航空重力测量中确定载体速度的静态试验

航空重力测量需要一定精度的导航信息，其中也包括载体的运动速度，用于计算厄特弗斯改正，本文作者参考文献[1][2]中的利用GPS多普勒频移观测值确定运动载体速度基本原理，自行研制了VAES（Velocity and Acceleration Esti-mation System)软件，用静态试验数据验证了理论的可靠性、软件的稳定性和该方法可以达到的精度。数据处理结果表明，载体水平速度的确定精度可达1-2cm/s，满足航空重力测量的精度要求。     

GPS多普勒频移测量速度模型与误差分析

利用GPS多普勒频移观测量可以获得高精度的速度测量结果.文中先给出GPS载波相位观测方程,在此基础上,详细推导了GPS多普勒频移测量载体速度的数学模型.然后在相对测量模式下,讨论各种误差对速度的影响.     

GPS多普勒频移测量速度模型与误差分析

利用GPS多普勒频移观测量可以获得高精度的速度测量结果。文中先给出GPS载波相位观测方程，在此基础上，详细推导了GPS多普勒频移测量载体速度的数学模型。然后在相对测量模式下，讨论各种误差对速度的影响。     

几种GPS测速方法的比较分析

GPS高精度定位结果、原始多普勒频移观测量，以及由载波相位中心差分而获得的多普勒频移观测值，它们都可以用来获得高精度的速度测量结果。主要从测速精度方面，对这3种方法进行了比较，并作算例分析。     

利用GPS伪距导出的多普勒频移测速

推导了利用伪距观测值获取多普勒频移的公式,并利用导出的多普勒频移来确定载体的速度。实测数据表明,利用伪距导出的多普勒频移测速,可以达到dm/s级的水平。在没有原始多普勒观测值或者相位观测出现了频繁周跳的情况下,可以利用伪距导出的多普勒频移获得载体概略的速度信息。     

GPS天线转动测试系统的设计与应用

介绍了用于检测GPS接收机动态性能的天线转动测试系统,分析了天线圆周转,动引起的多普勒频移变化规律,提出了利用多普勒频移反推卫星仰角的基本方法,同时给出了利用该转动测试系统在检验GPS接收机动态测量精度和跟踪性能等方面的实际应用。     

GPS卫星信号Doppler频移的计算与分析

在GPS导航定位系统中，多普勒频率偏移直接影响接收机性能。为了克服多普勒频率偏移的影响，提高接收机的GPS信号捕获速度，对多普勒频移估计算法进行研究。通过分析可视卫星的判定、Doppler频移计算方法，基于NewStar150GPS原理实验平台，使用C＋＋语言编程，开发Doppler频移计算程序。实验结果表明，Doppler频移的大小与a有关。当a〈90°时，多普勒频移为正，用户接收机收到的频率比卫星发射的频率要低。当a〉90°时，多普勒频移为负；当a=90°时，多普勒频移为0。     

ADCP与GPS在内河流态测量中的应用问题及对策

ADCP全称为声学多普勒剖面流速仪(AcousticDopplerCurrentProfiler),是一种根据声学多普勒频移效应用矢量合成方法测量水流速度剖面的仪器,ADCP可测出水流流速矢量的东向、北向和垂向分量,为工程项目的河道数学模型和物理模型提供原始三维流态数据,为河势分析、河道冲淤计算、河道演变分析提供资料,由于天然河道水流特性及ADCP测流原理导致在测量中仍存在一些问题,如底沙运动、流速脉动、外界磁场影响等,因此探索ADCP与GPS的应用问题及对策来完成内河河道流态测量具有十分重要的意义。     

利用GPS共视法确定重力位差及海拔高差的实验研究

阐述了GPS共视法的基本原理,讨论了利用重力频移法通过GPS共视观测数据确定重力位差和高程差的方法。利用国际权度局(BIPM)发布的时间序列数据,选取了4个守时台站之间的时间差序列进行实验。结果表明,受目前GPS共视法精度所限,高程差计算值与理论值之间的平均差异和标准差在几十m的量级水平。     

论电离层对GPS定位的影响

电离层是ＧＰＳ定位的主要误差源。本文论述电离层的特征和折射系数,以及电离层的下列影响：电离层码群延、电离层载波相位超前、电离层多普勒频移、振幅闪烁、电离层相位闪烁效应、磁暴对ＧＰＳ定位测量的影响、电离层对差分ＧＰＳ的影响和ＧＰＳ接收机的电离层改正。     

基于GNSS水准和重力场误差特性的大地水准面精度评估方法

缺乏有效的大地水准面成果精度评估方法,是高程基准现代化及其成果应用面临的关键问题。本文基于GNSS水准高程异常与重力场频域误差特性,研究GNSS水准与重力地面高程异常融合的技术要求,进而提出一种大地水准面成果的误差表达与精度评估方法。经示例测试分析,得出主要结论如下:①实用地面高程异常(即融合后的似大地水准面)精度,应采用随距离非线性变化的高程异常差误差曲线表达;②似大地水准面的精度评估,推荐采用两项误差指标和两条误差曲线共4个要素完整表达,即重力地面高程异常差误差、实用地面高程异常内部误差、实用地面高程异常差误差曲线与GNSS水准高程异常差误差曲线;③当两个GNSS水准点间距离接近或小于所有GNSS水准点平均间距时,GNSS水准高程异常对实用地面高程异常的贡献起主要作用;④较大空间尺度的实用地面高程异常精度主要依靠重力地面高程异常控制。     

Short Note: On the Relativistic Doppler Effect for Precise Velocity Determination using GPS

The Doppler effect is the apparent shift in frequency of an electromagnetic signal that is received by an observer moving relative to the source of the signal. The Doppler frequency shift relates directly to the relative speed between the receiver and the transmitter, and has thus been widely used in velocity determination. A GPS receiver-satellite pair is in the Earth’s gravity field and GPS signals travel at the speed of light, hence both Einstein’s special and general relativity theories apply. This paper establishes the relationship between a Doppler shift and a user’s ground velocity by taking both the special and general relativistic effects into consideration. A unified Doppler shift model is developed, which accommodates both the classical Doppler effect and the relativistic Doppler effect under special and general relativities. By identifying the relativistic correction terms in the model, a highly accurate GPS Doppler shift observation equation is presented. It is demonstrated that in the GPS “frequency” or “velocity” domain, the relativistic effect from satellite motion changes the receiver-satellite line-of-sight direction, and the measured Doppler shift has correction terms due to the relativistic effects of the receiver potential difference from the geoid, the orbit eccentricity, and the rotation of the Earth.     

The determination of potential difference by the joint application of measured and synthetical gravity data: a case study in Hungary

In an elementary approach every geometrical height difference between the staff points of a levelling line should have a corresponding average g value for the determination of potential difference in the Earth’s gravity field. In practice this condition requires as many gravity data as the number of staff points if linear variation of g is assumed between them. Because of the expensive fieldwork, the necessary data should be supplied from different sources. This study proposes an alternative solution, which is proved at a test bed located in the Mecsek Mountains, Southwest Hungary, where a detailed gravity survey, as dense as the staff point density (~1 point/34 m), is available along a 4.3-km-long levelling line. In the first part of the paper the effect of point density of gravity data on the accuracy of potential difference is investigated. The average g value is simply derived from two neighbouring g measurements along the levelling line, which are incrementally decimated in the consecutive turns of processing. The results show that the error of the potential difference between the endpoints of the line exceeds 0.1 mm in terms of length unit if the sampling distance is greater than 2 km. Thereafter, a suitable method for the densification of the decimated g measurements is provided. It is based on forward gravity modelling utilising a high-resolution digital terrain model, the normal gravity and the complete Bouguer anomalies. The test shows that the error is only in the order of 10⁻³mm even if the sampling distance of g measurements is 4 km. As a component of the error sources of levelling, the ambiguity of the levelled height difference which is the Euclidean distance between the inclined equipotential surfaces is also investigated. Although its effect accumulated along the test line is almost zero, it reaches 0.15 mm in a 1-km-long intermediate section of the line.     

空域最小二乘法用于重力卫星误差分析

重力测量卫星性能不仅与轨道参数、载荷误差、数据分辨率等因素密切相关，也与反演算法有关。传统的分析方法如动力学法、短弧法等用于误差分析，不可避免将算法误差引入分析结果，使得分析结论确定性不足。为解决这一问题，提出了空域最小二乘分析法，用空域格网重力扰动数据替代重力卫星载荷数据反演地球重力场，有效避免了算法误差对于分析结果的影响。分析结果表明，重力卫星在500 km轨道高度、一次数据覆盖条件下，测量重力场最高阶数约为240阶，载荷误差为1×10-10 m·s-2·Hz-1/2水平时，测量重力场最高阶数为136阶，其累积重力异常误差为2.7 mGal，累积大地水准面误差为14 cm。要达到最优测量能力，轨道倾角通常不小于89°。为减小地球引力高频信号对于地球重力场低阶位系数估计值的影响，估计位系数最高阶数需大于240阶。     

我国国家重力网的系统转换

本文分析了我国１９５７年国家重力网的精度和问题，探讨了国家重力网的系统转换模式，利用现有的新旧重力网的重合点实际数据进行了回归分析、方差分析和系统误差检验，结果表明在“５７网”与“８５网”之间，除了—１３．５８ｍｇａｌ的平均基准差之外，并不存在其它明显的系统误差，特别是看不出有尺度系统差的影响，也不存在差值随纬度变化的任何规律。因此认为将“５７网”系统转换成“８５网”系统时，可以不必加“尺度系统差改正”，更不用考虑“非线性系统差改正”，建议一律只加一项“基准系统差改正”，其数值应该采用—１３．５８ｍｇａｌ。     

空中重力异常代表误差在空域和频域的比较分析

在空域,利用严密的向上延拓公式将地面重力数据上延至空中不同高度,而后与相应的地面重力数据比较从而得到不同高度的代表误差.在频域,构建了新的代表误差模型,计算了不同高度、不同分辨率下的代表误差.实际算例表明,在空域,对于地形平坦区域,在1 km高度以下,5'空中重力数据直接代表地面重力数据的误差小于1×10-5 m/s2...     

Advantage of velocity measurements on instantaneous RTK positioning

Instantaneous real-time kinematic (RTK) techniques are one approach to achieving real-time high-accuracy positioning. The object of this paper is to show the advantage of adding velocity information to instantaneous RTK positioning. In this paper, velocity from Doppler frequency measurements is used to help resolve integer ambiguities in the LAMBDA method. In urban areas, pseudorange measurements can suffer from significant errors due to strong multipath, despite the use of advanced multipath-mitigation techniques. However, Doppler frequency measurements do not deteriorate as much as pseudoranges, because the multipath error on Doppler frequency measurements is only in the range of several centimeters. Our proposed method has been tested by both static and moving users in sub-urban environments. Single-epoch ambiguity fixing performance was improved compared to conventional ambiguity resolution without velocity information.     

机载合成孔径雷达图像几何纠正方法研究

机载合成孔径雷达图像几何处理是机载合成孔径雷达图像后续处理的基础,同时也是机载合成孔径雷达大规模测绘应用的基础。本文根据机载合成孔径雷达图像的成像机理,基于距离多普勒模型,考虑到合成孔径雷达成像时斜视角与多普勒频率的关系,在影像纠正时,将斜视角作为一个变量处理来减小雷达成像时零多普勒误差的影响。试验证明,此种方法比将斜视角作为零处理时的纠正精度有明显提高。详细地分析了利用此方法进行几何纠正时控制点的个数和分布对纠正精度的影响。     

Determination of high frequency variations in earth's rotation from Doppler satellite observations

The determination of high frequency variations in UT-1 and a component of pole position from a single pass of Doppler observations of a Navy Navigation Satellite is affected by instrument errors and uncertainties in the gravity field and atmospheric drag forces used in computing the satellite orbit. For elevation angles above20°, instrument errors contribute about2 msec to the determination of UT-1 and “.03 to the determination of pole position. Gravity and drag errors contribute about 0“.03 of correlated error. But gravity errors may be inferred by statistical analysis of residuuls after drag errors are reduced by drag-compensating devices aboard future Navy Navigation Satellites. Since20 Doppler stations nominally acquire about100 passes each day, daily observations of UT-1 and pole position could achieve precisions of0.2 msec and “.005, respectively, assuming half the passes contribute to the determination of each component of pole position. The current accuracy of Doppler results for two day solutions is about50 cm for pole position and1 msec for high frequency variations in UT-1.     

Accuracy of gravimetric deflections of the vertical and optimization of gravity networks

In order to solve the problems of determining the shape of a part of the earth of national or continental extent, that is, of rigorous constituting and computing of the astrogeodetic network, it is required to determine gravimetric deflections of the vertical with an accuracy of, say, 0″.3. For this it is adequate to carry out additional gravity surveys in the neighborhoods of computation points, in addition to a given uniform gravity survey (normal density gravity survey). The study offers a method to determine the optimal distribution of gravity stations in such a gravity survey, which guarantees a given accuracy of computed gravimetric deflections of the vertical for a given statistical condition which characterizes the variation of the gravity field. The approach used here is based on the concept of the error of representation and the error propagation of Vening Meinesz integrals.