地球物理测井观测的台湾车笼埔断层钻探项目（TCDP）井孔A的应力方向

台湾车笼埔断层钻探项目(TCDP)钻了2km深的井孔来研究1999年Mw7·6级集集地震中破裂的车笼埔断层的结构和力学状态。在500～1900m的深度进行了TCDP的地球物理测井,包括为了识别地层面的裂缝和剪切区域的双极声学成像(DSI)测井和地层精细成像(FMI)测井。根据钻孔得到的连续岩芯资料,1110m深度的剪切区域被解释为车笼埔断层,位于锦水页岩内,延伸至1013～1300m的深度。整个井孔长度范围内观测到了应力导致的钻孔崩落。这些数据表明总的应力方向(N115°E)基本平行于区域应力场,并平行于菲律宾海板块相对于欧亚板块的俯冲方向。平均应力方向的可变性在不同深度均观测到。特别是在车笼埔断层附近有一个大的应力方向异常。1000m和1310m深度的突然应力偏转接近于锦水页岩的上边界和下边界,表明分层面在集集地震中滑动的可能性。     

国内外地震科学钻探与测井技术应用

大地震发生后, 在断裂带开展科学钻探是研究地震发震机理的快速反应和科学计划手段。 测井技术是重要的井中地球物理探测方法。 本文结合日本Nojima断层科学钻探、 美国San Andreas科学深钻、 台湾车笼埔钻探和中国汶川地震科学钻探研究成果, 综述了国内外地震科学钻探计划实施和研究进展, 对比和分析了测井技术在其中发挥的作用和取得的成果。 最后, 对地震科学钻探井中观测研究提出了建议, 并展望了测井技术在地震科学钻探中的应用。     

国外断层深部钻探进展分析

国际科学钻探计划成立以来,已经在许多国家和领域取得了重要成果.通过回顾深井钻探项目的发展历史,概述近几年对俯冲带内的板块边界断层进行钻探的日本南海海槽孕震带实验、日本海沟快速钻探项目及美国圣安德列斯断层深部长期观测的板块结构、钻井资料分析的成果,并梳理工程地热系统钻井项目及南非矿山活动断裂带钻探项目对诱发地震的相关研究.旨在为断层深部钻探研究提供思路和参考.     

断裂带同震温度负异常机制分析

断裂带同震温度响应,可在震后钻孔测温中获得并识别,为发震断层摩擦特性与发震机制等基础研究提供了非常独特的思路和有效手段.集集、汶川及日本东北大地震后,实施了台湾车笼埔断层钻探项目(TCDP)、汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程(WFSD)和日本海沟快速钻探计划(JFAST).钻孔测温结果表明:滑移面上下5~20m范围内存在温度正异常,这是同震摩擦生热所致,该机制已被广泛认识和接受;同时,距滑移面20~60m范围内也存在明显的温度负异常,但其成因机制几乎还未被真正关注和认识.虽然温度负异常峰值只有正异常峰值的1/4~1/3,但温度负异常分布范围却是正异常分布范围的3~4倍,即正、负温度异常区对应的总能量基本相当.因此,断裂带震后钻孔测温中的负异常及其成因不容忽视.在详细分析几种可能的同震温度负异常机制后(如岩层热物性分布差异、流体运移、表面自由能增大及同震应力释放),发现能在理论、实验及野外观测上都得到支撑的普适性机制只有同震应力释放.这可能是断裂带震后温度负异常的主要原因.     

深井地球物理观测与东海深井长期观测的最新进展

<正>深井地震与地球物理观测(Borehole Seismology)是21世纪的一项崭新的高科技项目。东海深井地球物理长期观测是我国开展深井地震学观测研究迈出的第一步。20世纪70年代起,国外地球物理学界开始从地面观测向地下深井发展,前苏联等国相继进行了不同深度的科学钻探。1995年国际大陆科学钻探计划(ICDP)组织成立,中国为其成员国之一。此后随着项目的进行与发展,世界发达国家的科学家规划建设了多个深井钻孔与观测台站,组建了区域深井观测台     

深井地球物理观测的最新进展与中国大陆科学钻探长期观测

深井地震与地球物理观测(Borehole Seismology)是21世纪的一项崭新的高科技项目. 其目的是为了解决地球的表面效应和人类社会高度发展的城市化、工业化、现代化带来的噪音干扰,提高信噪比,推进现代地球物理观测与研究.随着地球系统科学的深入以及解决环境、资源、地震灾害预报等问题的需求, 近年来世界大陆科学钻探以及在钻孔深井内进行的地球物理长期观测得到了飞速发展,取得了高精度的观测研究成果. 中国大陆科学钻探长期观测在前期工作基础上,已经启动并正在构建我国第一个无地面干扰的深井地震、地球物理长期观测站,为实现我国的“入地”科学计划,开创我国21世纪地球科学观测研究的新局面作出贡献.     

台湾集集7.6级地震车笼埔发震断层场地灾害综述

１９９９年９月集集（Ｍｗ７．６）地震,由于车笼埔地震断层猛烈地逆冲推挤作用,导致断层沿线地带产生剧烈的场地地震灾害、文中列举车笼埔断层活动引发场地地震灾害的情况,提出该类活断层下盘建筑物的安全距离不应少于３０００ｍ,上盘建筑物的安全距离不应少于５０００ｍ。     

台湾可能是世界上地震最密集的地区

据台湾有关方面发布的消息 ,台湾大学地质系教授陈文山最近在南投竹山的车笼埔断层带上进行挖掘勘探 ,发现三四百年前 ,台湾中部地区也曾发生过类似 3年前“9·2 1”地震强度的大地震。种种迹象表明 ,台湾可能是世界上地震发生最密集的地区。陈文山教授说 ,车笼埔断层带是菲律宾板块和欧亚板块挤压的逆断层 ,从不同年代的地质纹路判断 ,三四百年前 ,台湾中部曾经发生过一次大地震 ,而这样的频率 ,让地质专家感到惊讶。车笼埔断层总长度 80多千米 ,在 1 999年“9·2 1”大地震的时候 ,这条大断层像大地撕裂的一道伤口台湾可能是世界上地震最…     

2013 年3 月27 日台湾南投MW 6. 0 地震震源机制解与发震构造研究

采用基于近远震波形的CAPjoint 方法,对2013 年3 月27 日台湾南投MW6. 0 地震分别进行了单独反演和联合反演,获得了各自的震源机制解及震源深度。其中,联合反演所得的最优双力偶机制解参数为,节面Ⅰ:方位角0°,倾角30°,滑动角78°;节面Ⅱ:方位角193°,倾角60°,滑动角96°;震源深度18km。为了验证联合反演的有效性和可靠性,采用由重抽样理论发展而来的Bootstrap 方法,对近远震数据分别进行了重采样,并对其单独反演和联合反演所得的参数进行了统计,验证了联合反演的有效性及稳定性,并发现远震反演震源深度的结果一定程度上受台站分布的影响,若要获得精确的震源深度则需要方位角分布较好的远震台站记录。根据前人对集集地震及车笼埔断层的研究成果以及南投地震的发震断层性质接近车笼埔断层的认识,推测此次地震可能发生在车笼埔断层上。     

近震源破裂过程反演研究--Ⅱ.9.21中国台湾集集地震破裂过程的近场反演

根据非线性规划研究的最新成果所设计的一种全新的震源破裂过程的反演方法, 用近场地震波观测资料反演了1999年9月21日发生在中国台湾省集集Mw7.6地震震源破裂过程.为了使反演中设置的断层模型与集集地震实际破裂面尽可能一致, 以尽可能减小由于断层模型设置的不确定性对震源破裂过程反演结果的影响, 设立的断层模型为与集集地震造成的主要地表破裂尽可能拟合的弯曲面模型.反演结果显示: (1) 集集地震震源的破裂大体持续了32 s, 其中主要破裂发生在第6～27 s间, 破裂主要集中发生在断层北段向东拐弯处.(2) 震源破裂以逆冲为主, 平均滑动角为64.5°, 与USGS, Harvard及CWB(台湾中央气象局)的结果相当.标量地震矩为7.76×1020牛顿米, 稍大于USGS和Harvard反演的标量地震矩.(3) 集集地震震源的破裂存在清晰的成核过程, 成核过程经历6 s后, 地震矩释放明显加速.起始破裂从断层南段开始, 10 s后破裂主要集中在断层北段发生.最后将反演结果与震后GPS观测结果进行了对照分析, 并对反演结果的科学意义进行了讨论.     

Laboratory Characterization of Permeability and Its Anisotropy of Chelungpu Fault Rocks

In Taiwan an international project to drill into the Chelungpu fault (TCDP) was initiated after the M _w 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999. At Takeng, two vertical holes (A and B) to depths of about 2 km have been drilled through the northern portion of the Chelungpu fault system. In this study, we conducted systematic hydromechanical tests on TCDP drillcores collected from Hole-A at various depths above and below the major slip zone of the Chelungpu fault. We focus on the measurements of permeability as function of pressure and the brittle failure behavior. Evolution of permeability as a function of pressure and porosity was measured using either steady-state flow or a pulse transient technique. When subjected to an effective pressure reaching 100 MPa, permeability values of shaly siltstone samples range from 10^?16 to 10^?19 m². In comparison, permeability values of porous sandstones are at least an order of magnitude higher, ranging from 10^?14 to 10^?18 m². To characterize permeability anisotropy associated with the bedding structure of the rocks of the Chelungpu fault, cylindrical samples were taken from the TCDP drillcores along three orthogonal directions, denoted X, Y and Z respectively. Direction Z is parallel to the TCDP core axis, and the other two directions are perpendicular to the core axis, with X (N105°E) perpendicular and Y (N15°E) parallel to the strike of the bedding. In shaly siltstones, permeability values of samples cored along the strike of bedding (direction Y) can be up to 1 order of magnitude higher than those cored perpendicular to the strike of bedding (direction X). These observations indicate that permeability anisotropy is controlled by the spatial distribution of bedding in Chelungpu fault host rocks. Permeability evolution of fault rocks plays an important role in dynamic weakening processes, which are particularly pertinent to large earthquakes such as the Chi-Chi earthquake. Our experimental data on permeability and its anisotropy of TCDP core samples provide necessary constraints on fault models and proposed weakening mechanisms.     

High magnetic susceptibility produced by thermal decomposition of core samples from the Chelungpu fault in Taiwan

We carried out thermomagnetic susceptibility analyses of fault rocks from core samples from Hole B of the Taiwan Chelungpu Fault Drilling Project (TCDP) to investigate the cause of high magnetic susceptibilities in the fault core. Test samples were thermally and mechanically treated by heating to different maximum temperatures of up to 900 °C and by high-velocity frictional tests before magnetic analyses. Thermomagnetic susceptibility analyses of natural fault rocks revealed that magnetization increased at maximum heating temperatures above 400 °C in the heating cycle, and showed three step increases, at 600 to 550 °C and at 300 °C during the cooling cycle. These behaviors are consistent with the presence of pyrite, siderite and chlorite, suggesting that TCDP gouge originally included these minerals, which contributed to the generation the magnetic susceptibility by thermomechanical reactions. The change in magnetic susceptibility due to heating of siderite was 20 times that obtained by heating pyrite and chlorite, so that only a small fraction of siderite decomposition is enough to cause the slight increase of the susceptibility observed in the fault core. Color measurement results indicate that thermal decomposition by frictional heating took place under low-oxygen conditions at depth, which prevented the minerals from oxidizing to reddish hematite. This finding supports the inference that a mechanically driven chemical reaction partly accounts for the high magnetic susceptibility. A kinetic model analysis confirmed that frictional heating can cause thermal decomposition of siderite and pyrite. Our results show that decomposition of pyrite to pyrrhotite, siderite and, to some extent, chlorite to magnetite is the probable mechanism explaining the magnetic anomaly within the Chelungpu fault zone.     

汶川地震断裂带滑移行为、物理性质及其大地震活动性——来自汶川地震断裂带科学钻探的证据

断裂带物质组成、结构及其物理性质是理解断裂变形机制和地震破裂过程的基础和关键,断裂带地震（黏滑）和非地震（蠕滑）滑移行为不仅对了解地震活动性和山脉隆升过程具有重要意义,而且直接为防震减灾提供科学依据.我们以穿过龙门山映秀—北川和灌县—安县断裂带的汶川地震断裂带科学钻探（WFSD）岩心和地表出露的断裂带为研究对象,通过对断裂岩组成、结构、显微构造和钻孔物性测井数据进行分析研究,确定了龙门山逆冲断裂带滑移行为和物性特征,初步探讨了大地震活动性和有关断裂带的隆升作用：（1）映秀—北川断裂带倾向NW,浅部倾角~65°,发育的断裂岩厚约180~280 m,由碎裂岩、假玄武玻璃（地震化石）、断层泥和断层角砾岩组成.断裂带具有高自然伽马、高磁化率值、低电阻率、低波速等物理性质以及对称型破碎结构.断层泥普遍具有摩擦热效应的高磁化率值和石墨化作用特征,是古地震滑动的岩石记录.表明映秀—北川断裂带为经常发生大地震的断裂带,晚新生代以来类似汶川地震的大地震复发周期小于6000—10000年,具有千年复发周期特征.（2）灌县—安县断裂带倾向NW,浅部倾角~38°,发育的断裂岩厚约40~50 m,仅由断层泥和断层角砾岩组成,具有典型的"压溶"结构,表现出蠕滑性质.除压溶作用外,定向富集的层状黏土矿物和微孔隙的发育使断层强度变弱.断裂带具上盘破碎的非对称型破碎结构,除具低磁化率值特征外,其他物性与映秀—北川断裂带一致.（3）根据断裂岩厚度与断层滑移量相关经验公式关系,以及断层产状,粗略估算映秀—北川断裂带自中生代以来累积垂直位移量大于9 km,灌县—安县断裂带累积垂直位移量小于3 km.映秀—北川断裂带长期大地震产生的累积垂直位移量是龙门山隆升的主要贡献.     

In‐situ stress at a site close proximity to the Gofukuji Fault,central Japan,measured using drilling cores

The stress state near the Gofukuji Fault, central Japan, was estimated by simultaneously applying deformation rate analysis (DRA), the acoustic emission (AE) method, and AE rate analysis (AERA) to drilling core samples recovered from depths of 327 and 333 m at a site close to the fault. The obtained stress state was for a strike‐slip fault. It is predicted from the estimated stresses that a tensile stress of 6.4 ± 1.1 MPa acted on the borehole wall at 333 m depth during drilling. This is comparable to the typical tensile strength of granodiorite. The tensile stress estimated at 327 m depth is less than the tensile strength. This is consistent with observations of drilling‐induced tensile fracture (DITF) at depths between 329 and 334 m. Ratios of the shear stress to normal stress (normalized shear stress) acting on the fault are calculated to be 0.4–1.0, which are comparable to friction coefficients of rocks measured in laboratories. The large normalized shear stress may represent strength recovery of the Gofukuji Fault. The impendency of earthquake occurrence on this fault is evaluated to be high from the recurrence interval of earthquakes on the fault.     

Internal structure of the Nojima Fault zone from the Hirabayashi GSJ drill core

Abstract The internal structures of the Nojima Fault, south-west Japan, are examined from mesoscopic observations of continuous core samples from the Hirabayashi Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) drilling. The drilling penetrated the central part of the Nojima Fault, which ruptured during the 1995 Kobe earthquake (Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake) ( M 7.2). It intersected a 0.3 m-thick layer of fault gouge, which is presumed to constitute the fault core (defined as a narrow zone of extremely concentrated deformation) of the Nojima Fault Zone. The rocks obtained from the Hirabayashi GSJ drilling were divided into five types based on the intensities of deformation and alteration: host rock, weakly deformed and altered granodiorite, fault breccia, cataclasite, and fault gouge. Weakly deformed and altered granodiorite is distributed widely in the fault zone. Fault breccia appears mostly just above the fault core. Cataclasite is distributed mainly in a narrow (≈1 m wide) zone in between the fault core and a smaller gouge zone encountered lower down from the drilling. Fault gouge in the fault core is divided into three types based on their color and textures. From their cross-cutting relationships and vein development, the lowest fault gouge in the fault core is judged to be newer than the other two. The fault zone characterized by the deformation and alteration is assumed to be deeper than 426.2 m and its net thickness is > 46.5 m. The fault rocks in the hanging wall (above the fault core) are deformed and altered more intensely than those in the footwall (below the fault core). Furthermore, the intensities of deformation and alteration increase progressively towards the fault core in the hanging wall, but not in the footwall. The difference in the fault rock distribution between the hanging wall and the footwall might be related to the offset of the Nojima Fault and/or the asymmetrical ground motion during earthquakes.     

潍坊市主要隐伏断层活动特征研究

利用浅层人工地震、电法勘探和工程钻探等多种方法在潍坊市开展了隐伏活断层探测工作,查明了潍坊市城区周围沂水-汤头断裂、鄌郚-葛沟断裂、寒亭断裂和潍县断裂等6条主要断裂的位置;通过释光(TL、OSL)和电子自旋测年(ESR)研究了这些断裂的最新活动时代。结果表明,潍坊市城区范围内无活动断层通过,为土地利用和城市建设规划提供了科学依据。     

Study on Buried Faults in the Weifang Urban Area

Buried faults in Weifang city and surrounding areas are studied with geophysical surveys such as shallow seismic survey and electrical exploration, and verified with engineering drilling. Six main faults are detected including the Yishul-Tangtou fault, Tangwu-Gegou fault, Hanting fault and Weixian fault, etc. The latest active age is determined by OSL, TL and ESR dating techniques. No active fault has been found so far in the Weifang urban area. Our results provide a scientific basis for land use and urban planning.     

商丹断裂南阳盆地第四纪活动研究

为了研究商丹断裂的空间展布及断裂活动性特征,跨断裂布设了4条浅层地震勘探测线和1条钻孔联合地质剖面.综合分析表明,商丹断裂为一条走向NWW的正断层,钻孔联合地质剖面揭示断裂上断点埋深为13—19 m,最新活动时代为中更新世晚期.     

Deformation mechanisms and fluid behavior in a shallow, brittle fault zone during coseismic and interseismic periods: Results from drill core penetrating the Nojima Fault, Japan

Abstract This paper describes the results of petrographical and meso- to microstructural observations of brittle fault rocks in cores obtained by drilling through the Nojima Fault at a drilling depth of 389.52 m. The zonation of deformation and alteration in the central zone of the fault is clearly seen in cores of granite from the hanging wall, in the following order: (i) host rock, which is characterized by some intragranular microcracks and in situ alteration of mafic minerals and feldspars; (ii) weakly deformed and altered rocks, which are characterized by transgranular cracks and the dissolution of mafic minerals, and by the precipitation of zeolites and iron hydroxide materials; (iii) random fabric fault breccia, which is characterized by fragmentation, by anastomosing networks of transgranular cracks, and by the precipitation of zeolites and iron hydroxide materials; and (iv) fault gouge, which is characterized by the precipitation of smectite and localized cataclastic flow. This zonation implies that the fault has been weakened gradually by fluid-related fracturing over time. In the footwall, a gouge layer measuring only 15 mm thick is present just below the surface of the Nojima Fault. These observations are the basis for a model of fluid behavior along the Nojima Fault. The model invokes the percolation of meteoric fluids through cracks in the hanging wall fault zone during interseismic periods, resulting in chemical reactions in the fault gouge layer to form smectite. The low permeability clay-rich gouge layer sealed the footwall. The fault gouge was brecciated during coseismic or postseismic periods, breaking the seal and allowing fluids to readily flow into the footwall, thus causing a slight alteration. Chemical reactions between fluids and the fault breccia and gouge generated new fault gouge, which resealed the footwall, resulting in a low fluid condition in the footwall during interseismic periods.