考虑土壤吸附作用的地下水污染物运移特征研究

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,若被污染,则再难于恢复到原来的状态,探讨分析地下水污染物运移特征对于保护地下水资源具有重要意义。本文以南通某沿海经济开发区为例,对研究区内的地下水和包气带进行监测,并运用地下水数值模拟软件GMS,对研究区典型污染物运移特征进行模拟预测,探讨分析土壤吸附作用对污染物运移的影响。结果表明,污染物迁移距离和运移面积与污染物源强呈正相关关系,考虑吸附作用时,COD和氨氮污染物中心点浓度分别降低29.9%和29.8%,最大迁移距离分别降低20.4%和24.9%,超标面积分别降低32.4%和29.2%,吸附作用对污染物具有显著的削减作用。     

基于GMS的某垃圾填埋场地下水环境影响预测研究

以安徽省向山垃圾填埋场作为研究区,在分析场区水文地质条件的基础上,运用GMS中的MODF-LOW和MT3 D模块建立地下水流概念模型、数值模型及溶质运移数值模型,并根据取样结果确定污染物因子,模拟正常状况和非正常状况下污染物在地下水环境中的污染路径、污染羽迁移状况和污染物对地下水环境可能造成的影响.研究结果表明:评价区...     

石油炼化区地下水环境污染预测与防控研究

以云南某石油炼化区为研究对象,模拟预测污染物的迁移规律、污染范围以及污染物浓度分布。在地下水环境污染预测分析的基础上,采用模型验证区域内地下水防控体系的有效性;验证应急井以恒定流量抽水能有效抽出污染物,达到修复地下水的目的。同时分析整个应急防控过程中抽取地下水对区域地下水环境的影响。     

基于GMS软件对某污染厂区地下水污染规律研究

以某污染厂区为研究对象,通过野外调查并结合已有资料,利用GMS软件建立研究区域地下水流场模型和溶质运移模型,并且详细分析了地下水污染规律。研究结果表明:降雨入渗扩散方式下,污染物在地下水中的迁移速率与污染物的浓度及地下水介质密切相关。在潜水含水层中,污染物主要以垂向运移为主,并且受污染源强影响较大,污染物浓度越高,其垂向运移速率越快,污染物在水平面上的扩散速率受污染源强的影响较小;在承压含水层中,污染物沿水流方向迁移,并且呈现匀速扩散趋势。     

输油管泄露地下水污染模拟及防控管理方案比选

以云南某炼油厂区内地下水为研究对象,通过分析其水文地质条件,结合钻孔水位资料,建立水文地质模型。选取石油类作为预测因子,采用GMS软件建立地下水水流场模型和溶质运移模型,计算在(156)d内石油类的迁移过程,并对比3种抽出处理法防控管理方案,选取最优方案。研究结果表明：石油持续泄露156 d时JC02监测到污染物,结合经济、人力等因素方案(2)为最优。     

基于数值模拟模型研究滨海化工企业地下水环境影响预测评价

随着我国经济的快速发展,加大了滨海地区的开发强度,化工、医药、农药等行业在滨海地区迅猛发展。滨海地区复杂的地下水、地表水与海水之间的水力联系使地下水环境影响评价成为项目环评的难点。本文以某化工企业为例,通过构建研究区地下水数值模拟模型,利用观测水位校正模型,耦合污染物运移方程模拟预测评价了滨海地区地下水环境影响。同时针对评价过程中弥散度尺度效应现象,提供了一种评价方法。研究表明随时间的增加,污染物COD和甲苯中心浓度逐渐升高,迁移距离逐渐增加,污染范围不断扩大。随着弥散度的不断增加,污染物COD和甲苯中心浓度逐渐下降,迁移距离和超标范围不断扩大。通过模拟不同弥散度下污染物迁移规律,有利于企业加强地下水管理和判断可能发生的污染现象。     

水文地球化学模拟研究的现状

水文地球化学模拟是研究地质生态，地下水污染的一种新的方法，是多学科综合研究的产物，通过各种不同的水文地球化学模型，可以定量模拟各种自然过程和人类活动影响下水－岩相互作用及地下水中污染质的运移过程，预测地下水污染的发生，发展趋势，指导地地下水的监测，保护及合理开采，是地下水管理中不可缺少的一部分。综述了有关水文地球化学模拟研究的现状，对水溶液组分平衡的地球化学模型，地下水溶质运移模型，耦合水化学模型     

基于hydrus和modflow在化工园区地下水污染预测

以山西省孝义市某化工园区为研究区域,建立水文地质概念模型和数学模型。应用HYDRUS-1D软件,模拟源强连续注入状态下污染物穿透包气带所用的时间。利用Visal Modflow,建立地下水流模型和溶质运移模型,模拟预测污染物进入地下水后对地下水环境的影响,通过模拟实现了土壤包气带—地下水系统运移模拟与污染评价的耦合,是对传统污染物迁移预测分析方法的改良和完善。研究结果表明,污染物大约590 d左右穿透包气带进入地下水,10 a后影响面积达到80~90 hm~2,园区建设将对地下水环境造成较大污染,应做好防治措施。     

基于GMS模拟预测云南保山盆地孔隙水中氨氮的迁移规律

针对云南保山盆地地下水污染情况,在查明研究区的水文地质条件基础上,仅考虑氨氮污染物在对流及弥散作用的情况下,利用GMS建立其溶质运移模型,模拟预测1 000 d、3 000 d及5 000 d氨氮的物理位置特征及迁移规律,结果显示,氨氮在地下水运移的过程中,不同浓度的污染晕是以高浓度为中心基本对称分布的,其浓度含量由中心向边缘逐渐变小,说明在对流及弥散作用下,氨氮是沿着水流方向随地下水缓慢运移,并且由迁移距离与时间关系图得出,在运移过程中,对流作用对氨氮的运移起决定性作用。     

盆地异常低压系统处置油田污水可行性

松辽盆地十屋断陷区油气分布复杂,勘探程度高,油田外排污水规模巨大,常规技术处理污水效果不理想。区内4 km以下部分地层呈负压态,若容储介质参数达到相应地质填埋标准,则可在工程实践中尝试应用。结合该区水文及地质资料,建立地下水流及污水污染物迁移数值模拟模型,模拟研究区低压系统入注污水时地下水流动特征及污染物的迁移规律,同时估算了系统空间污水容储量。在预测过程中,分析了断陷区负压形成机制及分布特点,同时结合虚拟粒子示踪及注水过程,对污水的环境影响度进行了预测。研究结果表明,十屋断陷异常低压区是一个天然污水封闭储藏区,系统地层压力梯度仅为0.005~0.008 MPa/m,容储量高达1.241×10⁸ m³,且污染物逃逸概率极小,非常适合油田污水的处置。     

基于GSFLOW的镜湖湿地地表水与地下水耦合数值模拟

湿地地表径流包括明渠流和片流等多种形式,且存在海绵状土壤层,其地表水-地下水耦合模拟困难。针对湿地片流和海绵层模拟不准确的问题,以绍兴镜湖国家城市湿地公园为研究对象,考虑湿地多年植物生长沉积形成的独特海绵层,基于GSFLOW模型构建湿地地表水与地下水耦合数值模型,通过二维扩散方程模拟湿地片流、一维圣维南方程模拟湿地明渠流,使用竖管法测量湿地海绵层渗透系数,利用模拟区水文站的监测数据率定模型参数并对模拟结果进行验证,应用校正后模型模拟湿地地表水与地下水的水量交互过程,并对研究区进行水均衡分析。研究结果表明:考虑湿地海绵层的湿地地表水与地下水耦合模型能较为真实地反映湿地水文特性,湿地以地表水补给地下水为主,补给量随降雨量变化。研究建立的湿地地表水与地下水耦合模型合理可靠,对湿地水文分析有良好的应用价值。     

GMS在双城市城区地下水资源评价中的应用

根据双城市水文地质条件建立了概念模型,应用GMS软件建立了研究区地质结构模型及地下水数值模拟模型。考虑自然条件以及开采量的影响,设计6种方案对研究区地下水流进行预报,结果显示以设计开采量对水源地进行开采,水源地投产10年后最大中心水位降深不会超过最大允许降深。     

Groundwater flow modeling for effective implementation of landslide stability enhancement measures

This paper deals with groundwater hydrology at a prominent fracture zone landslide slope (Nuta–Yone landslides) in Japan with an objective to explore an efficient method for the application of landslide stability enhancement measures. The correlation analyses between the hydrological parameters and ground surface movement data at this landslide resulted in low correlation values indicating that the geological formation of the area is extremely complex. For the purpose of understanding the groundwater flow behavior in the landslide area, a three-dimensional transient groundwater flow model was prepared for a part of the landslide slope, where the levels of effectiveness of applied landslide stability enhancement measures (in the form of multilayered deep horizontal drains) are different, and was calibrated against the measured water surface elevations at different piezometer locations. The parameter distributions in the calibrated model and the general directions of the groundwater flow in terms of flow vectors and the results of particle tracking at the model site were interpreted to understand the reasons for variations in effectiveness of existing landslide stability enhancement measures and to find potentially better locations for the implementation of future landslide stability enhancement measures. From the modeling results, it was also understood that groundwater flow model can be effectively used in better planning and locating the landslide stability enhancement measures.     

Basin-scale groundwater response to precipitation variation and anthropogenic pumping in Chih-Ben watershed, Taiwan

The sustainable use of groundwater has become increasingly challenging due to extreme hydrological events and anthropogenic activity. In this study, the basin-scale groundwater response to precipitation variation was analyzed using an integrated model that comprises lumped models for land and river recharges and a distributed model for groundwater. The integrated model was applied to the Chih-Ben watershed, Taiwan, using 20?years (1988?C2007) of data. The hydrological data were analyzed for trends using statistical tests. Based on decreasing trends in precipitation and groundwater levels and an increasing trend in stream flow, the oblique-cut method was applied to precipitation and excess infiltration to assess land and streambed recharge. Distributed numerical groundwater modeling was used to simulate the basin-scale groundwater responses to precipitation variation and anthropogenic pumping. The model was calibrated using stable-isotope and groundwater-level data. The safe yields were estimated for the Chih-Ben watershed for dry, wet, and normal precipitation scenarios. The safe yield of groundwater was shown to vary with precipitation, which does not guarantee the sustainable use of groundwater resources. Instead, water resources should be assessed at a basin scale, taking into account the whole ecosystem, rather than only considering water for human consumption in the alluvium.     

Simulation of nitrate transport and wastewater seepage in groundwater flow system

Groundwater quantity and quality modeling is one approach for optimal use of available water resources in arid and semiarid regions. This study was conducted to simulate flow treatment and nitrate transport on Shahrekord aquifer using three-dimensional solute transport model and geographical information system. Hydraulic conductivity, specific yield and recharge values in flow simulation process and effect molecular diffusion coefficient, longitudinal dispersivity and distribution coefficient in quality model were calibrated. 120 water samples during July 2007 to June 2008 were collected monthly from 10 wells and measurements of nitrate were carried out. The results show that the developed model is successfully used to simulate flow path and nitrate transport in saturated porous media. The highest values of nitrate occur along Bahram–Abad village and the surroundings. The groundwater quality in the area represents a complex system, which is affected by different factors of pollution, such as urban wastewater and leaching of agricultural lands.     

基于GMS软件对某矿区松散层孔隙水污染的数值模拟研究

以云南某矿区为研究对象,在详细调查区域水文地质条件和已有资料的基础上,结合调查区监测井,利用GMS软件建立研究区域地下水水流场模型和溶质运移模型。模型计算了在合理误差范围内的水流场模型并预测了硫酸盐在持续泄漏730d、180d后切断泄漏源,硫酸盐的迁移过程。研究结果表明:随着持续泄漏时间的增加,调查区域北部边界附近受到污染的浓度越高、污染范围越广,超标的污染物在北部边界区域进入岩溶含水层,遇到岩溶带会加速污染物向下游运移,破坏下游水质、危及下游村庄饮用水安全。     

The impact of tunneling construction on the hydrogeological environment of “Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin Diversion Project” in Taiwan

Groundwater flow and the associated surface water flow are potential negative factors on underground tunnels. Early detection of environmental impacts on water resources is of significant importance to planning, design and construction of tunnel projects, as early detection can minimize accidents and project delays during construction. The groundwater modeling software package Groundwater Modeling System (GMS), which supports the groundwater numerical codes MODFLOW and FEMWATER, was utilized to determine the impact of tunneling excavation on the hydrogeological environment in a regional area around the tunnel and a local hot springs area, at the “Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin Diversion Project”, in Taiwan. A hydrogeological conceptual model was first developed to simplify structures related to the site topography, geology and geological structure. The MODFLOW code was then applied to simulate groundwater flow pattern for the hydrogeological conceptual model in the tunnel area. The automated parameter estimation method was applied to calibrate groundwater level fluctuation and hydrogeological parameters in the region. Calibration of the model demonstrated that errors between simulated and monitored results are smaller than allowable errors. The study also observed that tunneling excavation caused groundwater to flow toward the tunnel. No obvious changes in the groundwater flow field due to tunnel construction were observed far away in the surrounding regions. Furthermore, the FEMWATER code for solving 3-D groundwater flow problems, in which hydrogeological characteristics are integrated into a geographic information system (GIS), is applied to evaluate the impact of tunnel construction on an adjacent hot spring. Simulation results indicated that the groundwater drawdown rate is less than the groundwater recharge rate, and the change to the groundwater table after tunnel construction was insignificant for the hot spring area. Finally, the groundwater flow obtained via the GMS indicated that the hydrogeological conceptual model can estimate the possible quantity of tunnel inflow and the impact of tunnel construction on the regional and local groundwater resources regime of the transbasin diversion project.     

Geographical information system approach for environmental management in coastal area (Hardelot-Plage,France)

The use of geographic information system (GIS) minimizes the effort and improves the efficiency of numerical models. The GIS provides a platform for high capacity collection, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatial data. The conceptual model is created using GIS objects including points, arcs and polygons so that it can accurately represent real world condition. According to the research problem, the geographical model is based on Hypergraph Based Data Structure method, and a conceptual data model has been created from which a physical data model was elaborated in ArcGIS9.3 platform. The groundwater modeling system (GMS) provides a powerful tool for hydrodynamics modeling and it is able to solve complex problems such as the groundwater flow and seawater intrusion. The sand-dune system of Hardelot-Plage (North of France) suffers from a lack of well-developed foredune. This problem is linked to the almost constant saturation of beach sand which is the potential source of dune nourishment. In the south of Hardelot, the coastline is slowly, but constantly retreating. To remedy this situation, a coupling between a GIS and GMS was adopted, in order to find the possible scenarios which could lower the piezometric surface in the concerned area and allow dune nourishment again. The GMS used supports the Modflow-2000 code. A direct approach to designing Modflow finite difference model is tedious and less intuitive, specifically for complex boundary and initial conditions. Therefore, a Modflow model can be developed either using a grid or conceptual model approach. The preparation of input data modeling is tedious and takes a long time. The model created in GMS was calibrated against the historical and observed water level data for 1995–2006. Then a hydrodispersive model (MT3d code in GMS) was launched for evaluating sea-water intrusion. The model was run to generate groundwater and salt concentration scenario during pumping tests.     

珠江三角洲陆源污染和香港水域排污对伶仃洋的影响

采用河网区非稳态水量数学模型,计算珠江东四口门1985-1995年的入海水量(净泄流量);在此基础上,利用1985-1995年在珠江东四口门每年至少3次(丰、平、枯)的实测水质资料(COD_Mn、BOD₅、无机氮、水溶性磷酸盐、石油类等),计算1985-1995年间每年丰、平、枯三季从东四口门下泄到伶仃洋的污染物总量。利用经率定、验证的伶仃洋近海区二维非稳态水量、水质数学模型对珠江三角洲陆源污染通过东四口门下泄的污染物量、陆源污染物以及香港水域排污对伶仃洋水域的影响进行了研究。     

西北某干旱区多级储水洼地地下水数值模拟

西北某放射性废物处置场预选区,区域地下水系统包含多级独立第四系储水洼地,洼地出口以泉水排泄地下水,继而回渗补给下级洼地。根据含水层底板起伏特征,利用GMS模拟软件中的排水沟模块与溪流模块概化了泉水,通过泉流量校准与监测孔水位拟合,校正了研究区渗透系数、给水度、和储水率等水文地质参数,计算了地下水流速、流向以及地下水资源量。结果显示,研究区地下水由南向北东径流,东北部为最终排泄洼地,地下水流速缓慢,水资源相对匮乏,有利于放射性废物处置的安全。