基于B/S架构的区域前兆数据库信息服务与运行管理平台的设计与实现

区域前兆台网的大量数据存于数据库中。为便捷地查询测项信息、台站工作日志和观测日志、台站基础信息,并减少区域台网中心工作人员工作量,提高工作效率,我们建立了基于B/S架构的前兆数据信息服务与管理平台。该平台很好地解决了上述问题,并在江苏省地震监测中心、预报研究中心、各省属地震台和市县地震部门广泛使用。     

不同型号测氡仪器在宁德一号井观测效能分析

BG2015R测氡仪近年来作为新型仪器开始应用于地震行业氡观测,但以正式观测仪器进行氡浓度观测的地震台站相对较少。宁德地震台2019年1月安装了该仪器,经试运行后,于2020年1月正式入网运行,在观测过程中对该仪器的性能及运行特性有了一定的了解。本文通过在宁德一号观测井开展SD-3A、BG2015R两套测氡仪系统串网同步、对比观测,并对观测数据及仪器运行进行了比较分析,为其他地震台站在仪器选型、数据分析及系统运维方面提供借鉴。      

Studies of mantle structure of U.S.S.R. territory on long-range seismic profiles

Long-range seismic sounding carried out during the last few years on the territory of the U.S.S.R. has shown a basic inhomogeneity of the uppermost mantle, as well as evidence of regularities in the distribution of its seismic parameters. The following data were used: times and apparent velocities of P- and S-waves for investigation of mantle velocities, converted waves for seismic discontinuity model studies and wave attenuation for Q-factor estimation. Strong regularities were distinguished in the distribution of average seismic velocities for the uppermost mantle, in their dependence on the age and type of geostructure and on their position relative to the central part of the continent. Old platforms and the inner part of the continent are marked by velocities under the Mohorovi?i? discontinuity of more than 8.2–8.3 km s^?1, young platforms and outer parts of the continent by 8.0–8.2 km s^?1, and orogenic and rift zones by 7.8–8.0 km s^?1. The difference becomes more pronounced at a depth of about 100–200 km: for the old platform mantle velocities of 8.5–8.6 km s^?1 are typical; beneath the orogenic and rift areas, inversion zones with velocities less than 7.8 km s^?1 are observed.The converted waves show fine inhomogeneities of the crust and uppermost mantle, the presence of many discontinuities with positive and negative changes of velocity, and anisotropy of seismic waves in some of the layers. Wave attenuation allowed the determination of the Q-factor in the mantle. It varied from one region to another but a close relation between Q and P-wave velocity is the main cause of its variation.     

四川区域地震台网的剪切波分裂研究

通过对成都数字地震台网2000年5月1日——2006年12月31日6年多资料的分析,使用剪切波分裂SAM系统分析方法,获得了四川地区8个地震台站的快剪切波偏振结果. 结果表明,四川地区大部分台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向主要为NE或NW方向;位于活动断裂上或几条活动断裂交汇部位的台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向,大多数与对选用的小地震起控制作用的活动断裂走向一致,或与区域主压应力方向一致. 但复杂的局部构造会影响剪切波分裂结果, 造成台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向与主要活动断裂走向不一致, 或与区域主压应力相差较大的现象.      

Applicability of P/S amplitude ratios for the discrimination of low magnitude seismic events

Applicability of regional P/S amplitude ratios for the discrimination of low-magnitude seismic events was tested and proved using earthquakes and explosions in Central Asia. Results obtained show that regional P/S amplitude ratios which may discriminate medium or large magnitude events well, are also applicable to low magnitude events. Their performances for low magnitude events are almost as good as that for medium or large events. Statistical comparisons based on 25 P/S discriminate from the four seismic stations WMQ, BLK, MUL and MAK showed that the average misclassification rate for low-magnitude seismic events averagely was only 2 percent higher than that for medium and large magnitude seismic events.     

A seismic event on August 20, 1983: double explosion or a single earthquake

An interesting weak seismic event occurred on August 20, 1983 in the Caspian Sea region in southwestern U.S.S.R., which produced at Gauribidanur array two distinct seismic signals, viz. the leading P signal and a similar signal after an interval of nearly 12 s. Preliminary data corresponding to these two signals led to an initial assumption that the event was a double underground nuclear explosion. However, the focal depth of this event from P arrival-time data of 21 stations was found to be 45 km. Further processing of the Gauribidanur array seismograms confirmed that the second signal, detected exactly 11.85 s after the first arrival, was none other than the surface-reflected P pulse which lent excellent support to the source depth estimate. By using three discriminants, viz. signal complexity, third moment of frequency and relative efficiency of generation of core-reflected P, the event was objectively compared with 10 small presumed underground nuclear explosions in southwestern U.S.S.R. to conclude that the August 20, 1983 event was a shallow-focus small earthquake in the Caspian Sea area.     

Seismicity of the Indian Peninsular Shield from Regional Earthquake Data

--In this comprehensive study of seismicity and seismotectonics of the peninsular Indian shield region, seismic data of regional earthquakes spanning two decades (1978-1997), obtained at Gauribidanur seismic array (India) and integrated where necessary with data from other seismological stations in the region, have been analyzed in detail. With a slow rate of stress accumulation, the shield is found to have low to moderate seismicity that takes into account a couple of earthquakes of magnitude slightly larger than 6. The frequency-magnitude analysis of the data set gives a b value of 1.18. The spatio-temporal pattern of occurrences of the earthquakes combined with their magnitude and seismic energy distribution is consistent with the view that the peninsular seismicity is low to moderate and episodic in nature. Regions of moderate seismicity and its low-grade counterpart constituted by microearthquakes (magnitude less than 3), appear correlated to the areas traversed by known geologic faults and subfaults, shear zones, and other such tectonic features. Microearthquakes represent about two-thirds of the total regional seismic events during the past two decades.     

Observed Characteristics of Regional Seismic Phases and Implications for P/S Discrimination in the European Arctic

—?In this paper, we use data from seismic stations operated by NORSAR, the Kola Regional Seismological Centre (KRSC) and IRIS to study the characteristics of regional phases in the European Arctic, with emphasis on the P/S ratio discriminant. While the detection and location capability of the regional station network is outstanding, source classification of small seismic events has proved very difficult. For example, the m _b ?=?3.5 seismic event near Novaya Zemlya on 16 August, 1997 has been the subject of extensive analysis in order to locate it reliably and to classify the source type. We consider the application of the P/S discriminant in the context of this event and other events observed at regional distances in the European Arctic. We show that the P/S ratios of Novaya Zemlya nuclear explosions measured in the 1–3?Hz filter band scale with magnitude, indicating a need for caution and further research when applying P/S discriminants. Using mainly data from the large NORSAR array, we note that observed P/S amplitude ratios in the European Arctic show large variability for the same source type and similar propagation paths, even when considering closely spaced observation points. This effect is most pronounced at far regional distances and relatively low frequencies (typically 1–3?Hz), but it is also significant on closer recordings (around 10 degrees) and at higher frequencies (up to about 8?Hz). Our conclusion from this study is that the P/S ratio at high frequencies (e.g., 6–8?Hz) shows promise as a discriminant between low-magnitude earthquakes and explosions in the European Arctic, but its application will require further research, including extensive regional calibration and detailed station-source corrections. Such research should also focus on combining the P/S ratio with other short-period discriminants, such as complexity and spectral ratios.     

利用区域台网快速自动反演中等强度地震矩张量

震后快速得到地震矩张量, 可以更好地为烈度速报、 应急救援和震后趋势判定等服务。 本文基于中国区域地震台网现状, 对Dreger的矩张量反演方法进行改进。 结合区域地震速报系统, 将系统触发、 地震相关信息与地震波形记录获取、 矩张量反演计算和最佳解挑选等过程实现自动化, 建立了地震矩张量快速自动反演系统。 将该系统在线运行于福建地震台网, 实现了对闽台地区中等强度地震的矩张量在线快速自动反演。 将反演结果与其他研究机构的结果对比, 验证了本文方法的可靠性。     

To the problem of earthquake magnitudes determination

Summary Causes of inconsistency in magnitudes determined by broad-band and short-period instruments and by different systems of observations are elucidated. In so doing, both observations of standard stations of USSO of the USSR and those of Soviet frequency selecting seismic stations () are employed. On the basis of large statistic material of the stationare network of USSO, a dependence of spectral constitution ofP waves and frequency-temporal fields constructed for some earthquakes have been revealed as well as a dependence of magnitude values upon an arrival time of maximal particle velocity. It has been shown that the range of measuring (A/T) _max should be enlarged at least to 15 sec. A conclusion is drawn that the most stable magnitude consistent with the Catalogue by Gutenberg is the one determined by medium-period instruments.     

Seismic Observations and Seismic Hazard Studies in the Philippines

It has taken more than a hundred years for seismic observations in the Philippines to evolve to a modern observation system.The responsibility of seismic observations was likewise transfeered from one agency to another during this same period of time.At present,the mandate of conducting seismic observatins in the Philippines rests with the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology(PHIVOLCS),In 2000,through a grant aid from the Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA),the Philippine Seismic netowrk was upgraded to a digital system.As a result,a new set of seismic monitoring equipments was installed in all of the 34 PHIVOLCS seismic stations all over the country,Digital waveforms are now available for high level seismic data processing.and data acquisition and processing are now automated.Included in the upgrade is the provision of strong motion accelerographs in all stations whose data can now be used for studying ground motion and intensity attenuation relations,The new setup is now producing high-resolution data that can now be used for conducting basic seismological researches,Earthquake locations have now improved allowing for the modeling and delineation of earthquake source regions necessary for earthquake hazard studies.Current seismic hazard studies in the Philippines involve the estimation of ground motion using both probabilitstic and deterministic approaches,seismic microzonation studies of key cities using microtremor observations,paleoseismology and active faults mapping ,and identification of liquefaction-prone,landslide-prone nd tsunami-affected areas.The earthquake database is now being reviewed and completed with the addition of historical events and from data from regional databases,While studies of seismic hazards were primarily concentrated on a regional level ,PHIVOLCS is now focusing on doing these seismic hazard studies on a micriolevel.For Metro Manila,first generation hazard maps showing ground rupture,ground shaking and liquefaction hazards have recently been completed.Other large cities that are also at risk from large earthquakes are the next targets.The elements at risk such as population,lifelines,and vertical and horizontal structures for each of these urban centers are also being incorporated in the hazard maps for immediate use of planners,civil defense officials,policy-makers and engineers.The maps can also now be used to describe possible scenarios during times of strong events and how appropriate socio-economic and engineering responses could be designed.In addition,a rapid earthquake damage assessment system has been started which will attempt to produce immediate or rapid assessments identification of elements at risk durin times of strong earthquakes     

基于网络的数字地震台网数据处理系统设计

基于网络的数字地震台网数据处理系统(EDSP_NET)是根据区域数字地震台网在宽频带数据处理、 数据共享方面的需求开发的。 EDSP_NET运行于Windows平台, 用于汇集、 处理来自数字地震台站的波形数据, 实现台网中心间的数据共享, 监视台站和台网中心处理系统的运行状态。 详细介绍了系统结构和功能, 并简要介绍了系统的三个应用模式。     

Site survey and assessment for the planned seismogeodynamic monitoring network in the Republic of Armenia

We present results of a detailed analysis of data obtained from seismic geodynamic field studies conducted at proposed sites for the development of advanced seismic monitoring stations in the Republic of Armenia. These studies aim to determine the background seismic and geodynamic noise level around such sites. Finally, based on the received data and international standards, nine survey points were classified into respective classes according to their noise level. We also calculated minimum significant earthquake magnitude detectable by the proposed seismic network in different regions of Armenia and mapped it based on recorded regional earthquakes. The resulting map indicates that the proposed seismic monitoring network will provide homogenous initial data for the various seismically active regions of the territory of the Republic of Armenia.     

Crustal seismic anisotropy in Yunnan, Southwestern China

Using seismic data recorded by Yunnan Telemetry Seismic Network from January 1, 2000, to May 31, 2005, the polarization directions of fast shear waves are obtained at 15 seismic stations by SAM technique, which is a systematic analysis method on shear-wave splitting. The results show that predominant directions of polarizations of fast shear waves at most stations are mainly nearly in the N–S or NNW directions in Yunnan. The predominant polarization directions of fast shear waves at stations located on the active faults are consistent with the strike of active faults, directions of regional principal compressive strains from GPS measurement, and directions of regional principal compressive stress. A few of the stations show that polarization patterns of fast shear waves are more complicated or inconsistent with the strike of active faults and the directions of principal GPS compressive strains; these stations are always located at the junction of several faults. We conclude that the predominant polarization direction of fast shear waves indicates that the direction of the in situ maximum principal compressive stress is controlled by multiple tectonic aspects, such as the regional stress field and faults.     

触发检测算法在数字地震台的应用

介绍了在地震数据实时处理系统中常用的几种触发检测算法。以喀什地震台、巴楚地震台为例 ,对触发检测算法在国家数字地震台、区域有人值守数字地震台的实际应用进行了分析和讨论。     

区域数字地震台网近距离面波震级MS的测定

使用福建区域数字台网7个宽带台观测到的47个发生于台湾地区的浅源强震(M_S ≥ 5)的近距离面波记录,量算了水平向乐夫波的最大合成振幅及震中距离,测定了所有这些强震的近距离面波震级MS。并将结果与国家台网公布的远距离平均MS震级进行比较和统计分析。结果表明,近距离测定的面波震级比远距离测定的M_S 有较大偏差。震级越小、距离越近,差异越大。对于区域地震台网测定的M_S 震级,需要做必要的修正,才能使其测定结果尽可能接近于国家台网公布的平均M_S 震级。文中还讨论了近距离和远距离面波震级测定差异的原因,及其修正办法。可供区域数字宽带台网速报本区域发生的近距离强震面波震级时参考。     

Seismograph networks of the Institute of Geological Sciences,U.K.

The IGS operates an eight-station, 100-km aperture network linked by radio to a central recorder in Edinburgh. It has been an observatory station for eight years supplying a rapid data input service to world agencies. The importance of infrequent local and regional seismic vibrations has been recognized by engineers as well as scientists involved in the study of intra-plate tectonics. In cooperation with other groups the IGS has embarked on a programme of more detailed monitoring within the United Kingdom and is anticipating closer links with other European stations in order to improve knowledge of the seismicity of the North Sea. The latter is particularly important because of the level of economic activity in the area, the sparse historical record, and the recently demonstrated potential for significant local earthquakes.Overseas, the IGS has instrumented the 20-channel array (SAAS) in Brazil, which is operated in collaboration with the University of Brasilia, and is providing technical support for the Turkish-U.K. network (MARNET) to monitor seismicity in the Marmara Sea.     

基于实时测震数据的可视化系统的设计与实现

为研究在地震速报等基于测震数据的业务场景中,对于地震事件检测等中间处理结果的可视化问题,本文设计实现了一套基于实时测震数据的可视化系统。该系统利用分布式消息队列Kafka实现了流式数据的缓存,利用分布式实时数据处理框架Flink实现了震相到时拾取和地震事件检测,最终利用大数据可视化组件Echarts实现了基于全国范围的各个地震台站的震相到时统计情况展示地图。通过部署与应用,该系统达到了设计的目的,实现了应有的功能,满足了实际需求。      

Increment of Macroseismic Intensity at Seismic Stations of the Kamchatka Region Relative to the Petropavlovsk Seismic Station

The paper presents the method and results of calculating the increment of macroseismic intensity at seismic stations of Kamchatka. Calculation is based on measurement of the relative level of maximum accelerations of intense earth vibrations in the phase of S-waves of comparatively strong regional earthquakes and the root-mean-square deviation of acceleration in the phase of P-waves of a strong distant earthquake. In the latter case, records of an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1, which occurred in Japan on March 11, 2011, were used. The Petropavlovsk seismic station was used as the reference station. At the foundation of this station rests on rocky soil composed of siliceous shales. An estimate of the increment for the majority of digital stations is presented. Anomalously high intensity values were noted at a number of stations. The data obtained are used to assess the properties of soils in the investigated area. At several stations, the intensity of the horizontal component of soil vibrations above the intensity of the vertical component is much greater than the corresponding design value, which is probably due to the presence of resonant soil layers under these stations. The discrepancy in the incremental intensity estimates from records of intense oscillations from regional earthquakes and from records of a very strong remote earthquake obtained from sensors located in basements of heavy-frame concrete structures is revealed. To avoid distortion in recording ground vibrations, it is desirable to place seismic instruments far from such structures. The results obtained in the study can be used for seismic microzoning of construction sites in the investigated territory.     

基于FTP协议的地震数据共享技术研究

随着互联网技术的广泛应用, 为地震数据共享提供了必要的外部条件, 但是怎样提供优质的地震数据共享方案一直是地震观测技术的一个研究课题。 文中研究了一种基于FTP协议的地震数据共享方案, 该方案不仅可以提供传统的数据下载、 上载功能, 而且还可以根据用户需求, 提供采样率变换、 数据格式转换等服务, 可以方便地为地震数据用户提供服务, 从而使地震数据得到更加广泛的共享应用。 该文重点介绍了该基于FTP协议的数据共享技术的模型设计和实现。