基于非均匀特征的岩石蠕滑与黏滑变形演化研究

基于岩石摩擦滑动变形场的非均匀特征,开展了岩石蠕滑和黏滑两种形式的摩擦滑动规律研究。采用双面摩擦模型试验方法,以数字散斑相关方法作为观测手段,分别研究了岩石蠕滑和黏滑变形过程中围岩位移场等值线、变形场非均匀统计指标、变形能密度与滑动面滑动速度演化及规律。结果表明：围岩位移场等值线分布能较好地反映滑动面阻滑特征,其中强阻滑区域的位移等值线呈弧状且分布较稀疏,弱阻滑区域的位移场等值线呈平行状且分布较密集;岩石蠕滑过程中,非均匀统计指标呈现波动增长特征,岩石黏滑过程中,非均匀统计指标呈现出突变跳跃特征。岩石蠕滑过程中不同区域的滑动速度均呈加速与减速滑动的交替状态,滑动面上各点滑动趋势不同;岩石黏滑过程中不同区域的滑动速度均出现突变。岩石蠕滑过程中不同区域上的变形能密度均处于积累与释放的波动状态,岩石黏滑过程中不同区域变形能密度产生突变。     

基于非均匀特征的岩石蠕滑与黏滑变形演化研究

基于岩石摩擦滑动变形场的非均匀特征,开展岩石蠕滑和黏滑两种形式的摩擦滑动规律研究。采用双面摩擦模型实验方法,以数字散斑相关方法作为观测手段,分别研究了岩石蠕滑和黏滑变形过程中围岩位移场等值线、变形场非均匀统计指标、变形能密度与滑动面滑动速度演化及规律。结果表明:围岩位移场等值线分布能较好的反映滑动面阻滑特征,其中强阻滑区域的位移等值线呈弧状且分布较稀疏,弱阻滑区域的位移场等值线呈平行状且分布较密集;岩石蠕滑过程中,非均匀统计指标呈现波动增长特征,岩石黏滑过程中,非均匀统计指标呈现出突变跳跃特征。岩石蠕滑过程中不同区域的滑动速度均呈加速与减速滑动的交替状态,滑动面上各点滑动趋势不同;岩石黏滑过程中不同区域的滑动速度均出现突变。岩石蠕滑过程中不同区域上的变形能密度均处于积累与释放的波动状态,岩石黏滑过程中不同区域变形能密度产生突变。     

摩擦、滑动准则和原地应力测量

利用双剪和三轴试验设备进行花岗岩和变质灰岩的摩擦试验。滑动面上的最大正应力大约是200MPa。试验结果表示花岗岩和变质灰岩光滑面之间的最大摩擦可以用τ=(0．27～0．77)σn来表示,τ为滑动面上的最大剪应力,σn为滑动面上的最大正应力。假如滑动面之间存在断层泥,则滑动总是稳定的,并且最大摩擦可用τ=0．66σn表示。假如已知断层面的应力状态和滑动准则,则可定量地估价断层的稳定性。     

岩石中纳米粒子层的观察厘定及其地质意义

纳米粒子具有个体极小(≤ 100nm), 大小均一, 多元物质和功能繁多的特点。岩石剪切滑移面纳米粒子层最早发现于美国圣安德列斯断裂带的花岗质糜棱岩中, 后相继在国内外一些地区的不同岩类中观察到。在剪切滑动作用下, 具有圆度和球度的纳米粒子可被变异, 并形成层状结构和各种构造型式。对岩石中纳米粒子层的成因有着不同的观点, 我们倾向于剪切摩擦的主导作用, 纳米粒子层可称谓摩擦-粘性薄层带。纳米级尺度粒子的力学、物理和化学效应是多种的、新奇的, 因此, 岩石纳米粒子层的研究有着重要的理论和实践意义。目前有关方面的研究工作, 国内外都处在起步阶段。      

菱形断块演化及其对滇东北地区铅锌矿床控制的初步分析

张文佑教授认为:在构造应力场作用下,当岩石受力超过屈服点,先引起塑性形变,沿着矿物粒间或晶体内部的软弱面,发生剪切位移滑动面,常呈X型共轭交叉网状分布,成为一种潜势的剪切断裂网格,可与金属受力后的吕德氏纹(Luders bands)相比拟。但在岩石中由于受力及岩石本身的不均一性,一组常较另一组发育。当作用力继续增大,形变进一步发     

高温高压及干燥条件下斜长石和辉石断层泥的摩擦滑动研究

岩石摩擦滑动的力学行为能够很好地用速率和状态依赖性摩擦本构关系来描述。在速率和状态依赖性本构关系中,速度依赖性参数a-b是控制摩擦滑动稳定性的重要参数。且a-b<0是断层上不稳定滑动成核的必要条件。为了进一步研究控制摩擦滑动的矿物成分因素,在已有辉长岩摩擦滑动实验结果的基础上,对辉长岩中主要矿物(斜长石和辉石)在不同加载条件下进行了3个系列的摩擦滑动实验研究。通过对实验结果的分析得到如下结论:(1)斜长石断层泥在实验温度范围内(<617℃)显示速度强化,且在大于450℃的高温区其速度依赖性参数a-b随温度的增大而增加。辉石断层泥的实验显示其有利于速度弱化滑动行为的出现,是造成辉长岩在615℃出现速度弱化的原因。(2)斜长石与辉石断层泥的摩擦强度都没有随温度的增加而显著变化。辉长岩断层泥的摩擦强度(1.83mm滑动位移处的值)为斜长石与辉石断层泥摩擦强度按体积百分比加权的平均值(摩擦系数精确到2位有效数字一致)。这一结果表明,辉长岩断层泥的应力支承结构可以抽象为一种双组分并列单元模型。(3)尽管前人研究结果表明石英控制了花岗岩的摩擦特性,但是某种主要矿物对岩石整体摩擦滑动性质的控制作用并不具有普适性。对于中性岩、基性岩而言,不能以一种主要矿物(如斜长石等)来判断岩石整体的摩擦滑动稳定性,否则会导致错误结论。     

浅谈断层的再活动

对于断面法线位于有效主压应力为σ1′＞σ2′＞σ3′的应力场中σ1′σ3′面上的先存断层,它的再活动可用最简单的摩擦破裂准则τ＝μσ′n＝μ(σn－p)来加以考虑,其中τ和σn分别代表先存断层面上的剪皮力和正应力,p代表流体压力,μ代表静摩擦系数。对于一个与σ′1成θ夹角的断层面,再活动的应力比     

断层作用热模型及其对烃源岩热演化的影响

从盆地的应力状态分析入手,从断层摩擦生热的角度,建立了断层作用生热的定量模型。在此基础上,确定了断层摩擦产生的热量与断层的性质、深度、构造应力和流体压力等之间的定量关系,定量分析了断层摩擦生热对烃源岩热演化的影响。结果表明:断层作用的生热量主要决定于断层的深度,构造应力的大小、流体压力、断层的位移量、断面摩擦系数等;断层的活动速率对断层摩擦的生热量没有影响,但对断层带内产生的温度却起决定性的作用;在断层快速活动的条件下(地震型),断层摩擦生热虽然可以产生很高的温度,可以造成断层面附近岩石的局部熔融,但其影响范围和影响持续的时间是十分有限的。      

岩石变形、流体压力与热液成矿关系的研究现状

地壳中岩石的变形模式受构造应力、流体压力和上覆岩层重力共同作用的影响。岩石组成和构造应力的大小、方向决定着岩石的变形过程,同时岩石的破裂还受先存断裂构造的影响。流体压力增大,岩石可以发生水力破裂,而引起水力引张破裂的条件是σ1-σ3<4T和Pf=σ3+T。随着深度的增加,受地温梯度的影响,岩石由脆性变形向韧性变形转变。在无流体超压影响的情况下,脆韧性转换的温度在300~450℃之间,大约在地壳15km处。当流体压力和应变速率增大时,韧性条件下的岩石变形行为由韧性向脆性变化,脆韧性转变的深度随之增大。从构造角度探讨热液成矿作用,热液矿床形成的深度与流体压力、应变速率、裂隙的发育、介质的渗透率、温度变化等相关。岩石断裂的类型和方向影响岩石的渗透率,提供流体运移的通道和聚集场所,控制矿床形成的深度、位置和矿体产状。     

压性构造面与汞矿化

本文讨论压性构造面与岩层的不同关系。由于压性构造面与岩层的关系不同,而导致了构造面的充填性不同。压性构造面上的运动一般要产生热摩擦作用,有的有充填物或充填液加入,而改变了这个热摩擦作用。它对控制汞的成矿活动及后期改造,常有直接的关系。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of