EVOLVING FACTOR ANALYSIS APPLIED TO FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS DATA

Evolving factor analysis is used to estimate the concentration profiles and spectra of Bi~(3 )and the bismuthchloride complexes BiCl~(2 )through BiCl_6~(3-)formed by injection of bismuth percblorate into a flowingstream of 1.0 mol l~(-1) HCl.The estimated spectra compare favorably with previously published spectraof the complexes.     

DISCRIMINANT PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

When the number of variables exceeds the number of samples, one method of multivariate discriminationis to use principal components analysis to reduce the dimensionality and then to perform canonicalvariates analysis (PC-CVA). This paper proposes an alternative approach in which discriminant analysisis carried out by a weighted principal component analysis of the group means (DPCA). This method doesnot require prior data reduction and produces discriminant factors that are orthogonal in the original dataspace. The theory and performance of the two methods are compared. Although the individual factors ofDPCA are found to be less discriminating than PC-CVA, the overall discrimination, calculated bymultivariate analysis of variance, and the predictive value, estimated by the leaving-one-out error rate,are broadly comparable.     

STATISTICAL F-TESTS FOR ABSTRACT FACTOR ANALYSIS AND TARGET TESTING

Fisher variance ratio tests are developed for determining(1)the number of statistically significantabstract factors responsible for a data matrix and(2)the significance of target vectors projected into theabstract factor space.F-tests,developed from the viewpoint of vector distributions,are applied tovarious data sets taken from the chemical literature.     

WEIGHTED ANALYSIS OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS: TWO APPROXIMATIONS TO STATISTICAL WEIGHTS

Two approximate methods for weighted principal components analysis (WPCA) were devised and testedin numerical experiments using either empirical variances (obtained from replicated data) or assumedvariances (derived from unreplicated data). In the first ('spherical') approximation each data vector wasassigned a weight proportional to the geometrical mean of its variances in all dimensions. Thearithmetical mean of variances was used instead in the other approximation. Both the numericalexperiments with artificial data containing random errors of various kinds (constant, proportional,constant plus proportional, Poisson) and the analysis of two sets of Raman spectra clearly indicated thenecessity of introducing statistical weights. The spherical approximation was found to be slightly betterthan the arithmetical one. The application of statistical weighting was found to improve the performanceof PCA in estimation problems.     

SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS OF BIVARIATE POINT PATTERNS

Second-order methods of point pattern analysis have only recently received attention from geographers. This paper demonstrates the use of these methods in a spatial analysis of two interrelated categories of objects in a finite region. Two contrasting methods of analyzing the spatial structure of bivariate point data provide insight into the potential of second-order methods. The first is the conventional “within” group analysis that compares a spatial pattern of points to a Poisson random pattern. The second, a “between” groups analysis, allows a distribution-free investigation of locational interdependencies between two categories of points. The map pattern of a sample of commercial investments in Cincinnati illustrates the utility of this approach.     

湖北省降水量的周期分析

结合降水量对农业生产的影响特点将全年降水量分成５个阶段,根据聚类分析的结果将不同的时段的降水量进行分区,由此对全省的降水量做自相关分析和功率谱分析,从而发现了降水量的变化周期。     

CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS AND ADSORBATE SELECTION FOR CHEMICAL SENSOR ARRAYS

Carey et al.utilized principal components analysis (PCA) to analyze frequency shift data obtained frompiezoelectric sensors formed by coating quartz crystals with 27 different GC stationary phases and testedusing 14 analytes.The objective of the analysis was to determine an optimal reduced set of coatings fordetection of the analytes.The results were correlated with those obtained from cluster analysis.In thispaper the data are re-analyzed using correspondence analysis (CA).The advantage of using CA includea symmetric treatment of sensor coatings and analytes and better identification of the representation ofthe analytes in terms of the detection components.The results obtained by the conjunctive use of PCA,a varimax rotation and cluster analysis were obtained by CA.     

CAN IMAGE ANALYSIS PROVIDE INFORMATION USEFUL IN CTTEMISTRY?

Images can contain chemical information and many chemical methods can generate image data. For anefficient extraction of chemical data from images, data analysis techniques are necessary, It is a greatadvantage to be able to work on multivariate images. Many imaging techniques allow the extraction ofchemical information. Inorganic analytical chemistry seems to have the longest tradition here, butorganic chemistry and biochemistry may soon be catching up. Also large data arrays from non-imagingtechniques can be combined with image analysis in a useful way, provided certain conditions are fulfilled.     

EXAMINING LARGE DATABASES:A CHEMOMETRIC APPROACH USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Principal component analysis is used to examine large multivariate databases.The graphical approachto exploratory data analysis is described and illustrated with a single example of chemical compositiondata obtained on environmental dust particles.While the graphical approach to exploratory data analysishas certain advantages over the numerical procedures,the empirical approach described here should beviewed as complementary to the more robust treatments that statistical methodologies afford.     

鹤壁市生态足迹分析

生态足迹分析是一种基于生物物理量的可持续发展度量方法，是一种基于考虑人类及其发展与生态环境关系的方法。通过跟踪区域能源与资源消费，并将其转化为相应的生物生产性土地面积，与生态承载力相比较，判定区域的可持续发展状态。采用鹤壁市2002年的统计数据进行生态足迹分析，结果表明，2002年鹤壁市生态足迹为6．9279hm^2／人，人均生态承载力面积为0．3781hm^2，生态赤字为6．5498hm^2/人，揭示了当前鹤壁市处于一种不可持续的发展状态。     

BASIC PORTFOLIO MODELS FOR INTERREGIONAL ANALYSIS

Basic contemporary portfolio models are applied to an interregional economic analysis of U.S. Census Regions during 1963-1978. The models are well suited the type of analysis that partitions a region's economic cycle into national and local components. Portfolio theory provides a logic for interregional cross investment; results of an empirical test indicate portfolio theory may be superior to simple neoclassical theory in explaining spatial patterns of capital investment.     

非线性科学理论在地质灾害评价预测中的应用--地质灾害系统分析原理

将现代非线性科学理论与传统的地质灾害评价预测理论有机结合,提出了１０条地质灾害系统分析原理,同时对地质灾害的评价及预测提出了一系列的新思想、新观点和新认识。     

福建省产业结构地区差异聚类分析

选取1995-2004年数据，对福建省各地区经济增长情况进行偏离-份额分析，以此为依据对福建省9个地级市进行聚类分析，将其产业结构的特点分成产业结构贡献率与竞争力贡献率都大于零、产业结构贡献率小于零而竞争力贡献率大于零、产业结构贡献率和竞争力贡献率都小于零三类，说明福建省产业结构地区差异明显，并对不同地区产业结构对经济增长的贡献情况进行分析，以期为福建省各地区产业结构调整和优化提供一定的参考价值。     

乌鲁木齐河洪水频率分析

本文通过对乌鲁木齐河年最大洪峰流量实测资料与历史洪水资料的分析，选定了正态分布，对数正态分布，三参数对数正态分布，Ｇｕｍｂｅｌ分布，Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ－Ⅲ型分布和对数Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ－Ⅲ型分布等６种线型，利用极大似然法对各种分布函数的参数进行了最优估计。     

南极洲政治前景浅析

南极洲的政治前景问题,即南极洲向何处去,或南极洲属于谁的问题。就这个问题的核心和实质而言,也可以说是在新的世界政治、经济格局中和南极条约体系运作的框架下,人类将如何应对和寻求解决南极洲的领土主权归属和资源开发利用的问题。自南极洲发现至今,乃至将来,这一问题都是各国政治家、外交家和社会历史学家们十分关注而又极难应对的棘手问题,也是人们普遍关注的热点问题。由于南极洲独特的自然地理、生态环境、富有资源的特殊性和政治背景的复杂性。时至今日,对南极洲国际事务处理和管理的最好办法,仍然是《南极条约》和南极条约协商国组织及其会议。那么,南极洲究竟属于谁呢?可以肯定,在相当长的时间里是很难找到肯定答案的。本文着重分析了过去和现在决定或影响南极洲政治前景的三种力量,尝试对“南极洲的政治前景”作一探索分析,以期对关注这一问题的人们有所裨益。     

旅游地理文献分析

根据国内外近期主要地理和旅游刊物,同时参考有关文献,进行了分析研究,从宏观的角度反映了近期国内外旅游地理研究现状。     

中国旅游黄金周政策的价值分析

自1999年中国实施旅游黄金周政策以来,它刺激了需求、活跃了市场、增加了就业、繁荣了经济。旅游黄金周政策的实施,假日经济的发展有利于发展社会主义国家的生产力,有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力,有利于提高人民的生活水平,充分体现了“三个有利于”的价值取向。但也应看到不足之处,如景点开发的盲目性,服务管理的薄弱性,环境保护意识的淡薄性,消费观念的滞后性等。这就要求各方共同努力,坚持“安全、秩序、效益、质量”四统一的原则,让旅游黄金周真正成为中国经济生活中的亮点、热点和经济增长点。     

地理信息系统空间分析方法及其若干应用

地理信息系统中的核心是空间属性数据库，而管理，分析和应用数据库中数据的空间分析功能和应用模型则是发挥数据库作用的关键部分。衡量一个地理信息系统的好坏，不仅决定于其数据库的数据质量，数据量和更新速度，关键要看其空间功能是否强大，实用具有灵活性。一般来讲，地理信息系统的空间分析有很强的综合性和专业性，也具有很大的灵活性。