热活动性较差。然而,即使在闽东地区也不具备形成岩浆房、干热岩或高温热田的条件,无异常热源。广布的温泉是在微弱地热异常状态下,沿断裂通过地下木的深循环所造成的。     

吐鲁番-哈密盆地现今地温与油气关系研究

通过大量的地层测温资料综合分析确定了吐鲁番-哈密盆地不同构造单元的现今地温梯度及大地热流值,该盆地(以下简称吐哈盆地)现今地温梯度为2.50℃/100m,大地热流值为47.8mW/m²,现今地温梯度及大地热流值分布具有东高西低的特点.吐哈盆地现今地温梯度及大地热流值高于塔里木盆地及准噶尔盆地,现今地温场受地壳厚度、基底结构及盆地构造的控制.吐哈盆地现今地温对烃源岩的油气生成有重要控制作用,台北凹陷属持续埋藏增温型凹陷,烃源岩现今仍处于成油高峰期.哈密坳陷、托克逊凹陷部分地区烃源岩古地温高于今地温,对烃源岩生油过程起控制作用的是古地温而不是现今地温.     

内蒙古海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷现今地温场特征

乌尔逊凹陷作为内蒙古海拉尔盆地油气资源最丰富的凹陷之一,其地温场特征尚未进行系统研究。根据5口井系统测温数据和42口井油层测温数据以及实测热导率资料,分析了海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷现今地温场特征。乌尔逊凹陷的现今地温梯度在2.8~3.7℃/hm之间,平均地温梯度为3.35℃/hm。现今大地热流密度值在42.2~59.4 mW/m2之间,平均大地热流密度值为56.0 mW/m2,表明乌尔逊凹陷是一个中温型地温场。现今地温梯度和大地热流密度值分布具有北高南低的特点,造成南北差异的原因主要为地下水活动、断裂及火山岩体。现今地温场对油气生成具有明显的控制作用;乌尔逊凹陷为持续埋藏性凹陷,现今地温为烃源岩经历的最高温度;西部地区现今温度最高,铜钵庙组、南屯组、大磨拐河组烃源岩仍处于较高的温度环境中,烃源岩现今仍处于生烃过程中,西部地区是乌尔逊凹陷主要的找油气区。     

山东半岛温泉的地热属性及其特征

从山东半岛所处的板块构造位置和局部的控热构造入手，根据地热传导的理论，对山东半岛温泉的地热属性进行研究分析，认为山东半岛温泉地热属性为濒临板缘高温地热带的板内中低温地热系统，它以偏高的大地热流值为地热背景，以局部控热构造聚敛的大地热流为热源，以地形高差影响和相应的水力压差作用为动力，入渗的大气降水吸收岩石中的热量而被加热，并沿断裂出露形成温泉地热水。以此建立起温泉的构造模式。     

西宁盆地热储构造概念模型的建立

基于西宁盆地地热地质条件的研究,在Donaldson管状模型的基础上,提出的西宁盆地热储构造概念模型是大地热流为热源一低热导率岩层聚热-深循环逐渐加热受迫对流为机制-构造控水控热。进而揭示出,尽管西宁盆地地热异常分布范围较广,但也并非“遍地有热”。在生产实践中,关键是要较为准确地确定地热井的最佳构造部位和找到高渗透率的热储。     

Integrated magnetic and gravity surveys for geothermal exploration in Central Iran

The Delijan region of Central Iran is a popular tourist spot due to the occurrence of hot springs and having the greatest geothermal fields in Iran. In the years 2011 and 2012, an integrated geophysical investigation, using magnetic and gravity methods, was conducted over the hot springs in order to characterize geophysical anomaly sources corresponding to the geothermal resources. The results of the geophysical investigations revealed the heat source and the reservoir of the Delijan geothermal system (DGS). Based on results of Euler depth estimation and 3D inversion of magnetic and gravity data, the depths and extension of the discovered structures were determined with a good correlation with the geological information. The results of magnetic interpretation show that the main source (heat source) of the geothermal system is located NE of the Delijan-Abgarm fault (DAf) zone at depths of 2500 to 5000 m, and the results of gravity interpretation show that the reservoir of the geothermal system is located along the DAf zone at depths of 1000 to 4000 m. Also, the horizontal gradients of gravity data reveal complex fault systems which are acting as the preferential paths to circulate the hydrothermal fluids.     

雄安新区地热地质模型探究：来自地球物理的证据

雄安新区内地热资源丰富，区内有牛驼镇地热田、容城地热田和高阳地热田，地热资源开发利用较早，但是对其深部热源机制仍未形成统一观点。为了研究雄安新区内地热田深部热源机制，在新区及外围进行了深反射地震和长周期大地电磁探测，对取得的同剖面的深反射地震和大地电磁数据进行处理和综合解释，探明了研究区从地表至莫霍面范围内地质构造和电性结构。下地壳结构在深反射地震剖面与大地电磁剖面上有很好的对应关系。电阻率低值区对应着在深反射地震剖面上存在一系列反射同相轴，且同相轴可以延续到莫霍面，电阻率高值区对应着在深反射地震剖面上无明显连续反射同相轴，尤其是在莫霍面之上呈现地震反射近似"空白区"。结合区域地热资料构建了研究区深部地热地质模型，对新区内深部地热机制进行了解释。该模型为"二元"生热模型，其热源包含两个部分，深部地幔热源和地壳放射性元素衰变生热。放射性元素衰变生热占地表热流的接近30%，而幔源热流在地表热流中的占比可达约70%。在牛驼镇下方，莫霍面以上，由于地幔热物质上涌造成下地壳上隆，幔源岩浆底侵作用于下地壳形成了局部热异常，该热异常具有低速高导的地球物理特征，认为是牛驼镇地热田和容城地热田的深部热源；以区域断裂为热通道，大地热流由深部向上传导、扩散到牛驼镇凸起和容城凸起顶部，对碳酸盐岩储水层进行加热，形成地热储层；上覆新近系沉积地层是良好的热盖层。     

海拉尔盆地地温分布及控制因素研究

根据大量钻孔测温资料和实测热导率资料分析了海拉尔盆地地温分布状况,现今地温梯度变化在2.50℃/100m至4.0℃/100m之间,平均为3.0℃/100m,现今大地热值为42.15~63.86 mWm^-2,平均约为55.00mWm^-2,明显较松辽盆地低,表明海拉尔盆地是一个中温盆地。海拉尔盆地大磨拐河组底面和南屯组底面地温分布具有南高北低的特点。现今地温对油气生成有重要的控制作用,南部凹陷南屯组热演化程度高,普遍处于成熟生油阶段,南屯组是海拉尔盆地的主力生油层位,南部凹陷是海拉尔盆地主要找油区。海拉尔盆地与松辽盆地壳幔结构存在显著的差异。海拉尔盆地现今地温场主要受地壳厚度、基底结构、基底埋深及盆地构造等因素的控制。     

关中盆地南部山前中深层地热资源赋存特征及应用

地热资源的广泛利用有助于减少化石燃料的使用、降低雾霾污染。关中盆地南部山前地区的地热资源丰富,开发潜力大,但研究程度较低。本文概述了关中盆地南部山前地区的自然地理概况,分析了该区域地热资源开发利用过程中存在的问题,总结了区域地热载体特征和构造单元特征,划分了区域内近地表处(20 m)、深层(1500 m)处、地温梯度以及大地热流值分布情况。按赋存条件的不同,将地热流体分为四个地段,并详细论述每段的地质特征和成因模式。认为研究区地热资源主要来源于地球的内部热能,其次为地壳中放射性元素衰变、矿物转化过程中产生的热能以及少量生物降解产生的能量,将地热资源的形成模式分为热传导型和热对流型两类,热传导型地热资源广泛分布,热对流型地热资源分布在导通深部高温部位的断裂带附近。采用体积法计算了关中盆地南部山前地区地热单元储存的总热量,4000 m以深暂难利用的地热资源量及4000 m以浅能利用的地热资源量。采用热流量法计算了宝鸡温水沟、眉县汤浴、蓝田汤浴、华清池和西安东大等高地温异常区的地热流体资源量。根据研究区地热资源赋存规律,划分了地热资源的鼓励开采区和保持开采区,指明了地热资源的利用方向。本文旨在适时推动陕西省关中盆地南部山前地区的清洁能源事业,为区域地热资源的科学、长期开发提供理论依据。     

胶东半岛不同构造单元深部热流分流聚热模式

中生代、新生代时期地壳剧烈运动将胶东半岛划分为胶北隆起、胶莱凹陷、胶南-威海隆起三大构造单元,其中隆起山地区广泛分布花岗岩、变质岩,凹陷盆地区主要分布砂岩沉积地层,胶北隆起区与威海隆起区相对于胶莱凹陷盆地区具有更高的大地热流值.为系统分析胶东半岛大地热流值分布特征及其形成机理,本文在分析胶东半岛构造-热发展史、地热地质背景、地温场分布、岩石热导率、钻孔岩性与测温数据、地热流体化学成分等基础上,发现胶东半岛地热资源均为断裂构造控制类型的中低温对流型,其热源主要为三元聚热:导热断裂带水热对流、大地热流传导、地下水运移传导-对流;构造分布、岩石热物性、地热热储分布、地下水活动等是影响地温场分布的主要因素.针对胶东半岛地温场特征及其控制因素,提出了适合该地区的隆起-凹陷分流聚热模式与概念模型,即隆起山地区岩性以导热率、渗透率相对较高的侵入岩、变质岩为主,凹陷盆地区岩性以导热率、渗透率相对较低的砂岩为主,低导热率、低渗透率的凹陷区底部更像是一个相对隔热、隔水的顶板,使得来自地壳深部的大地热流及携带热量的流体、气体等在上涌的过程中在凹陷区的底部发生折射与再分配,从而导致热流在隆起山地区的底部形成一个温度相对更高的聚热区,反映在地表即是隆起山地区相对凹陷盆地区具有更高的大地热流值,特别隆起山地区轴部位置为热流值最高的区域,高热流值区域分布形态呈NE、NNE向分布,基本与胶东半岛NE、NNE向的深大断裂走向一致,该模式的提出可以更好地为胶东地区的地热资源勘探提供指导方向.     

Seepage-heat transfer coupling process of low temperature return water injected into geothermal reservoir in carbonate rocks in Xian County,China

Fracture seepage and heat transfer in the geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks after the reinjection of low temperature geothermal return water is a complex coupling process,which is also the frontier of geothermal production and reinjection research. Based on the research of cascade comprehensive development of geothermal resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xian County),the carbonate geothermal reservoir of Wumishan formation in the geothermal field in Xian County is investigated. With the development of the discrete fracture network model and the coupling model of seepage and heat transfer,the numerical solution of seepage field and temperature field with known fracture network is reached using the finite element software COMSOL,and the coupling process of seepage flow and heat in carbonate rocks is revealed. The results show that the distribution of temperature field of fractured rocks in geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks has strong non-uniformity and anisotropy. The fracture network is interpenetrated,which constitutes the dominant channel of water conduction,and along which the fissure water moves rapidly. Under the influence of convective heat transfer and conductive heat transfer,one of the main factors to be considered in the study of thermal breakthrough is to make the cold front move forward rapidly. When the reinjection and production process continues for a long time and the temperature of the geothermal reservoir on the pumping side drops to a low level,the temperature of bedrocks is still relatively high and continues to supply heat to the fissure water,so that the temperature of the thermal reservoir on the pumping side will not decrease rapidly to the water temperature at the inlet of reinjection,but will gradually decrease after a long period of time,showing an obvious long tail effect. The distribution of fractures will affect the process of seepage and heat transfer in carbonate reservoirs,which should be considered in the study of fluid thermal coupling in carbonate reservoirs.     

华北平原及其邻近地区大地热流资料报道与讨论

本文报道的我国第一批正式热流数据,系几年来我们在开展地温普查、矿山地温等工作的同时,选取了一部分较为理想的钻孔进行大地热流测量的结果。测点主要位于华北平原及其近邻的山区,个别在江淮地区。这项工作得到煤炭、地质、冶金等部门的大力协助。     

Research on the characteristics and influencing factors of terrestrial heat flow in Guizhou Province

Terrestrial heat flow is an important physical parameter in the study of heat transfer and thermal structure of the earth and it has great significance in the genesis and development and utilization potential of regional geothermal resources. Although several breakthroughs in geothermal exploration have been made in Guizhou Province. The terrestrial heat flow in this area has not been properly measured, restricting the development of geothermal resources in the province. For this reason, the terrestrial heat flow in Guizhou was measured in this study, during which the characteristics of heat flow were determined using borehole thermometry, geothermal monitoring and thermal property testing. Moreover, the influencing factors of the terrestrial heat flow were analyzed. The results show that the thermal conductivity of rocks ranges from 2.0 W/(m·K) to 5.0 W/(m·K), with an average of 3.399 W/(m·K); the heat flow varies from 30.27 mW/m² to 157.55 mW/m², with an average of 65.26 ± 20.93 mW/m², which is slightly higher than that of the average heat flow in entire land area in China. The heat flow in Guizhou generally follows a dumbbell-shaped distribution, with high values present in the east and west and low values occurring in the north and south. The terrestrial heat flow is related to the burial depths of the Moho and Curie surface. The basaltic eruptions in the Emeishan led to a thinner lithosphere, thicker crust and lateral emplacement, which dominated the basic pattern of heat flow distribution in Guizhou. In addition, the dichotomous structure of regional active faults and concealed deep faults jointly control the heat transfer channels and thus influence the terrestrial heat flow.     

西藏中部地热区的钻孔热流测量

1985年以来,在西藏中部的羊八井、拉多岗和羊应乡等地热区测得了一批传导型或传导-对流型钻孔热流值。来自羊八井深部温度场的信息,提供了量级为83—108mW/m²的传导热流;在拉多岗和羊应乡分别获得了185mW/m²和194mW/m²两个传导-对流型热流数据。它们为阐明喜马拉雅地热带形成的深部热背景和浅层地壳热源结构提供了有用的信息。     

敏感性分析在烃源岩成熟度史模拟中的应用——以川东北地区普光5井古生界海相烃源岩为例

通过分析输人模型的参数对输出结果的影响,可以确定影响烃源岩成熟度史模拟的敏感性参数.本文应用Easy% Ro化学动力学模型,以普光5井为例,对川东北地区各期构造运动剥蚀厚度、古地表温度和古地温梯度进行了相关的敏感性分析.分析结果表明:研究区下寒武统、下志留统、下二叠统和上二叠统烃源岩现今成熟度状态完全受控于燕山运动晚幕...     

浅层地热能勘查评价

利用热泵技术开发利用浅层地热能正在快速发展,为了保证浅层地热能的合理开发和可持续发展,必须进行勘查评价。区域浅层地热能调查查明区域浅层地热能资源数量、质量以及分布规律,进行开发利用区划,为浅层地热能可持续利用提供依据。地源热泵工程浅层地热能勘查为地下换热系统提供可靠的利用浅层地热能的依据。浅层地热能利用环境评价和经济评价是勘查中的必要内容。浅层地热能资源计算评价方法是本文首次系统提出的。     

Surface geochemistry at Roosevelt Springs Kgra, Utah

As part of a research program conducted on behalf of the Department of Energy, available data on the Roosevelt Springs KGRA were synthesized to determine the spatial arrangement of the rocks, and the patterns of mass and energy flow within them. The resulting model led to a new interpretation of the geothermal system, and provided “ground truth” for evaluating the application of soil geochemistry to exploration for concealed geothermal fields. Preliminary geochemical studies comparing the surface micro-layer to conventional soil sampling methods indicated both practical and chemical advantages for the surface micro-layer technique.The elements arsenic, antimony and cesium in the surface microlayer samples in particular, gave a strong expression of one of the principal faults in the geothermal field. In contrast the analysis of soil samples from only 20 cm below the surface gave little or no expression of the geothermal field.As a consequence, the surface micro-layer was the chosen sampling medium for the second field program, which entailed the collection of a total of some 300 samples on both a regional and detailed pattern covering about 250 km². These samples were subsequently analyzed by a variety of methods yielding data on 41 elements and ions.Computer contouring revealed that, on a single-element basis, cesium, antimony and arsenic provided the best expression of the KGRA, and indicated other interesting areas of geothermal leakage. Elements such as beryllium and lithium, which are present in highly anomalous concentrations in the opaline sinter deposited by geothermal leakage, do not have an expression in the overlying soils or the surface micro-layer. Computer manipulation of the multi-element data using R-mode factor analysis provided the optimum method of interpretation of the surface micro-layer data. A single factor in which the principal contributors were arsenic, antimony and cesium provided the best indication of the leakage of geothermal solutions within the KGRA. Anomalies in the Escalante Desert to the west of the geothermal field are associated with the trace of a fault zone, and may, therefore, be an activity. Trend surface analysis of the soil mercury data has indicated a regional high in this element in the Mineral Mountains to the east of the KGRA, which may indicate the position of a dry heat source at depth.These data demonstrate that surface micro-layer sampling on a regional scale can serve as a prospecting tool for geothermal resource areas. However, it is possible that the optimum pathfinder elements may vary with the nature of heat source, the geochemistry of the local rocks and the local surficial environment. It is therefore recommended that a multi-element approach should be adopted, with subsequent computer processing of the data.     

西藏羊八井现代地下热水系统硫矿的成矿作用

通过对羊八井盆地地热流体的地球化学、气体成分、同位素特征以及泉华、岩矿等资料的研究 ,确认该地下热水溶液中的水主要来自大气降水 ,部分来自深部 ;矿质大部分源自对围岩的淋滤和溶解 ,少部分物质 ,如易挥发成分则与岩浆体有关 ;热源则由地壳浅部岩浆体供给。根据羊八井地热水成矿作用特点和矿化分布规律 ,提出成矿区主要位于地热流体卸压排泄系统成矿的论点 ,并建立了羊八井盆地地热水系统成矿概念模型。地热田内自然硫及其它硫化矿物的形成过程中微生物起着重要的作用