基于反卷积干涉法的土层地震反应特性研究

美国阿拉斯加安克雷奇德兰尼公园的土层地震反应观测台阵建有6个井下观测点和1个地表观测点, 每个观测点设置一个三分量加速度传感器, 该台阵建成后记录了多次地震事件. 本文通过反卷积地震干涉法对这些地震记录进行土层反应分析, 根据该分析结果提取土层结构的等效剪切波速和阻尼比. 所有层位的地震记录对地表记录的反卷积波形均反映出在土层中传播的上、 下行波, 其上行与下行至每一层的时间差别明显. 根据每一层的到时差, 确定土层中的等效剪切波速和分层等效剪切波速, 该结果与现场土层等效剪切波速测试结果吻合较好; 根据等效剪切波速计算出的土层卓越频率, 其一致性亦较好; 根据上、 下行波的峰值分析确定该场地土层的等效阻尼比, 也与软土的阻尼比经验值相当. 这些参数为后续的土层反应模拟和土结相互作用研究奠定了良好的数据基础. 结果表明, 反卷积干涉法能够用于土层反应分析和土层地震反应特性的提取.      

土体参数对地表加速度峰值和反应谱的影响

运用一维土层地震反应的等效线性化波动方法,研究了单层均质土密度、动剪切模量比和阻尼比、土层厚度和土层剪切波速等参数变化对土层地表加速度峰值和反应谱的影响,所得到的结论对于指导地震安全性评价中的勘察试验工作、提高土层地震反应的计算精度具有一定的参考价值。     

基于等效线性化方法的一维土层地震反应通用计算程序对比

基于等效线性化的一维土层地震反应计算是目前国内外普遍采用的方法,国外的SHAKE91、DEEPSOIL和我国的LSSRLI-1即是根据这一方法编制的通用计算程序。本文采用这3个程序进行了不同地震波、不同输入地震动幅值下不同场地类型的土层地震反应计算,并对三者的结果进行了全面的比较分析。结果表明:①SHAKE91和DEEPSOIL程序的计算结果完全相同;②当土层最大剪应变均采用时域计算时,LSSRLI-1程序的计算结果与SHAKE91和DEEPSOIL程序基本相同,但有微小差别,其原因是:在基于等效剪应变通过离散形式的剪切模量和阻尼比随等效剪应变变化的关系曲线确定等效剪切模量和阻尼比时,DEEPSOIL和SHAKE91采用的插值方法与LSSRLI-1不同;③当LSSRLI-1程序采用频域经验关系计算土层最大剪应变时,特别是在强地震动输入下得到的土层地表加速度峰值和加速度反应谱与另外两个程序的计算结果有差别,且土层最大剪应变随着输入加速度的增大出现较大的差别。因此,本文建议:当采用LSSRLI-1程序计算土层地震响应时,应使用程序中的时域解方法代替以往默认的频域经验关系方法。     

场地土动剪模量比和阻尼比对工程场地设计地震动参数的影响

利用闽南地区动剪模量比和阻尼比实验数据,对7种典型土类动剪模量比和阻尼比进行建模和分析,给出闽南地区典型土类动剪模量比和阻尼比的推荐值;通过ESE土层地震反应分析模块,计算水平成层场地的地震反应,研究土的动剪模量比和阻尼比、土层剪切波速的变异性对场地地表峰值加速度及其反应谱的影响,对于指导地震安全性评价工作中合理确定场地地震动参数具有一定的参考价值。     

北京地区粉质粘土土动力学参数的统计分析

土动力学参数即土的动剪切模量比和阻尼比,对土层地震反应分析结果有重要影响。本文首先选取了北京地区2001年以来,地震安全性评价报告中20份具有完整土动力学参数的实验数据,统计分析了粉质粘土的实测土动力学参数,给出了粉质粘土在不同深度下的动剪切模量比和阻尼比平均值;然后,选取了2个典型工程场地,构建土层分析模型,进行土层地震反应分析计算,并对比分析了本文得到的统计值与典型工程场地的实测值、袁晓铭的推荐值和DB001—94规范的推荐值对土层地震反应分析计算结果的影响。分析结果表明,本文得到的统计值在北京地区具有一定的代表性和适用性,对于获得原状土样困难的场地,特别是对于较薄的夹层土,本文的统计结果在实际的地震安全性评价工作中可供参考使用。     

天津地区土动力学参数变异性对地表地震动参数的影响

收集天津地区十多年来的83份地震安全性评价报告,统计202个钻孔的1 650组动三轴数据,分别给出不同种类土在不同区间深度下的统计代表值及其标准差。以某典型Ⅲ类场地为例,用等效线性化方法进行多种地震动强度及相位输入下的水平成层场地地震反应分析计算,详细研究该地区覆盖土层动剪模量比和阻尼比变异性对地表峰值加速度及其反应谱的影响。结果表明:场地地表峰值加速度和反应谱随土动剪切模量比增大或减小而增大或减小,随土动阻尼比增大或减小而减小或增大;在大震输入条件下,地表峰值加速度和地表反应谱的中、高频段随土动剪切模量比减小而减小的变化尤为明显,动阻尼比变化也有一定影响,但不如土动剪切模量比减小变化时影响明显;在中震、小震地震动输入条件下,场地土的动剪模量比和阻尼比变异性对地表峰值加速度和反应谱影响并不显著。     

常规土类动剪切模量阻尼比超越概率计算方法

土的动剪切模量比和阻尼比是土层地震反应分析、工程场地地震安全性评价和地震小区划工作中的必备参数,但其不确定性显著,对地震动和抗震设计影响很大。本文以我国常规土类动剪切模量比和阻尼比与剪应变非线性关系试验为基础,研究考虑这两个动力参数变异性下其超越概率的计算方法。方法包括了试验数据的整理、超越概率的计算以及两个动力参数和超越概率关系模拟等几个步骤,最后给出了我国常规土类动剪切模量比和阻尼比超越概率的计算公式,为我国基于概率和可靠度思想的工程地震安全风险评估提供了一定基础。     

北京平原区地震工程地质条件及地震效应

1 资料与方法 收集了研究区近10年来998个场地钻探数据和500组土动力学实验数据,进行工程地质分区;然后统计得到研究区常见土类剪切波速随深度的变化规律,以及动剪切模量和阻尼比与剪应变的关系,建立场地力学分析模型,采用一维等效线性化方法进行地震反应分析计算,确定不同地震强度下基于场地条件的地震影响分布图.     

天津地区覆盖层土动力学参数统计分析

收集天津地区近年来有代表性的具有完整土动力学参数作为实验数据的地震安全性评价报告66份,用两种统计方法按不同深度统计分析粉质黏土、黏土、粉土、砂土、淤泥质土等的实测土动力学参数,给出动剪切模量比和阻尼比平均值。选取2个典型工程场地,构建土层分析模型,进行土层地震反应分析计算。结果表明,本文得到的统计2值在天津地区具有一定的代表性和适用性,与实测值结果更为接近。对于获得原状土样困难的场地,特别是对于较薄的夹层土,可参照统计2结果进行分析计算。     

基于动三轴试验的砂土阻尼比确定方法对场地地震动参数的影响

基于动三轴试验提出的砂土阻尼比确定方法有多种,但其对场地地震动参数影响的研究鲜有报道。为此,以福建标准砂(粒径0.10～0.25 mm)的试验结果为基础,采用规范方法、KUMAR方法、DAS方法、DOYGUN方法和互相关函数方法5种典型阻尼比确定方法给出相应的动剪切模量比和阻尼比;设计单层土场地和多层土场地2种典型工况,采用一维场地地震反应分析波动程序,计算给出场地地表加速度峰值和反应谱,定量评价相应的阻尼比确定方法对场地地表地震动参数的影响规律。结果表明：5种阻尼比确定方法得到的阻尼比对地表加速度峰值的影响程度随输入地震动加速度峰值的增大而不断增大,同时对多层土场地的影响明显高于单层土场地;采用5种方法确定的阻尼比计算的反应谱差异性在单层土场地时相对较小,而在多层土场地时有明显的差别;与规范方法相比,4种阻尼比确定方法计算反应谱的最大相对误差可达-35%。因此,有必要采用离心振动台试验结果进一步检验基于动三轴试验的砂土阻尼比确定方法的合理性,为场地地震反应分析提供可靠的阻尼比参数。     

Estimation of damping ratio of soil sites using microtremor

It is widely known that the seismic response characteristics of a soil site depends heavily on several key dynamic properties of the soil stratum, such as predominant frequency and damping ratio. A widely used method for estimating the predominant frequency of a soil site by using microtremor records, proposed by Nakamura, is investigated to determine its effectiveness in estimating the damping ratio. The authors conducted some microtremor measurements of soil sites in Hong Kong and found that Nakamura’s method might also be used to estimate the damping ratio of a soil site. Damping ratio data from several typical soil sites were obtained from both Nakamura’s ratio curves using the half power point method and resonant column tests. Regression analysis indicates that there is a strong correlation between the damping ratios derived from these two different approaches. Supported by: Research project (PolyU 5076/97E), of the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University     

软土场地地铁车站抗震计算的等代地震加速度法

将软土地层中地铁车站结构与周围土体地震时产生的水平加速度,以静态的水平加速度代替,使两者作用下结构内力最大值相等、出现部位相同,实现将动力问题转化为静力问题。结果表明,该方法能反映软土地层中两层三跨地铁车站的在地震时的动力响应,是适用于工程设计的简单、实用的数值方法。     

Equivalent uniform damping ratios for linear irregularly damped concrete/steel mixed structures

Structures consisting of two parts, a lower part made of concrete and an upper part made of steel are investigated. In code-based seismic design of such structures several practical difficulties are encountered, due to inherent differences in the nature of dynamic response of each part. The specific issue addressed here is the analysis complications due to the different damping ratios of the two parts. Such structures are irregularly damped and have complex modes of vibration, so that their analysis cannot be handled with readily available commercial software. This work aims at providing a simple yet sufficiently accurate methodology for handling the damping irregularity of such structures, by proposing an overall equivalent damping ratio that can be applied to the complete structure for obtaining its dynamic response. This is achieved by first transforming MDOF irregular structures into equivalent 2-DOF oscillators, using the first mode characteristics of each part, and then using equivalent uniform damping ratios that are derived by means of a semi-empirical error minimization procedure. Thus, available commercial software can be applied for seismic analysis and design and the provisions of existing seismic codes can be adhered to.     

基于复阻尼理论的混合结构Rayleigh阻尼模型

混合结构的阻尼矩阵不满足经典阻尼条件,导致传统的模态叠加法无法适用。复阻尼理论无法适用于时域计算,其自由振动响应中存在发散现象。针对混合结构的阻尼矩阵非比例性和复阻尼理论的时域发散性,基于频域等效原则构建了求解Rayleigh阻尼系数的数学优化模型,进而得到与复阻尼理论等效的Rayleigh阻尼运动方程。算例分析表明:依据位移时程响应和结构等效阻尼比可证明Rayleigh阻尼运动方程的正确性。基于本文研究成果,等效复阻尼理论的混合结构Rayleigh阻尼运动方程可直接采用模态叠加法,结合其确定的结构等效阻尼比,为混合结构的振型分解反应谱法提供理论依据。     

Towards a seismic design method for plane steel frames using equivalent modal damping ratios

A method for seismic design of plane steel moment resisting frames based on the use of equivalent modal damping ratios is developed. The method determines the design base shear of the structure through spectrum analysis using rationally obtained equivalent modal damping ratios instead of the crude strength reduction (behavior) factor. An equivalent linear structure, which retains the mass and initial stiffness of the original non-linear structure and takes into account geometrical non-linearity and inelasticity in the form of equivalent, time-invariant, modal damping ratios is established. The equivalent damping ratios for the first few significant modes are numerically computed by first iteratively forming a frequency response transfer function modulus until it satisfies certain smoothness criteria and then by solving a set of non-linear algebraic equations. Thus, design equations providing equivalent damping ratios as functions of period and allowable deformation and damage are constructed using extensive numerical data coming from plane steel moment resisting frames excited by various seismic motions. These equations can be used in conjunction with a design spectrum, appropriately constructed for high damping values, and modal synthesis tools to calculate the seismic design forces of the structure. The proposed method is illustrated by numerical examples. It is concluded that unlike the usual approach of seismic codes employing a single common value of the strength reduction factor value for all modes, the proposed approach working with deformation and damage dependent equivalent modal damping ratios leads to more accurate and deformation and damage controlled results.     

土石坝地震响应的非线性剪切条模型与对比分析

对一维剪切条计算模型进行改进,提出了土石坝非线性地震反应的简化计算方法。首先将坝体沿坝高离散为一系列的具有不同剪切刚度与阻尼比等参数特性的层状体系,建立了各层的振动控制方程及其边值条件,进而采用数学物理方程方法进行了求解,确定了体系的振动特性,并根据振型叠加原理和Duhamel积分确定了坝体地震反应的线弹性解。采用等价线性化方法考虑坝料的动力非线性性质,通过对线弹性地震响应的反复迭代计算,使得各层土的模量和阻尼比与其相应的剪应变水平相协调,确定出与非线性坝体系统相等效的线性解答,并将所得到的地震响应作为非线性地震响应的近似解。最后,以均质坝和心墙坝作为算例进行了具体的数值计算,将所得结果与有限元数值解进行对比分析,论证了所提方法的适用性和合理性。     

抗震结构的阻尼减振效果分析

研究了抗震结构的阻尼减振效果。首先，考虑了单自由度体系在不同频率简谐干扰作用下阻尼比对结构反应的减小效果；然后，考虑了阻尼比对结构地震反应谱的影响，分析了我国现行建筑抗震设计规范反应谱，并讨论了不同阻尼比对水平地震影响系数的修正公式。     

Soil and structure damping from single station measurements

In seismology and seismic engineering soils and structures are modeled as oscillators characterized by modal (resonance) frequencies, shapes and damping. In 1973 Cole proposed the RandomDec technique to estimate both the damping and the fundamental mode of structures from the recorded time series at a single point, with no need for spectral analyses. Here we propose a number of modifications to the original RandomDec approach, that we group under the name DECÓ, which allow to determine the damping as a function of the frequency and therefore the damping of all the vibration modes. However, the motion of structures is so amplified at the resonance frequencies that detecting the characteristic parameters by recording ambient vibrations is relatively easy. More interesting is to apply the DECÓ approach to the soil in the attempt to estimate the mode damping from single station measurements. On soils, the resonance frequencies are normally identified as peaks in the horizontal to vertical spectral ratios of microtremors. However, at these frequencies what is observed is a local minimum in the vertical spectral component, sometimes associated to local maxima in the horizontal components, whose visibility depend on the specific amount of SH and Love waves at the site. The determination of soil damping is therefore a much less trivial task on soils than on structures. By using microtremor and earthquake recordings we estimate the soil damping as a function of shear strain and observe that this is one order of magnitude larger than what is measured in the laboratory on small scale samples, at least at low-intermediate strain levels. This has severe consequences on the numerical seismic site response analyses and on soil dynamic modeling.     

Investigation of non-linear site amplification at two downhole strong ground motion arrays in Taiwan

Non-linear seismic response of soil is studied by comparing the spectral ratios of surface to downhole horizontal accelerations on weak and strong motion. Data from two boreholes are analysed. One is drilled in the alluvial deposits in the south–west quadrant of the SMART 1 array. The second one penetrates Pleistocene terrace deposits in the northern part of the SMART2 array. Observed weak and strong motion spectral ratios are compared with the theoretical ones predicted by the geotechnical soil model which postulates a hysteretic constitutive law. A significant non-linear response is found at the first site for the events with surface peak acceleration exceeding roughly 0–15g. Deamplification of the strong motion occurred in the frequency range from approximately 1 to 10 Hz. The maximum observed difference between the average weak and strong motion amplification functions of an 11 m-thick near-surface stratum is a factor of 2–3. Nonlinear response characteristics are in qualitative agreement with the model. An additional corollary is that the amplification function calculated from the shear wave coda is equivalent to the average amplification calculated over the ensemble of small earthquakes. No statistically significant non-linear response is detected on the second array, that is tentatively accounted for by the stiffer soil conditions and weaker accelerations achieved at the SMART2 site. The results indicate that the non-linear amplification can be detectable at certain soil conditions above a threshold acceleration level.