湖北秭归庙河早寒武世水井沱组燧石层中的微化石

本文首次报道了湖北秭归庙河早寒武世水井沱组底部,燧石层岩石薄片中发现的徽化石9个属、9个种和3个未定种(包括1个新种)。依据这些化石材料,论证了本区水井沱组底部这一化石层位可能相当梅树村阶小壳化石第2—3组合带。为解决本区震旦系—寒武系界线地层的对比,提供了极为重要的古生物依据。     

湖北保康白竹陡山沱组磷酸盐化 微化石新资料及其地层意义

周传明(2004)曾报道湖北保康白竹磷矿陡山沱组磷块岩中含有与瓮安生物群类似的磷酸盐化微化石,包括多细胞藻类Wengania, Paramecia, Thallophyca; 大型具刺疑源类Meghystrichosphaeridium, Knollisphaeridium; 球状蓝菌类Archaeophycus; 丝状蓝菌类Siphonophycus, Obruchevella以及新发现的珍珠球藻Bacatisphaera。最近, 作者对保康白竹磷矿陡山沱组进行了重新考察和采样研究。结果除发现上述微化石外, 还发现大型具刺疑源类Papillomembrana compta, Appenendisphaera sp.; 球状化石Megasphaera inornata, Megaclonophycus onustus以及峡东地区常见的丝状蓝菌化石湖北萨洛米藻(Salome hubeiensis)等。研究表明,本文报道的保康白竹磷矿陡山沱组的含化石层位与峡东地区陡山沱组第二段及贵州瓮安上磷矿层下部的微化石层位相当, 组合面貌相似。新资料证明峡东地区陡山沱组第二段出现的疑源类下组合, 包括多细胞藻类、大型复杂疑源类、球状化石、球状和丝状蓝菌化石等, 区域分布广泛, 层位稳定, 具有重要生物地层学意义。     

城巴断块区明月剖面震旦系陡山沱组层序地层学研究

陡山沱组为气候变暧后的第一套沉积组合,其内化石稀少,同位素年龄数据有限,地理分布不平衡,极易造成认识上的混乱。尝试从层序地层学的角度来探讨明月剖面震旦系陡山沱组层序地层特征,继而为研究陡山沱组黑色岩系成矿性打下基础。通过野外观测和室内综合研究,并结合区域地层对比,将大巴山地区明月剖面震旦系陡山沱组地层层序划分为4个二级层序（sequence）、9个三级层序（cycle）,对层序Ⅲ又进一步划分为9个四级副层序,最后得出明月剖面震旦系陡山沱组地层层序与Hoffman等1998年提出的“雪球地球”假说所描述的基本类似,为下一步找矿指明了思路。     

湖北长阳古城埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组下部的疑源类化石组合

本文系统报道长阳地区陡山沱组底部硅质结核中发现的疑源类微体化石,并在陡山沱组二段中首次发现 Hocosphaeridium scaberfacium.研究发现,长阳古城剖面埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组底界之上13.9-22.6 m处产丰富的疑源类化石,目前己发现大型具刺疑源类化石9属11种(含1个未定种),包括:Distosph...     

湘西北石门地区上震旦统微古植物组合及其地层意义

<正> 湘西北石门地区震旦纪地层发育完整。1980年,笔者参加测制了该区杨家坪震旦系剖面,系统采集了微古植物样品,经陈德柔同志分析,发现微古植物组合,包括20余属,50余种。 杨家坪震旦系剖面自下而上包括莲沱组、南沱组、陡山沱组和灯影组。莲沱组为紫红、暗紫红色砂岩、石英砂岩、含砾砂岩与块状砾岩,厚400余米,与下伏冷家溪群为不整合接触。南沱组为冰碛砾岩,厚98m。陡山沱组下部主要为灰黑色炭质、泥质灰岩,上部为白云岩夹磷矿层,共厚481m。灯影组下部为白云岩、硅质白云岩,含礈石条带白云岩,     

湖北秭归庙河震旦系陡山沱组—灯影组界线层内微球粒的发现？…

在湖北秭归庙河震旦系剖面陡山沱组－灯影组界线层内首次发现了微球粒。这些微球粒多为黑色、浅褐色,呈圆球形,椭球形,直径５０～１００μｍ。通过波谱分析,微球粒主要为石质球,即磷灰石球和硅质球。扫描电子显微镜照片显示出微球粒复杂的显微构造特征。一般认为微球粒有地外和地内两种成因。庙河地区微球粒的发现,为研究界线时期地质事件提供了新的资料。     

湖北庙河—莲沱地区灯影组管状化石及遗迹化石

在湖北秭归庙河灯影组白马沱段及水井沱组底部分别采获Sinotubulites及小壳化石,在宜昌莲沱长江两岸灯影组石板滩段下部发现遗迹化石Planolites。上述生物群的发现不仅极大地丰富了我国震旦系典型剖面的生物群内容,而且对研究地史早期生物演化具有一定意义。     

湖北宜昌樟村坪埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组硅磷质结核中的微体化石

本文报道的微体化石产于湖北宜昌樟村坪万家沟剖面埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组第10层的硅磷质结核中,化石组合包括疑源类Appendisphaera grandis、Ericiasphaera spjeldnaesii、Knollisphaeridium maxi mum、Leiosphaeridia tenuissi ma、Meghystrichosphaeridium perfectum、Tianzhushania polysiphonia、T.spinosa、T.ornata;丝状蓝藻Oscillatoriopsis obtusa、Polytrichoides induviatus、P.lineatus、Salome hubeiensis、Siphonophycustypicum;多细胞藻类Sarcinophycus palilloformis、Wengania minuta。该微体化石组合面貌与黄陵背斜东、南翼陡山沱组二段硅质结核中以大型具刺疑源类Tianzhushania为特征的组合相同,与贵州瓮安地区陡山沱组上磷块岩下部保存的微体化石组合面貌基本一致。     

关于峡东陡山沱组具刺疑源类化石研究的补充

在峡东陡山沱组黑色燧石中前人报道了多种多样的具刺疑源类化石，笔者最近重新研究了陡山沱组岩石切片中的具刺疑源类，发现微化石三维地保存了几乎没蚀变的条件下，这个生物群落包括Filis phaeridi-um,Baltisphaeridium,Comasphaeridium和Tianzhushania等分子，它们中的Tianzhushania在外表及形态上可与产自挪威斯瓦尔巴德群岛晚里菲岩层中的Trachyhstrichosphaera aimika比较，Trachyhystrichosphaera aimika是晚前寒武纪最特殊和分布最广的一个分子，目前已知至少产自世界上15个地区的晚里菲岩层中，对于新古元代前文德地层似乎是一个出色的指示化石，产自陡山沱组的Tianzhushania似乎支持Butterfield的观点，即：陡山沱组硅化碳酸盐沉积的年代早于伊迪卡拉后生物多样化的时期，但是，由于化石只发展于少数岩石薄片中，因此，这些化石或许只代表峡东陡山沱组局部的生态环境。文中还讨论了陡山沱组的沉积环境及化石的保存。     

峡东陡山沱组一些微化石的再研究

陡山沱期在生物进化中是一个重要的阶段，这一时期不仅在动物界而且在植物界均有明显的变化。峡东陡山沱组多种多样的微化石已有众多报道。这个生物群落包括浮游的球形体、底栖的藻丝体和瓶状微化石。最近笔者重新研究了陡山沱组薄片中的微化石，这些微生物三维地保存在几乎未蚀变的条件下，以丰富的具刺疑源类为特征，主要者有Baltisphaeridium，Filisphaeridium，Tianzhushania和Comaspheridium等。陡山沱组的碳酸盐岩相具刺疑源类和瓶状微化石与产自Spitsbergen的化石近似。这似乎说明陡山沱组与位于Spitsbergen东北部的Svanbergfjellet组沉积可以对比。但由于化石只发现在少数薄片中，因此上述结论可能是片面的，这些化石可能只代表峡东陡山沱组生态环境的一部分。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.