孢粉浓缩物矿物成分分析及其在孢粉提取方法中的应用

孢粉浓缩物作为孢粉学研究的基础和前提,其纯度直接影响到孢粉学研究结论的准确性。干旱区湖泊沉积物孢粉浓缩物中残留的不溶矿物颗粒,对孢粉鉴定、分析和测年等造成干扰。明确不溶颗粒的矿物成分,探讨孢粉提取过程中化学反应作用机制,对完善于旱区湖泊沉积物孢粉浓缩物提取方法有重要意义。本文选取石羊河下游终端湖——猪野泽地区沙坑井(SKJ)和九驼梁(JTL)剖面湖泊沉积物及相应层位孢粉浓缩物,进行矿物成分对比研究,结果显示:全样和孢粉浓缩物的矿物成分均以石英和硅酸盐类矿物为主;孢粉浓缩物中矿物组成更为多样,硅酸盐矿物种类与全样差异较大,这可能由于石英与硅酸盐类矿物和氢氟酸反应,在溶液中产生了大量硅酸根、含氟金属络合阳离子和金属阳离子所导致。两种阳离子通过与硅酸根结合,或与原有硅酸盐矿物发生置换反应,使孢粉浓缩物中出现了全样中不存在的硅酸盐或碳酸盐矿物。孢粉浓缩物中较多的矿物种类也可能与样品总量减少有关,因为微量矿物的含量会因其他矿物的大量减少而增加,从而在浓缩物中得以表现。此外,全样矿物与氢氟酸反应后会生成硅凝胶物质,有可能会阻碍酸与样品的进一步反应,使孢粉浓缩物中存在未能完全反应的石英和少量碳酸盐类矿物。因此,干旱区湖泊沉积物孢粉提取过程中,应当慎用氢氟酸,在充分分散样品后,选择适当比重的重液浮选去除大部分石英和硅酸盐类,再使用氢氟酸多次处理,是完善干旱区湖泊沉积物孢粉浓缩物提取方法的有效途径。     

泥炭样品的AMS 14 C年龄测定: 全样、植物残体和孢粉浓缩物*

沉积物¹⁴ C的年龄测定一直是第四纪年代学研究的热点。文章对中国干旱、半干旱地区的内蒙古库伦泥炭剖面的泥炭全样、植物残体和孢粉浓缩物进行了AMS ¹⁴ C测年比较研究。从泥炭沉积物中提取用于AMS ¹⁴ C测年的孢粉浓缩物的关键步骤包括:过筛(125μm,63μm和10μm),重液浮选(比重1.9)及在180倍的体视显微镜下进行手工挑选。测年结果表明:孢粉浓缩物的测年值比同一层位的泥炭沉积物全样或植物残体的测年值老225~340年; 植物残体与孢粉浓缩物的测年结果较为接近。但是,距地表24~27cm处孢粉浓缩物给出了610~780A.D.的年龄值,远老于其下样点的年龄,而泥炭全样为现代样品,二者相差1255年,这可能与该样品孢粉纯度较低、掺杂有一些老碳物质燃烧后形成的微粒杂质有关。因此,提高孢粉纯度对孢粉浓缩物¹⁴ C测年至关重要。     

孢粉化石提取和扫描电镜样品制备

为了在扫描电镜下观察孢粉化石微观形态,需要对岩石样品进行一系列化学处理,提取样品中的孢粉化石,并制备成扫描电镜样品。以吉林省辉南县二龙湾玛珥湖岩芯中产出的孢粉化石为例,将粉碎后的样品加稀盐酸→氢氟酸→浓盐酸处理,采用重液浮选法收集样品中的孢粉化石,干燥喷金后在扫描电镜下观察。扫描电镜图像显示,孢粉形态真实、结构完整、立体感强、外壁纹饰清晰可见,弥补了光学生物显微镜看不到外壁纹饰的不足。     

青藏高原东部全新世泥炭灰分的粒度特征及其古气候意义

通过将红原泥炭地泥炭灰分的粒度特征与典型风成沉积物、湖泊沉积物、河流沉积物的粒度特征进行比较,发现泥炭灰分的粒度特征与典型风成沉积（如黄土、古土壤）相似,而与湖泊沉积以及河流沉积有较大差异。环境判别参数也显示泥炭灰分来源为风成的。据此,作者认为该地区泥炭沉积中的灰分物质是风成堆积,进而提出该地区泥炭灰分含量可以指示冬季风强度的变化。      

黄土高原黄土-古土壤序列古气候代用指标综述

黄土高原黄土-古土壤序列是古气候演化在陆相地层中的反映,已经成为认识第四纪地球气候与环境变化的3个重要信息载体之一,可用来探讨东亚季风气候的形成演化和受控机制、气侯突变事件的记录乃至反演我国内陆干早化历史.稳定同位素、磁化率和孢粉等气候代用指标的地球化学、物理学以及生物学分析为提取黄土-古土壤序列中蕴藏的古气候环境信息...     

高分辨湖泊沉积和孢粉记录对气候、水文变化的响应

通过对长江中游网湖钻孔高精度分层样品(1.5年/样品)的沉积学和孢粉学研究,试图揭示过去百年网湖在由开放到封闭体系变化中,沉积孢粉与气候、水文动力变化的过程及其相互关系.相关分析和低频滤波分析,反映出沉积物和孢粉的变化对流域降水和长江流量的敏感响应.在过去130年中的多雨洪水年份,湖泊受长江倒灌影响,沉积物以黏土细颗粒...     

黄土高原西部秦安新近纪风尘堆积的蜗牛化石证据

对黄土高原西部秦安地区晚新近纪甘肃群中的一套黄土-古土壤序列以20cm间距采集的310个蜗牛化石样品进行了系统的研究。结果表明,黄土层与古土壤层中的蜗牛化石全部为陆生种类,以Gastrocopta,Pupilla,Vallonia,Metodontia,Cathaica和Punctum等占优势,与黄土高原第四纪黄土-古土壤序列中蜗牛化石的种属组成基本一致,这表明研究剖面是一套陆生成因的地层,与黄土高原第四纪黄土-古土壤序列有着相似的沉积环境。上述结果为提取古环境信息从生物学角度提供了证据。     

东北地区泥炭表层沉积中植硅体分布特征

表土沉积物中的植硅体分析是了解第四纪沉积物中植硅体组成的重要途径,也是重建第四纪古环境的基础。对东北地区跨越3个气候带、6个地区的41处泥炭地表土中的植硅体进行提取,鉴定出东北泥炭表土中主要发育哑铃型、扇型、鞍型、方型、长方型、梯型、尖型、帽型、齿型、棒型和其它等11种植硅体类型。分析显示,它们的分布与纬度、地形和温热条件具有明显关系,即哑铃型、鞍型、扇型、方型、长方型和梯型植硅体随纬度和海拔较高而含量较小,其余类型反之;较高温度条件对应扇型、哑铃型植硅体含量较高,较高湿度对应扇型植硅体含量较高。     

中国第四纪孢粉学研究进展

随着全球变化研究的不断深入,中国第四纪孢粉学研究已取得的长足的发展。化石样品的时间分辨率不断提高,在黄土高原１０万年尺度的孢粉记录分析已达到了小于千年的分辨率,在内蒙古调角海子钻孔的研究已达到百年分辨率。其次,为了准确解译化石孢粉的生态意义,开展了大量表土花粉研究,在中国北方建立了花粉－气候转换函数、气候－花粉响应面模型;系统地开展了表土花粉模拟生物群区的研究,并取得了良好的结果;开展了华北平原不     

一种新颖的孢粉处理技术：微波炉处理孢粉

常规的孢粉处理既昂贵又费时间。一般一个样品从机械粉碎到制成薄片通常需要10~15天。处理过程中较为关键的一步是化学分析。盐酸处理,除掉样品中的含钙物质;氢氟酸(HF)处理,去除样品中的含硅物质;接着便是氧化处理,一般利用硝酸、发烟硝酸、舒尔茨(schulze)溶液或发烟舒尔茨溶液;最后是重液浮选以及制薄片。在上述过程中,氢氟酸处理不仅对人体的身心健康有害,并且氢氟酸的费用也较昂贵。一个样品对氢氟酸需求量大约在几十毫升。通     

Dense-media separation as a more efficient pollen extraction method for use with organic sediment/deposit samples: comparison with the conventional method

Dense-media separation, frequently adopted as a standard pollen extraction method for use with minerogenic sediment samples, was adapted for use with organic-rich sediment and peat samples. A total of 15 organic-rich sediment samples, obtained from sites in Corsica and the Southern European Alps, was treated using both dense-media separation and the conventional preparation method in order to compare the relative efficiencies of the two methods. The dense-media separation method consistently achieved a remarkably higher purity of extracted pollen grains. This was especially true for the Corsican peat samples, the dense-media separations being quite pure, whereas the classical method produced samples that were so severely polluted with organic fragments that it was impossible to carry out a satisfactory pollen analysis. The percentage values of each taxon were generally similar using both methods, showing that the two methods are compatible for pollen analytical studies. Total pollen concentrations were generally higher with the dense-media separation method (especially for gyttja samples). In conclusion, dense-media separation is an efficient method for pollen extraction from organic as well as from minerogenic sediments and deposits.     

The glacial and interstadial sediments at the Burn of Benholm,Kincardineshire: evidence for onshore pre‐Devensian ice movement in northeast Scotland

Pebbly clays and diamictons containing marine shell fragments and peat lenses exposed beneath subglacially deposited Late Devensian till at the Burn of Benholm provide new insights into the glacial history of Quaternary sequences in eastern Scotland. The peat yielded pollen of interstadial affinity (including Bruckenthalia spiculifolia) and non‐finite radiocarbon dates. Comparisons with other pre‐Late Devensian pollen records in northern Scotland suggest that the peat lenses are remnants of an Early Devensian interstadial deposit, of Oxygen Isotope Substage 5c or 5a age. Reworked faunal assemblages in the shelly sediments include Quaternary marine molluscs of low boreal aspect, as well as Mesozoic and Palaeozoic microfossils. Amino acid ratios from fragments of Arctica islandica suggest that the shells are of Oxygen Isotope Stage 9 age or older. The fabric and composition of the shelly sediments are consistent with their emplacement as deformation till during the onshore movement of glacially transported rafts of marine sediment. Folded and sheared contacts between the shelly deposits, peat lenses and the overlying Late Devensian till indicate that the fossiliferous sediments were glacitectonised during the main Late Devensian glaciation, when ice moved from Strathmore and overrode the site from the southwest. British Geological Survey. © NERC 2000.     

Rates of peat formation in relation to degree of humification and local environment, as shown by studies of a raised bog in Deninark

In the raised bog Draved Mose, rates of peat formation and degrees of humification were determined in two peat sections. Based on 59 calibrated C-14 dates, accumulation rates during the last 6500 years of 0.16 to 0.80 mm/year were found. The peat layers were analyscd for Sphagnum species, rhizopods, and pollen and spores. A clear relation between humification degrees and humidity at the time of formation was found, while the relation between measured growth rates and degrees of humification varied throughout the 2.5 m thick peat section. These variations are thought to be mostly a result of autocompaction.     

Preparing pollen concentrates for AMS dating – a methodological study from a hard-water lake in southern Sweden

Dating pollen concentrated from sediment samples is a way to improve lake-sediment chronology. The predominantly terrestrial origin of pollen assemblages minimizes, for example, the reservoir effect inherent in bulk sediment samples, especially from hard-water lakes. Pollen can be concentrated for dating by a combination of sieving and chemical treatment (Brown et al . 1989). This study illustrates the difficulty in applying a single, standard procedure, and demonstrates the need for flexibility depending on lake sediment characteristics and the particular pollen flora. Samples taken at the Ulmus decline were prepared and AMS-dated following different steps of the pollen concentration procedure. The results showed that both sieving and chemical treatment were needed to obtain an age close to the expected age for the Ulmus decline. The pollen concentrate dated c . 1000 years younger than a bulk date from the same level, but is close to the expected age based on correlation with dates for the Ulmus decline from Sphagnum peat sequences in north-western Europe. A compilation of bulk dates at the Ulmus decline implies that pollen concentrates would be a better material for dating than bulk samples for many lake sediments, not only for those from hard-water lakes.     

Relative sea-level fluctuations and brown coal formation around the Early-Middle Miocene boundary in the Lusatian Brown Coal District

The Tertiary sedimentary sequence in the Lusatian Brown Coal District is the result of several transgressive pulses with intercalated regressive phases. Regression repeatedly resulted in the formation of large littoral bogs at the transition between brackish and terrestrial palaeoenvironments. In the lithofacies changes of the Lower-Middle Miocene strata (high energy sands, low energy intertidal silts, paralic peats) long-term changes as well as short-term oscillations of sea level are recorded. The rise of sea level in the upper Lower Miocene (Hemmoorian transgression) is proved in numerous localities of the investigation area. After a regression phase with major peat formation events around the Lower-Middle Miocene boundary, a renewed sea-level rise resulted in the widest extension of marine-brackish beds over pre-Tertiary basement in the south of the region (higher Reinbekian transgression, Middle Miocene). Very differentiated, fine-scaled, probably sea-level induced coastline oscillations could probably be traced even into the coal seams by the recognition of successive bogfacial types possibly showing a groundwater level change in the ancient peat bog (change of topogeneous and ombrogeneous bog types). A biostratigraphic calibration of the decalcified Lower-Middle Miocene sequence with its alternating transgressive and regressive trends to the fully marine sediments of the basinal centre, which are dated by calcareous microfossils, is possible by means of dinoflagellate cysts and pollen and spores. Correspondence to: C. Strauss     

Accumulation of heavy metals in Oostriku peat bog,Estonia: -site description,conceptual modelling and geochemical modelling of the source of the metals

Oxidation of sulphides leads to the dissolution of metals, which are transported with water and accumulate at geochemical barriers. Such barriers can form in peat bogs. This paper gives an introduction into the long-term processes in Oostriku peat bog where high accumulations of heavy metals are observed. Peat and water samples are analysed for Fe, As and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) using different methods. A concept is based on the observations. Metals are leached by sulphide oxidation in the carbonate rocks upstream of the peat. The water feeds the peat from below. The metals are sorbed and precipitated in the peat. The sulphide oxidation is simulated to examine the origin and metal speciation in the water. The simulated solution is compared with the groundwater entering the peat. The results showed a fair agreement for the major constituents. There were considerable differences for species with low concentrations.     

Trace metal geochemistry of peat under a sanitary landfill-a reconnaissance

Core samples were taken at two sites from a peat deposit buried by a sanitary landfill operated by the city of Vancouver since the 1960s and from a third site where the same peat bed is not covered by landfill. Twenty-nine subsamples from the three cores were analyzed by a variety of techniques to determine the concentration of as many as 34 constituents. The content of heavy metals, the principal object of this investigation, is highest in the lower part of the peat succession, in which there is a significant amount of interbedded inorganic sediment, rather than in the upper clean bog peat. Individual layers as little as 2.5 cm thick can hold concentrations of heavy metals ten times that of the nearby layers. The heavy metal contents show a high positive correlation with those of iron and manganese and a very low correlation with sulfur. Iron from the landfill has been transported by downward percolating groundwater in solution or colloidal suspension into the lower layers of peat deposit where the passing heavy metals were sorbed. A comparison of the amounts of heavy metals stored in the peat alone with the amount leaving the whole landfill annually suggests that some metals, notably lead and arsenic, might be retained in the peat for very long periods, whereas other metals such as zinc and mercury might be quickly lost.     

Radiocarbon dating of dy and peat in the Getsjö area, Kolmården, Sweden, to determine the rational limit of Picea.

Percentage pollen diagrams showing the colonization and development of spruce at Kolmården were established from two adjacent sites: (1) in dy from an enclosed lake and (2) in pine bog peat from the filled lake plain in the southern section of the same lake. Twenty-three radiocarbon datings from the lake dy, and 16 from the adjacent pine bog peat were processed to yield the dates of the interesting levels in the pollen diagrams. The rational limit and development of Picea is discussed in detail. Traces of late human influence are noted. The radiocarbon results from the lake are apparently a few hundred years too early. The peat yields more reliable ages.     

中国第四纪地层

本文综述了中国第四纪沉积类型及第四系的划分,并与国际第四系划分进行了对比。指出中国第四纪沉积物分布广泛,种类繁多,以陆相沉积为主。按其成因主要有风成黄土堆积、河一湖相沉积、冲一洪积堆积、冰川沉积、洞穴堆积、风化壳残积（红土）、火山堆积和海相沉积等。各种沉积物都有很好的剖面,尤其是黄土和河一湖相沉积更为连续完整。按中国第四纪地层发育的实际情况,第四系的底界应置于松山一高斯极性转换界线（Ｍ／Ｇ,２．６ＭａＢ,Ｐ,）;第四系内部划分为更新统（Ｑ_ｐ）和１４新统（Ｑ_ｈ）,界线在１１０００ａＢ,Ｐ,。更新统进一步划分为下、中和上３个阶(Ｑ_ｐ１, Ｑ_ｐ２, Ｑ_ｐ３), Ｑ_ｐ２／Ｑ_ｐ１的界线为布容一松山极性转换界线（Ｂ／Ｍ; ０．７８ＭａＢ,Ｐ,）;Ｑ₍ｐ３_／Ｑ_ｐ２的界线为本次间冰期的起始时间（０．１２８ＭａＢ,Ｐ,）。