波浪作用下粉土中的孔压响应及其在粉土海床稳定性评价中的应用

粉土在波浪等动荷载作用下极易发生液化破坏,而孔隙水压力在粉土动力学行为中扮演了一个很重要的角色,其发展变化会直接影响到土体的稳定性。因此,通过室内波浪作用下的粉土孔压响应模型试验探讨了孔压与波浪之间的响应情况,发现波浪能量的影响沿土层深度递减,水深条件相同时,响应的孔压随波高的增大而增加,当波浪作用足够长时间后粉土发生液化破坏,此时粉土内累积的孔压小于上覆土体的自重应力。根据结果提出了1种评价粉土海床稳定性的方法。     

波浪作用下黄河口粉土液化与振荡层形成试验研究

通过室内水槽试验,观察波浪作用下土体产生的现象,分析了土体内孔隙水压力的变化及波浪作用后土体粒度组成变化特征,研究了波浪荷载作用下黄河口粉土液化和"振荡层"的形成过程。试验及讨论结果表明:在波浪作用下,上层粉土体大部分时间处于液化状态;由液化土形成的振荡土层与下部土层之间形成"W"形的滑动面,振荡土层的厚度随着波浪作用时间的增加而变小;在波浪的振动和孔隙流体的共同作用下,土颗粒重新排列,细粒物质向上迁移,土体底部土颗粒粒径较为粗大,振荡层范围内土颗粒粒径组成相似,粒径分布范围较小;其内部孔压比随深度和波浪作用次数的增加而较少,土体内部积累的超孔压逐渐消散,海床土体逐渐趋于稳定。     

波浪作用下黄河口粉土海床粗化室内模型试验研究

利用室内水槽模型实验,对黄河口粉质海床土在波浪荷载下的粗化现象进行了研究,试验中观测了土体表层沉积物的变化,测量了土体内孔隙水压力及土的粒径变化,结合高密度电阻率法探测结果分析探讨了波浪作用下土体粗化机理.研究表明,波浪作用会使粉质海床土发生明显的粗化现象;土体液化是波浪导致粉土粗化的首要条件;土体内超孔隙水压力累积及消散是细颗粒物质迁移的主要动力.该结果对于研究黄河口粉土海床地貌的形成有一定参考意义.     

波浪作用下粉土海床中的孔压响应试验研究

海床在波浪作用下是否稳定对海底工程的安全至关重要,海床的稳定性与土体中的孔压响应密切相关。水槽模拟试验表明:在波浪的作用下,黄河三角洲粉土海床中将产生振荡孔隙水压力和累积孔隙水压力。振荡孔隙水压力大小与土层深度、波高和粘粒含量有关,其振幅(能量)在土层中随深度的增加呈指数衰减,且粘粒含量越高衰减越快;加载波高越大,能量衰减越快。而累积孔压响应模式表现为在波浪作用最初的一段时间内,孔隙水压力快速上升,然后逐渐减小而趋于稳定,其大小和速率也与波高、粘粒含量、土层埋深有关,粘粒含量越高,孔压累积速度越低。     

波浪作用下海床孔压累积过程离散元数值模拟

海床土层在波浪的循环荷载作用下会逐渐累积孔压,降低土层的稳定性,并威胁海上工程。为了研究孔隙水压力的累积机制,本文提出离散元孔隙密度流方法,并改进研发离散元分析软件MatDEM,实现了海床沉积物孔压的累积过程模拟。基于现场试验装置及土体力学参数建立离散元模型,通过对比试验和数值模拟结果发现:对海床沉积物施加波浪荷载后,表层土体中产生较高孔压,并逐渐向深层传递;在循环波浪荷载作用下,土颗粒间孔压累积范围逐渐增加;当孔压累积时间足够长时,土层中孔压收敛于所施加最大荷载与最小荷载的平均值,此时若孔压达到初始有效应力,土体将发生液化,内部土颗粒成为再悬浮沉积物;在周期性波浪荷载作用下,土颗粒液化悬浮后发生移动,浅层颗粒位移量大,土体整体表现为圆弧形移动。     

波浪作用下粉质土海床液化界面波压力的研究

波浪作用下粉质土海床的液化是影响海上平台、海底管线等海洋构筑物安全的灾害之一。在进行构筑物设计中应考虑海床液化的深度问题,而液化土体对下部海床的界面波压力是计算海床孔隙水压力增长以及液化深度的重要参量。本文基于波致粉土海床自上而下的渐进液化模式,利用双层流体波动理论,推导了考虑海床土体黏性的海床界面波压力表达式,并与不考虑黏性时的界面波压力进行了比较分析。结果表明,计算液化后土体界面波压力时,是否考虑液化土体的黏性对结果影响较大,进而可能影响粉质土海床液化深度的确定。     

波流作用下黄河三角洲多层粉质土孔压累积及液化分析

在波浪和海流作用下,多层粉质土海床可能会发生液化破坏,进而影响工程构筑物的安全。以黄河三角洲为背景,选取垦东地区三种典型粉质土海床,基于Terzaghi固结方程和Biot渗流理论,验证了波流作用下多层土海床累积孔压响应模型,探讨了三种不同典型海床累积孔压与液化特征的差异,以及波流参数对海床动力响应的影响。结果表明,上覆硬壳层的海床累积孔压竖向分布出现了两个峰值,并且液化深度可达7.8 m,流速、波高和水深对累积孔压影响显著,而周期影响相对较小。此外,当波浪传播方向顺流时,随着流速的增大,上层土体累积孔压逐渐增大,降低了海床的稳定性。     

波浪诱发松散海床渐进式液化的数值分析

近海区域广泛分布着第四纪新沉积的松散海洋土,波浪荷载作用下松散海床会发生液化进而对近海结构物的稳定性存在巨大威胁。本文采用中国科学院流体-结构-海床相互作用数值计算模型FSSI-CAS 2D,选用Pastor-Zienkiewicz-Mark Ⅲ（PZⅢ）弹塑性本构研究了波浪诱发的松散海床液化问题。分析了波浪荷载引起的松散海床内超孔隙水压力、有效应力以及应力角的时程变化特性,并预测了松散海床的渐进液化过程。计算结果表明,波浪荷载作用下松散海床内残余孔压会累积增长,海床表面最先发生液化,然后逐渐向下发展至液化最大深度。同时指出海床内超孔隙水压力的竖向分布特征和应力角的变化时程均可以作为判断海床液化的间接参数。最后,通过应力状态分析,讨论了海床渐进式液化的发展过程和趋势。     

波浪作用下斜坡上单桩周围海床孔隙水压力响应特性试验研究

单桩基础周围斜坡海床中的波致孔隙水压力响应与纯斜坡海床存在较大差异。为了解不同波高、波周期条件下,单桩基础周围波浪传播变形及其对斜坡海床孔压振荡响应的影响,在波浪水槽末端铺设了长6 m、坡度1∶16的斜坡砂床进行试验。通过改变桩身位置和波浪参数,测量斜坡段各处波面形态,采集单桩周围孔隙水压力,分析了桩身位置及波浪参数对斜坡海床孔压响应的影响。结果表明：相同入射波条件下,随距坡脚水平距离增加,波高、近底流速和桩周孔隙水压力幅值都随之增大;桩周孔隙水压力幅值分布规律为：桩前孔压幅值明显大于桩侧与桩后孔压幅值。当Keulegan-Carpenter数大于6时,随着波高和波周期增大,马蹄涡产生的负压区使得桩侧海床孔隙水压力与纯斜坡海床孔隙水压力差值迅速增加。     

波浪作用下海底粉土孔隙水压力响应过程监测研究

波浪引起的海底土体内部孔压累积是导致液化发生的主要原因,研究波浪作用下土体内部孔压响应过程对于明确液化机理、预测液化发生具有重要作用。在黄河口使用自行研发的孔压监测设备对海底粉土孔隙水压力进行了有效监测。监测结果显示,海底粉土的孔压变化主要受波浪影响且存在一定的影响范围,超出该范围则波浪对海底粉土的孔压无影响。同时,基于监测过程内的孔压变化对海底粉土进行了液化评判,并对波浪作用效果和液化影响因素进行了探讨。波浪对海底粉土内部孔压影响效果主要有3种:(1)有孔压振荡但不发生累积;(2)有孔压振荡且发生累积;(3)无孔压振荡且不发生累积。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,