黄铁矿及毒砂中负氧化数金的发现及判定

作在突破金的氧化态（价态）的先导的研究中，使用光电子能谱对９个金矿区的黄铁矿与毒砂进行研究。发现它们之中广泛出现有结合能为８３（８２．８－８３．２）ｅＶ的峰，经分析对比后，指认它为Ａｕ峰（４ｆ７／２）。但它的结合能小于Ａｕ°（约８４ｅＶ），更小于Ａｕ＾１＋及Ａｕ＾３＋。根据结合能与氧化态的关系，判定８３ｅＶ峰为负氧化数金（负价金）所引起。即黄铁矿与毒砂中存在有负氧化数金。     

黄铁矿的电子顺磁共振研究

黄铁矿的ＥＰＲ谱研究表明：Ⅰ号吸收峰线宽为１６０～４５０Ｇ，ｇ因子为１．９２１７～２．０２４９，系Ｎｉ３＋引起；Ⅲ号吸收峰强度较小（０．２×１０４～０．５６×１０４），ｇ因子为２．１５６３～２．２３９２４，可能由Ｃｕ２＋引起；Ⅱ号吸收峰只在富金的黄铁矿中出现，与金关系密切，由Ａｕ＋引起。所有样品的空穴心浓度数分布在３×１０１６～３×１０２０个自旋数范围。黄铁矿的Ⅰ号吸收峰的ｇ因子越接近于ｇｅ值时，矿石的含金性就愈好；Ⅱ号吸收的强度越大，矿石的含金性亦越好，含金黄铁矿中的晶格金为Ａｕ＋，Ａｕ＋取代黄铁矿结构中的Ｆｅ２＋，从而产生空穴心。     

秦岭卡林型金矿床金、砷地球化学探讨

讨论了秦岭卡林型金矿床中Ａｕ 、Ａｓ 的元素地球化学、矿物学特征。在含矿岩系中获得的Ａｕ、Ａｓ 等成矿元素初始含量较高,且主要集中在成岩黄铁矿中。在矿石样品中对含砷硫化物矿物的研究表明,Ａｕ 、Ａｓ 在矿物显微结构中具有强的正相关性。在大量金进入到硫化物结构之前,就已有［ＡｓＳ］３ － 的存在。在含砷硫化物矿物中,金多半以一种带电类型（Ａｕ３ ＋） 存在, 它很可能替代铁位置上的过剩砷, 以固溶体方式沉淀于硫化物矿物中。此时, 黄铁矿构成（Ａｕ３ ＋ ,Ｆｅ２ ＋）（［ＡｓＳ］３ － ［Ｓ２］２ － ）,毒砂构成（Ａｕ３ ＋ ,Ｆｅ２ ＋）（［ＡｓＳ］３ － ［ＡｓＳ］３ －） 。通过电子探针（ＥＭＰ） 和透射电镜（ＴＥＭ） 对秦岭卡林型金矿含砷硫化物矿物中金的赋存状态的研究表明,在金的成矿作用早期阶段, 金主要以固溶体形式优先富集于含砷黄铁矿和毒砂及砷黝铜矿之中,并且认为是以金的氧化和砷的还原的共沉淀方式发生的。在此之后的金成矿作用晚期阶段,由于热液蚀变和结晶作用程度的增高,寄主矿物耐熔性质相对降低,加之金本身的聚集能力,和因过量砷加入而造成的含砷硫化物矿物的晶格缺陷,致使已形成的固溶体金以“出溶”形式发生再分布,赋存于硫化物矿物晶粒     

含金硫化物矿物中不可能存在负价金

根据原子及离子中电子的行为与结合能之间的关系得到；结合能与颗粒粒径及离子价态均呈正相关。金微粒小至５００ｎｍ左右时其结合能变至８３ｅＶ。由此认为含金硫化物矿物ＸＰＳ谱图上８３ｅＶ附近的激发峰是由微包裹体金引起的。另据同质异能位移与离子ｓ电子密度间的关系特征断定，“化学结合金”并非负价金；且由更准确的Ａｌｌｒｅｄ－Ｒｏｃｈｏｗ电负性数据判断，金不能类质同象取代硫。     

黄铁矿的穆斯堡尔谱特征及其机理分析

本区金矿中黄铁矿的Ｍｏ谱测试和综合分析表明，主要穆斯堡尔参数的变化与含金性之间存在有一定的关系。主要表现为，黄铁矿的Ｉ．Ｓ．值与含金性间呈明显的负相关。Ｏ．Ｓ．值与含金性间则呈明显的正相关，且Ｏ．Ｓ．值随着（Ａｕ＋Ａｓ）／（Ｃｏ＋Ｎｉ）原子数比值的增大而增大。这是由于Ａｕ＋取代Ｆｅ２＋进入黄铁矿晶格使其结构产生畸变所致。置换时电荷补偿可通过两个途径来实现，其一是Ａｕ＋（Ｃｏ３＋、Ｎｉ３＋）→２Ｆｅ２＋，其二是Ａｓ３＋＋Ａｕ＋→２Ｆｅ２＋。     

次显微金在毒砂,黄铁矿等矿物中富集的成因研究

本文详细探讨了次显微金在毒砂、黄铁矿等矿物中富集的成因机制，指出这些矿物生长时生长面附近出现的氧化还原电位局部降低和（或）（ＡｓＳ）３－，Ｓ２－等组分的局部负异常会导致金的络合物变得不稳定和易于分解，从而引起次显微金在这些矿物中富集。由此笔者解释了次显微金龙富集于小颗粒的毒砂、黄铁矿中及特别富集于这些矿物边缘的原因。同时笔者认为普遍呈小圆球形态出现于载金矿物中的金颗粒可能是金胶体沉聚下来形成的。文中还对黄铁矿含Ａｕ量与含Ａｓ量之间具正相关关系以及黄铁矿和黄铜矿的含Ａｕ量在不同矿床中互有高低的原因予以了解释     

朝鲜人民共和国Wolyu Au－Ag－Ge脉状矿床的形成环境

Ｗｏｌｙｕ矿床是Ｙｏｕｎｇｄｏｎｇ地区最大的脉状低温热液Ａｕ－Ａｇ矿床之一，也是朝鲜第一个赋存于硫银锗矿物之中的富锗Ａｕ－Ａｇ矿床。穿切晚石炭纪凝灰岩和石英斑岩（８１．５±１．８Ｍａ）的矿脉（７８．９±１．２Ｍａ）由分属三个矿化阶段的石英和碳酸盐组成。第一矿化阶段的石英和碳酸盐中含有黄铁矿、贱金属和金银矿。第Ｉ矿化阶段的Ａｇ－Ａｕ－Ｇｅ矿脉的矿物组合随着时间演化发生系统的变化：①石英＋黄铁矿；②石英十黄铁矿＋银金矿十辉银矿＋闪锌矿；③碳酸盐十石英＋闪锌矿＋银金矿十辉银矿；④碳酸盐＋自然金＋辉银矿＋银硫矿＋硫银锗矿＋闪锌矿。温度和硫离子活度的计算值为：组合①３６０～２８０℃，１０￣（－７）～１０￣（－１０）；组合②２８０～２１０℃，１０￣（－１０）～１０￣（－１４）；组合③２１０～１８０℃，１０￣（－１４）～１０￣（－１６）；组合④１８８～１５５℃，１０￣（－１７）～１０￣（－１８）。上述数据、金与硫化物紧密共生以及蚀变带中黄铁矿的大量存在都说明了硫离子活度降低和冷却在金的沉淀中起了重要的作用。随着时间演化成矿流体中氢、氧同位素均显示出系统的变化。在主要的Ａｇ－Ａｕ－Ｇｅ成矿过程中，随着石英向碳酸盐的转变δＤ     

金在硫化物矿物中呈负价态存在及其形成机理初探

通过对中国广西卡林型金矿的含金毒沙、黄铁矿及用热液实验方法合成的含黄铁矿、白铁矿的分析和研究,特别是光电子能谱分析,发现其中存在电子结合能低于自然金（Ａｕ＾０）的“不可见金”。因而提出金在上述硫化物矿物中由于取代部分硫并与硫呈共价键结合而负价态点。本文料从金的化学及地球化学性质,毒砂,黄铁矿及白铁矿的晶体化学特征和产出的地球化学环境等三方面初步探讨了其形成的可能性。     

河南银洞坡金矿区不同价态金的分布及其地球化学意义

本文讨论了银洞坡金矿区天然介质中不同价态金的分布，不同价态金（Ａｕ＾０、Ａｕ＾＋、Ａｕ＾３＋）的地球化学分布和异常与金的矿化特征及金矿床（体）剥蚀程度等密切相关。     

黄铁矿中金的赋存状态和存在形式研究

经过普通光片研究和电子显微镜及其ＡｎＭａＸ射线面分析，并结合测试的结果，首次发现小秦岭金矿床的黄铁矿中存在有晶格金，金是以Ａｕ＋替代Ｆｅ２＋从而进入黄铁矿中。显微金的赋存状态主要表现为：裂隙金主要分布在呈四块状产出的黄铁矿中，包体金在不同粒级及不同产出形式的黄铁矿中均有分布，但在细粒黄铁矿中明显增多。金的出现与样品中黄铜矿的分布量呈正相关关系。此外，文中还讨论了晶格金的形成机理及其意义。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of