胶北荆山群富铝片麻岩的脱水熔融实验研究

通过对胶北荆山群富铝片麻岩块状样品的脱水熔融实验研究表明，半开放体系下富铝岩石熔融作用的发生首先表现为含水矿物黑云母的暗化脱水，并诱发其他矿物熔融，各矿物组分参与熔融的顺序为：Bi→Kf→Pl→Gt→Cord→Sil→Q。研究发现石榴石这种原认为比较难熔的矿物，当其被大量黑云母包围时极易熔融，而黑云母脱水并生成一种强腐蚀性流体物质，是导致矿物及岩石发生熔融的主要原因。熔体的成分既依附于其周边的矿物相，但又有所差异，具有多相混熔的特点。实验过程中某些新生结晶矿物的出现表明熔融变质反应的发生可能未必需要很长的时间，也未必是在宏观平衡状态下。     

变质玄武岩体系相平衡及矿物 熔体微量元素分配：限定TTG/埃达克岩形成条件和大陆壳生长模型

埃达克质岩石是高Na、Al和Sr、低Y和HREE以及Nb、Ta亏损的钠质花岗质岩石,奥长花岗岩-英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩(TTG)是早期(太古宙)大陆壳主要组分,成分与埃达克质岩石相似,这些成分独特的岩石总体上认为是俯冲洋壳、下地壳和拆沉的下地壳中变质玄武岩部分熔融的产物。文中综述我们近年来在变质玄武岩体系相平衡和矿物-熔体微量元素分配实验研究成果:相平衡实验和熔体微量元素特征研究表明,变质玄武岩部分熔融过程中金红石是导致TTG/埃达克岩浆Nb、Ta亏损的必要残留矿物,从而否定了前人“TTG由无金红石的角闪岩熔融产生”的观点;证实金红石仅仅在压力1.5GPa以上才能稳定存在,从而限定TTG/埃达克岩熔体必定产生在大约50km以上,表明TTG/埃达克岩是在相对较深的含金红石榴辉岩相条件下熔融产生的。矿物(石榴子石、角闪石,单斜辉石和金红石)-熔体微量元素分配系数测定和部分熔融模拟结果进一步限定俯冲洋壳和下地壳起源的TTG/埃达克岩浆由含金红石角闪榴辉岩熔融产生,而拆沉下地壳起源的埃达克岩浆的产生要求软流圈地幔高温,由无水或含有少量含水矿物的榴辉岩熔融产生。     

邓阜仙花岗岩熔融实验研究

本文通过对邓阜仙花岗岩饱和水熔融实验结果的计算处理和岩石学相图的分析,从实验岩石学的角度证实了邓阜仙花岗岩是岩浆结晶的,而不是花岗岩化形成的。同时,由实验表明,岩石初熔温度除与岩石成分有关外,还与岩石实际形成条件有密切联系。此外,在加氟化物的饱和水熔融实验中,氟化物不仅能降低岩石初熔温度,而且改变了岩浆体系中不同矿物的稳定性,主要使云母和石英变得稳定,酸性斜长石变得不稳定,而钾长石的稳定性基本不变。     

地壳深熔条件下的转熔矿物研究进展

地壳深熔作用有两种形式,即流体相缺乏的脱水熔融和流体相存在的加水熔融。由于地壳岩石中水含量的差异(岩石中含水矿物的丰度和外来水的加入量),岩石发生不同形式的部分熔融所需要的温度和压力条件有很大差异。转熔矿物是岩石发生不一致熔融的产物,在形成过程中携带了地壳深熔源区物质和熔体的大量信息,是追溯高温变质岩石经历深熔作用的最可靠依据。它们与高级变质岩中残留的变质矿物和岩浆或熔体中结晶的岩浆矿物具有明显不同的来源,分别代表了岩石曾经历的不同演化历史。通过对不同成因的矿物进行矿物结构、包裹体、主量元素、微量元素和同位素以及共生矿物组合等多方面的综合考察,可以有效识别出高级变质岩中的转熔矿物、变质残余矿物和岩浆矿物。准确识别高温-超高温变质岩以及花岗岩中不同成因的矿物相,是研究高温变质作用的前提条件,对研究混合岩和S型花岗岩的成因都起着非常重要的作用。     

冀东黑云母片麻岩在1GPa压力下脱水熔融实验

报道冀东黑云母片麻岩在1GPa压力下脱水熔融实验的相关系。其固相线温度为812℃,黑云母消失的温度为837℃,角闪石消失的温度为887℃,在862℃时开始形成斜方辉石和单斜辉石。实验表明,在温度812-950℃范围内形成水不饱和的花岗质岩浆,数量为20%-30%,而留下的难熔残余是斜方辉石+单斜辉石+石榴石+斜长石+石英±角闪石,后者与麻粒岩相岩石的矿物组合相符合,暗示下地壳岩石经生成花岗质熔浆的熔融事件后,留下的将是麻粒岩相岩石。     

秦岭造山带若干岩石高温高压脱水熔融的特征及其意义

对秦岭造山带和邻区块状岩石样品进行了高温（1 100~1 300 ℃）和高压（1.2~1.8 GPa）脱水熔融实验。通过对实验产物综合分析发现许多样品中出现了熔融玻璃和雏晶。玻璃代表的熔体成分为基性和中性,部分接近于超基性范围,熔体与原来岩石全岩成分比较,更偏基性。熔体出现的空间和成分都显示了局部熔融体系的特征,即含水矿物（角闪石或黑云母）和浅色矿物（石英或斜长石）控制了熔融的发生并且决定了熔体的成分。脱水熔融产生了比原岩更偏基性的熔体,这意味着熔融后残留部分将愈偏酸性。如果这种机制存在于大陆中-下地壳,将对探讨大陆地壳的结构和物质组成,解释某些地区的长英质中下地壳的成因等具有重要的意义。     

晋蒙交界孔兹岩系熔体参与变质反应的结构特征及其动力学意义

晋蒙交界孔兹岩系变质反应结构与矿物相转变机制研究结果表明,在麻粒岩相变质及其与之相伴随的重熔作用过程中,存在一类特殊的有熔体参与的变质反应,即未熔矿物与熔体之间的反应。结合天然块状岩石高温高压实验,确定研究区孔兹岩系熔体参与变质反应如下：①２Ｇｔ＋（９ＳｉＯ２＋４Ａｌ２Ｏ３）熔体＝３Ｃｒｄ;②Ｇｔ＋（２ＳｉＯ２＋２Ａｌ２Ｏ３）熔体＝Ｓｐ＋Ｃｒｄ;③２Ｇｔ＋（３ＳｉＯ２）熔体＝２Ｏｐｘ＋Ｃｒｄ;④１４Ｇｔ＋（２５ＳｉＯ２＋４Ｈ２Ｏ）熔体＝４Ｃｕｍ＋７Ｃｒｄ。这类熔体参与变质反应不仅受控于温压条件,而且与寄主岩石脱水熔融、长英质矿物部分熔融存在密切成因关系。该项理论与实验研究对于深化变质反应理论、探讨孔兹岩系矿物相转变成因机制及其动力学过程有着重要的意义。     

大陆地壳熔融和酸性岩浆起源的热源问题

地壳的熔融受控于地壳的岩石成分、减压作用、外来水的加入和地壳内部的地温条件等众多因素,其中确定熔融所需热量的来源至关重要。本文简要回顾了板内环境下地壳熔融和酸性岩浆起源的相关研究,总结了引发地壳熔融热源的热源问题。目前一般认为地壳熔融是由底侵的高温幔源岩浆引发的,这种观点得到多学科资料的支持。不过底侵观点未能很好地解释大规模基性和酸性岩浆作用之间存在的显著不相关性和S型花岗岩的成因,相关数值模拟结果也高估了岩浆侵入所能引发的地壳熔融规模。本文提出岩石圈的不均一拉张和地表拉张裂谷内沉积物的快速加积可使地壳内部形成较高的地温梯度,进而造成以变沉积岩为主要成分的上地壳的大规模熔融和相关S型酸性岩浆作用的发生。     

河北平山阜平群两种岩石熔融过程中的矿物相变及成分变化

河北平山阜平群浅粒岩和黑云变粒岩－片麻岩熔融高温高压实验结果表明,在开放体系条件下两类岩石深熔作用性质有一定的独特性,主要表现为ＳｉＯ２不饱和的非均一局部熔融－再结晶效应,当实验温度为６８０℃时,黑云母与斜长石发生脱水熔融和部分熔融,转换成白云母,绿帘石,铁尖晶石,石英等物质成分,当温度为７５０～８００℃时,上述中间产物和残留黑云母及新生熔体进一步转变为夕线石,铁尖晶石,橄榄石,富Ｃａ斜长石和钛铁     

涉及埃达克岩实验的若干基本概念与问题辨析

根据热力学原理,部分熔融是相变的一种表现形式。当岩石沿p-T轨迹穿过固相线时即可发生熔融。自然界岩石常见的不一致熔融行为可以导致残留相具有不同于源岩的整体成分与矿物组合。残留相与源岩可以属于不同的变质相,岩性也可以不同。"C型埃达克岩"含有含水矿物,它们不是干体系熔融的产物。实验岩石学研究表明,基性成分(SiO_250%)体系较中性、酸性体系在1.0~2.0 GPa压力条件下失水熔融时更易于形成"榴辉岩质"的残留相。源岩除SiO_2以外的其它主要氧化物会影响残留相中各矿物的比例,进而影响熔体的Sr、Y及HREE含量。因此,"C型埃达克岩"高Sr低HREE特征的形成取决于熔融温压条件以及源岩的主量元素、微量元素组成等多重因素。高钾含量(K_2O≈1.0%)的基性、中基性源岩形成的熔体成分与"C型埃达克岩"相比过于富Al或富Na。中等富钾的基性源岩的低程度熔融可以形成高硅的"C型埃达克岩",但无法形成中性的"C型埃达克岩"。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)