2020年7月12日唐山5.1级地震分析

对2020年7月12日唐山5.1级地震的发震特点、地震的性质、发震构造以及破裂机制进行初步分析,推测唐山断裂可能为其控震断裂。地震前唐山地区和震中所处的华北构造区的地震活动性异常以缺震和显著平静为主,表明该区域地壳应力积累到了一定程度。分析认为：此次唐山5.1级地震属于1976年7月28日唐山7.8级大震震区内的地震起伏活动;此次地震的序列本身并不丰富,震区烈度偏低、有感范围大。     

Numerical simulations of deformation and movement of blocks within North China in response to 1976 Tangshan earthquake

Using methods of discontinuous deformation analysis and finite element (DDA+FEM), this paper simulates dynamic processes of the Tangshan earthquake of 1976, which occurred in the northern North China where its internal blocks apparently interacted. Studies focus upon both the movement and deformation of the blocks, in particular, the Ordos block, and variations of stress states on the boundary faults. The Tangshan earthquake was composed of three events: slipping motions of NNE-striking major fault, NE-striking fault near the northeastern end of the NNE-striking fault, and NW-striking fault on the southeastern side of the NNE-striking fault. Compared with previous studies, our model yields a result that is more agreeable with the configuration of aftershock distributions. A number of data are presented, such as the principle stress field during the earthquake, contours of the maximum shear stress, the strike-slip deformation between blocks near the earthquake focus, time-dependent variations of slips of earthquake-triggered faulting, the maximum slip distance, and stress drops. These results are in accord with the earthquake source mechanism, basic parameters from earthquake wave study, macro-isoseismic line, observed horizontal displacement vectors, etc. The Tangshan earthquake exerted different influences on the adjacent blocks and boundary faults between them, thus resulting in differential movement and deformation. The Ordos block seems to have experienced the small-scale counterclockwise rotation and deformation, but its northeast part, bounded on the east by the Taihangshan and on the north by the Yanshan and Yinshan belts, underwent relatively stronger deformation. The Tangshan earthquake also changed the stress state of boundary faults of the North China, leading to an increase in shear stress and a decrease in normal stress in the NW-trending Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault through Tangshan City and the northern border faults of the Ordos block, and therefore raises the potential risk of earthquake occurrence. This result is supported by the facts that a series of Ms≥ 6 earthquakes took place at the northern margin of the Ordos block after the Tangshan earthquake.     

Numerical simulations of deformation and movement of blocks within North China in response to 1976 Tangshan earthquake

Using methods of discontinuous deformation analysis and finite element (DDA+FEM), this paper simulates dynamic processes of the Tangshan earthquake of 1976, which occurred in the northern North China where its internal blocks apparently interacted. Studies focus upon both the movement and deformation of the blocks, in particular, the Ordos block, and variations of stress states on the boundary faults. The Tangshan earthquake was composed of three events: slipping motions of NNE-striking major fault, NE-striking fault near the northeastern end of the NNE-striking fault, and NW-striking fault on the southeastern side of the NNE-striking fault. Compared with previous studies, our model yields a result that is more agreeable with the configuration of aftershock distributions. A number of data are presented, such as the principle stress field during the earthquake, contours of the maximum shear stress, the strike-slip deformation between blocks near the earthquake focus, time-dependent variations of slips of earthquake-triggered faulting, the maximum slip distance, and stress drops. These results are in accord with the earthquake source mechanism, basic parameters from earthquake wave study, macro-isoseismic line, observed horizontal displacement vectors, etc. The Tangshan earthquake exerted different influences on the adjacent blocks and boundary faults between them, thus resulting in differential movement and deformation. The Ordos block seems to have experienced the small-scale counterclockwise rotation and deformation, but its northeast part, bounded on the east by the Taihangshan and on the north by the Yanshan and Yinshan belts, underwent relatively stronger deformation. The Tangshan earthquake also changed the stress state of boundary faults of the North China, leading to an increase in shear stress and a decrease in normal stress in the NW-trending Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault through Tangshan City and the northern border faults of the Ordos block, and therefore raises the potential risk of earthquake occurrence. This result is supported by the facts that a series of Ms ≥ 6 earthquakes took place at the northern margin of the Ordos block after the Tangshan earthquake.     

华北4次中、强地震前震源区及其附近应力场的变化

使用小震机制解资料 ,分析了 1975年海城 7 3级和 1976年唐山 7 8级强震及 1983年菏泽 5 9级和 1995年苍山 5 2级中强震前 ,震源区及其周围不同构造部位应力场的时、空变化 ,证实震前震源区附近应力场曾有某些异常改变 ,如唐山强震前震源区周围出现长达 4a多的小震机制解主应力轴一致性取向的现象 ,菏泽地震前小震机制解P轴“集中—转向” ,苍山地震前P轴偏转且一致性增强。同时还发现 ,唐山地震前应力场异常变化开始时间可能早于 1972年 ;震源区内的陡河台与源外区的昌黎台小震综合机制解反映出震前的受力差异 ;震源断层附近不同应力区内震源机制解和地震活动有时空动态差异。这些现象一定程度上提供了不同构造条件和应力背景下 ,中、强震前震源区不同构造部位力学状态的改变或地震孕育过程的信息 ,对研究不同地震的孕震过程及差异有一定意义。     

唐山地震前后的应力变化

在距唐山地震震源约百公里的大港油田,以水压致裂法,在深度1000——4000米之间,测定了69次地应力值,对比了1973——1980年大地震前后八年内的应力值变化.在主震前,构造应力场出现明显变化:(1)水平应力梯度降低,即在最大与最小水平主应力方向呈现应力松弛;(2)水平应力与深度的相关系数降低,即构造应力场受到扰动;(3)断层滑动系数增高,断层出现无震蠕动.此外,结合地质构造与应力测量结果,对唐山地震发生过程中的一些异常现象,如无震蠕动、地下水位变化、浅层和外围地区的应力松弛,以及应力沿断层面向深层和闭锁区的转移等,进行了分析和讨论.      

Visco-elastic stress triggering model of Tangshan earthquake sequence

We calculated the Coulomb failure stress change generated by the 1976 Tangshan earthquake that is projected onto the fault planes and slip directions of large subsequent aftershocks.Results of previous studies on the seismic fail-ure distribution,crustal velocity and viscosity structures of the Tangshan earthquake are used as model constraints.Effects of the local pore fluid pressure and impact of soft medium near the fault are also considered.Our result shows that the subsequent Luanxian and Ninghe earthquakes occurred in the regions with a positive Coulomb fail-ure stress produced by the Tangshan earthquake.To study the triggering effect of the Tangshan,Luanxian,and Ninghe earthquakes on the follow-up small earthquakes,we first evaluate the possible focal mechanisms of small earthquakes according to the regional stress field and co-seismic slip distributions derived from previous studies,assuming the amplitude of regional tectonic stress as 10 MPa.By projecting the stress changes generated by the above three earthquakes onto the possible fault planes and slip directions of small earthquakes,we find that the "butterfly" distribution pattern of increased Coulomb failure stress is consistent with the spatial distribution of follow-up earthquakes,and 95% of the aftershocks occurred in regions where Coulomb failure stresses increase,indicating that the former large earthquakes modulated occurrences of follow-up earthquakes in the Tangshan earthquake sequence.This result has some significance in rapid assessment of aftershock hazard after a large earthquake.If detailed failure distribution,seismogenic fault in the focal area and their slip features can be rapidly determined after a large earthquake,our algorithm can be used to predict the locations of large aftershocks.     

A new finite element model in studying earthquake triggering and continuous evolution of stress field

In this paper, a new finite element model (FEM) in consideration of regional stress field and an earthquake triggering factor C are proposed for studying earthquake triggering and stress field evolution in an earthquake sequence. The factor C is defined as a ratio between the shear stress and the frictional strength on a slip surface, and it can be used to tell if earthquake is triggered or not. The new FEM and the factor C are used to study the aftershock triggering of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake sequence. The results indicate that the effects of the stress field and the heterogeneity of the Tangshan earthquake fault zone on the aftershock triggering are very important. The aftershocks fallen in the earthquake triggering regions predicted by the new FEM are more than those fallen in the regions of ΔCFS⩾0 predicted by seismic dislocation theory. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40474013 and 40821062)     

Preliminary analysis on the tectonic stress level in the source region of Tangshan earthquake

Introduction Analyzing tectonic stress field based on focal mechanism data is an important way to the study tectonic evolvement of lithosphere and associated dynamic process. Such studies growrapidly in China and abroad (Zoback, 1992; Plenefisch, Bonjer, 1997; XU, 1985; CUI, XIE, 1999). At present most of the studies focus on the inversion of focal mechanism data for the direction and relative magnitude of stress tensor, and few on absolute stress. Using focal mechanism and fault scratch,…     

唐山大震前后震区构造应力场的光弹性模拟实验

本文根据唐山震区的地质构造模拟制作光弹模型,以N60°E方向加压进行唐山震前应力场的光弹性模拟实验。用打孔的方法模拟强震的应力释放。实验结果表明:1.在N60°E方向压缩时,唐山—丰南一带、滦县、野鸡坨和卢龙等地区是最大剪应力集中区,与唐山7.8级、滦县7.1级地震及强余震的震中分布基本吻合。说明唐山大震及余震的发生是近东西向压应力场作用的结果。2.当唐山7.8级地震应力释放后,震前具有高应力背景值的其它地区,应力进一步加强。说明唐山地震的发生导致了应力场的重新调整,增强了强余震发震的动力条件。3.实验结果证明,在断裂带两侧、端部或几条断裂的复合部位,其主应力方向与区域应力场的总体方向比较,大致有10°～25°的偏转。强震的应力释放导致震中区附近的主应力方向与震前相比也发生约10°～20°的偏差。     

Tectonic setting of the seismogeny of the 1976 Tangshan, China M =7.8 earthquake

Based on the analysis of multi-temporal and multi-spectral satellite images for North China region, we have found that one year and more before the occurrence of 1976 Tangshan earthquake, the anomalies of electro-magnetic radiation on the satellite images indicated that the NE-trending Tangshan fault zone was dissected by the NNW-trending Nantai-Tangshan fault, and the Changping-Fengnan fault was dragged to form an arcuate bending at Fengnan. All these indicate the right-lateral translation along the Tangshan fault in NE direction. In order to gain an insight into the features of these faults, a shallow seismic exploration along the Tangshan and Changping-Fengnan faults has been carried out. The results have indicated that the NE-trending Tangshan fault is a high angle right-lateral strike-slip normal fault, dipping northwest, while the NWW-trending Changping-Fengnan fault is a southwest-dipping left-lateral strike-slip normal fault. The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49672170).     

Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of present stress field in the northern area of North China

From focal mechanism solutions of the earthquakes in the northern part of North China during the period of 2002～2006,the directions of principal stress axes in 4 stress sub-districts are analyzed using a grid test method.The characteristic of present crustal stress directions is discussed.Based on this result and on the focal mechanism solutions calculated for some events in the period of 1977～1998,in combination with some other study results,the temporal variation of present crustal stress directions in the northern part of North China is investigated.The re-sults confirm that the direction of crustal principal stress in some regions had somewhat rotated after the 1976 Tangshan M7.8 earthquake.The mean P axes of the focal mechanism solutions rotated clockwise not only in Tangshan sub-district,but also in Beijing and Xingtai sub-districts after the Tangshan earthquake.In Beijing and Xingtai sub-districts the orientations of principal stress axes in the period of 2002～2006 are consistent with that before the Tangshan earthquake,implying that the stress orientations has rotated back to the state before the Tang-shan earthquake in these two sub-districts.The directions of the mean P axes are nearly E-W in Tangshan sub-dis-trict since the M7.8 earthquake.The present stress field in the sub-district northwest to Beijing,or in the western part of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone,is relatively stable during the time period concerned in this study.Because of the limitation of data,this paper only states a possible variation of stress field in the northern part of North China in the recent decades.     

利用唐山地震台资料研究唐山断裂活动特征

本文研究了唐山地震台内的唐山断裂形变、断层活动协调比、断层土壤气CO₂的变化特征。结果显示,唐山地震台内的唐山断裂近35年来整体上在水平方向呈微弱的右旋张性活动,垂直方向呈正断活动,但不同时段的运动状态有所不同;综合分析认为,唐山地震台形变和流体前兆观测对附近及华北因区域地壳应力场调整引起的中小地震有一定的显示,说明该台具有一定的前兆异常显示能力;随着观测资料和经验的持续积累,在该区域发生更大地震前,有望捕捉到更显著的前兆异常。     

小尺度地幔对流、壳下应力场与华北地震

本文分析了魏格纳等求得的重力位球谐系数,得出n≤11阶系数与大尺度地幔对流相关,而12≤n≤25阶系数反映小尺度地幔对流;计算了小尺度地幔对流引起的华北地区壳下应力场,该应力场具有挤压性质,挤压中心在山西临汾—洪洞一带(111.5°E;36°N),应力大小为0.2—0.75×10~8达因·厘米~(-2),整个应力场具有规则的中心对称特征;壳下应力场的几何特征与震源机制解的结果、大震裂缝走向与错动方式、地震的空间分布等均彼此具有良好的一致性,对唐山与海城地震,这种一致性尤为明显。看来,似乎小尺度地幔对流及其造成的壳下应力场对包括目前这次强震高潮在内的华北地区地震的孕震过程起着控制作用     

唐山地震序列的应力释放调整过程

本文搜集了1976年7月28日至1979年12月31日期间唐山地震序列中所有M_s≥4.0地震的初动资料。这些资料来自于68个地震台的记录图和其它14个地震台的数据。其中,167次地震得到可靠的断层面解。对这些断层面解的分析表明,震源区介质中的应力经历了一个由震前紧张平衡态,经主震后的极不稳定态,逐渐向松驰平衡态演变的释放调整过程;对于余震区的不同部分,该过程存在着细节上的差异。两种平衡态下应力主轴的空间取向基本相同,这意味着制约唐山地区构造应力场的周围环境因素没有因发生唐山地震而改变。因此,该地区的构造运动将有继承性,而地震活动将会间歇性地重现。     

1976年唐山MS7.8地震余震序列持续时间及对地震危险性分析的意义

1976年7月28日唐山MS7.8大地震对唐山及其周边地区造成了重大的人员伤亡和财产损失. 主震之后约15小时滦县又发生了MS7.1地震; 同年11月15日宁河也发生了MS6.9地震. 唐山MS7.8主震后的余震一直持续至今,使该区域至今保持了与主震前相比具有较高的地震活动性．如何估计余震的持续时间,并进一步将余震从主震目录中去除,一直是地震学中所关注的问题．该文通过对数线性回归和理论计算,从不同角度求取并讨论了1976年唐山MS7.8大地震的余震持续时间．结果表明,由对数线性回归计算得到的余震持续时间约为80 a．而基于Dieterich的余震触发理论所得到的余震持续时间则与区域剪应力变化率有关．区域剪应力变化率可有几种不同方法求得: ① 根据剪应力变化率和静态应力降Delta;tau;e及地震回复周期tr之间的关系求取应力变化率,该方法所得到的余震持续时间约为70——100 a;② Ziv和Rubin对Dieterich的方法进行了修正,给出了通过远场加载速率和断层宽度求取应力变化率, 该方法得到的余震持续时间约为80 a;③ 由背景场地震活动性求取远场剪应力速率, 可以得到该地区二维分布式的余震持续时间,此方法得到的研究区域内余震持续时间为130——160 a．综上,唐山地区余震持续时间约为70——140 a,据此, 该地区现今所发生的地震仍为MS7.8唐山地震所触发的余震．      

Tectonic setting of the seismogeny of the 1976 Tangshan, China M =7.8 earthquake

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由震源机制解推断唐山地震序列发震断层的分段特征

使用唐山地区2002年1月—2015年11月M_L≥2.5地震的255个震源机制解, 采用构造应力场均匀性的分段方法对唐山地震序列的发震断层进行分段． 在已有唐山地区震源机制解分区特征的基础上, 给出了5个参考应力张量, 并通过差异显著性的z值检验计算将唐山地震序列的发震断层分为宁河、 唐山、 滦县和卢龙等4个子段, 进而分别对4个子段的应力场进行反演． 结果显示: 4个子段的最大主压应力方向均呈近EW向, 且唐山、 宁河和卢龙子段的应力场均表现出较大的拉张分量; 唐山、 宁河子段的最佳应力张量与唐山主震对唐山断裂带两端点所产生的引张应力场的作用方式一致． 此外, 唐山子段的应力场符合基于接收函数给出的上地幔物质隆升模型, 滦县子段走滑型的应力状态反映了该区的共轭构造运动, 卢龙子段的最佳应力张量为正断兼右旋走滑． 从当前唐山地震序列发震断层分段的应力场特征可以推断, 现今唐山地区的地震活动具有继承性, 主要受区域构造应力场和该区深、 浅共存的断裂构造体系控制．      

溧阳、邢台、菏泽、南黄海地震的相互关系

1977——1984年,华北南部连续发生了溧阳、邢台、菏泽、南黄海四次六级左右地震。分析表明: 1)这些地震均位于华北块体南边界构造网络的节点上; 2)唐山大震的发生引起块体南边界断裂带的活动加剧,并伴随应力重新分布,导致上述地段应力加强和周围广大区域应力下降,形成了有利于这些地震孕育的应力场背景; 3)当网络上某一个薄弱点发生破裂后,会引起应力再分布,从而影响着下一次地震的发生,这种快速的应力调整过程,对于中强地震的能量积累和它们的成组发生起了重要作用。研究地震现象在时空上的相互作用过程,对于地震的中短期预报具有重要意义。      

从地震折射和反射剖面结果讨论唐山地震成因

通过唐山震中的地震测深以及深反射剖面,揭示了唐山震源区的浅部及深部构造图象,它与以往的推测很不相同。 唐山东面的开平向斜属中生代构造,探测的结果表明,向斜轴是一近于直立的地壳断裂。唐山地震时的水平地形变主要是由开平地壳断裂的位移引起的,它是北北东-南南西向右旋走滑断裂。开平地壳断裂西面的陡河断层是一自地表向南东方向下插的正断层,断层倾角为26°,延伸至5km深处。陡河正断层刚好插到唐山市震中区的正下方。唐山地震时的垂直地形变主要是由陡河正断层的滑动引起的。 野鸡坨-丰台断层通过震源区的西部边缘,断层以西的第四纪沉积层,在过去一百万年间曾经沿北北东方向水平滑移15km,表明它也是一个右旋的走滑断层。但是它在近代数百年间并无地震活动,唐山地震时该断层的滑动亦不明显。 开平地壳断裂和陡河正断层在唐山地震时同时滑动,说明地震的作用力除区域水平构造力外,地壳上方还存在一个附加的引张力。在开平断裂处,上部地壳的反射面倾角杂乱,而且在它的正下方,莫霍界面明显错断,因此,地幔顶部的热物质可能自开平地壳断裂中上升。热物质产生的热应力在地壳上方可表现为张应力,而在地壳下方却表现为压应力,这与反射地震剖面图的现象相符合。开平地壳断裂中热物质的上升对地震的产生有