新疆喀喇昆仑火烧云超大型铅锌矿床矿物学、地球化学及成因

近年来,青藏高原北缘喀喇昆仑铅锌找矿取得重大突破,新发现的火烧云超大型铅锌矿床已成为中国最大的铅锌矿床,矿石矿物以菱锌矿、白铅矿、水锌矿为主,也是世界第二大非硫化物铅锌矿床。矿体呈似层状产出,埋藏浅,主要为褐色块状矿石,Pb+Zn平均品位近30%。可分为3个成矿阶段。早期铅锌硫化物成矿阶段(方铅矿、闪锌矿、方解石)、中期铅锌非硫化物成矿阶段(菱锌矿、锰氧化物→菱锌矿、白铅矿、石膏)与晚期表生氧化阶段(水锌矿)。硫化物阶段方铅矿的δ34S为-18.9‰～-4.2‰,非硫化物阶段热液石膏的δ34S为-20.6‰～-7.5‰,继承了硫化物阶段矿物的硫同位素特征。Pb同位素组成集中,具有地壳来源特征,二叠系—白垩系可能提供了金属成矿物质。方解石的δ18CPDB为0.6‰～3.1‰,δ18 OSMOW为15.3‰～24.6‰,菱锌矿的δ18 CPDB为-2.7‰～4.5‰,δ18 OSMOW为10.4‰～26.1‰,来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解作用;白铅矿的δ18 CPDB为-7.7‰～4.3‰,δ18 OSMOW为9.3‰～24.3‰,同位素发生漂移,可能是与大气降水的混入有关。硫化物成矿阶段方解石中流体包裹体的3 He/4 He值为0.05～0.39 R/Ra,40 Ar/36 Ar值为296.2～428.9,方铅矿中流体包裹体的3 He/4 He值为0.03 R/Ra,40 Ar/36 Ar值为290.0,成矿流体可能为中温、低盐度、中低密度的还原性壳源流体;非硫化物成矿阶段菱锌矿中流体包裹体的3 He/4 He值为0.10～0.43 R/Ra,40 Ar/36 Ar值为290.6～295.3;白铅矿中流体包裹体的3 He/4 He值为0.08R/Ra,40 Ar/36 Ar值为293.5,成矿流体可能为中低温、低盐度、中密度的壳源流体与大气降水混合流体。综上所述,火烧云超大型铅锌矿床是盆地边缘褶皱逆冲+构造流体+次生交代成矿系统的产物,硫化物成矿阶段为构造热液成因,非硫化物成矿阶段为围岩交代成因,后期发生叠加氧化作用,形成大量水锌矿。     

新疆喀喇昆仑多宝山铅锌矿床矿物学、地球化学及成因

新疆喀喇昆仑多宝山铅锌矿床赋存于上白垩统铁隆滩组灰岩段中,明显受构造控制,矿体形态呈不规则囊状、脉状、透镜状等。成矿阶段可分为3期:早期硫化物成矿阶段(方铅矿、闪锌矿、方解石)、中期交代成矿阶段(菱锌矿、铁氧化物、白铅矿、石膏)与晚期氧化阶段(水锌矿)。硫化物阶段方铅矿的δ34S为-14‰～-0.6‰,表明S可能来源于海相硫酸盐岩的还原。Pb同位素组成集中,具有地壳来源特征,二叠系—白垩系可能提供了金属成矿物质。方解石的δ~(18)C_(PDB)为3.5‰～5.7‰,δ~(18) O_(SMOW)为22.1‰～27.1‰,来源于碳酸盐岩地层的溶解作用。交代成矿阶段菱锌矿的δ~(18)C_(PDB)为2.9‰～3.8‰,δ~(18) O_(SMOW)为16.9‰～20.3‰;白铅矿的δ~(18) C_(PDB)为2.7‰～4.4‰,δ~(18) O_(SMOW)为15.8‰～20.3‰,C、O同位素漂移可能是与大气降水的混入有关。硫化物成矿阶段方解石流体包裹体的3 He/4 He值为0.72～0.93R/Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36) Ar值为302.1～350.7,方铅矿流体包裹体的3 He/4 He值为1.17R/Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36) Ar值为298.1,交代成矿阶段菱锌矿流体包裹体的3 He/4 He值为0.22～0.46R/Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36) Ar值为292.6～295.8,白铅矿流体包裹体的3 He/4 He值为0.40～0.59R/Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36) Ar值为292.9～295.4,两个阶段成矿流体均为地壳流体与大气降水混合流体。综上所述,多宝山铅锌矿床是盆地边缘褶皱逆冲+构造流体+次生交代成矿系统的产物,硫化物成矿阶段为构造热液成因,交代成矿阶段为直接交代成因,后期发生叠加氧化作用。     

冀北地区金矿床He、Ar、Pb同位素组成及其成矿物质来源

成矿物质来源一直是成矿理论研究和找矿实践的焦点问题。选择了冀北地区3个幔枝构造金矿集中区11个金矿床黄铁矿及部分围岩进行了He、Ar同位素测定。研究表明,冀北地区主要金矿的3He/4He的值域为(0.93～7.30)×10-6,平均3.55×10-6;R/Ra=0.66～4.93,平均2.53;40Ar/36Ar=426～2073,40Ar平均为8.20×10-7cm3/g,4He/40Ar平均为2.17。矿区外围片麻岩和花岗岩的3He/4He值仅为(0.001～0.55)×10-6,反映来源上有明显差别。3He和4He在He同位素浓度图上落于地幔区附近。64个Pb同位素数据表现为矿质以幔源为主,确有部分壳源物质加入。研究认为,本区成矿物质应源于地球深部,随地幔柱多级演化,深部成矿流体由地球深部迁移到浅部,期间不可避免地存在壳幔流体的混合作用,故其值域往往界于地幔和地壳之间。     

中条山地区铜矿壳源流体成矿：来自铜矿峪、胡家峪流体包裹体氦、氩同位素的证据

山西中条山地区是我国重要的铜成矿带,发育铜矿峪斑岩型铜矿和“胡(家峪) 篦(子沟)”型铜矿。本文对铜矿峪铜矿的黄铁矿和黄铜矿、胡家峪铜矿的黄铁矿开展了流体包裹体中的He、Ar同位素组成研究。铜矿峪黄铁矿、黄铜矿流体包裹体中的 4 He含量为46. 23×10 -8 ~1195. 75×10 -8 cm 3 STP/g, 3 He/ 4 He比值为0. 01~0. 06Ra, 40 Ar含量为1. 69×10 -8 ~74. 11×10 -8 cm 3 STP/g; 40 Ar/ 36 Ar为407~2327. 8。胡家峪黄铁矿流体包裹体中 4 He含量为314. 06×10 -8 ~3815. 87×10 -8 cm 3 STP/g; 3 He/ 4 He为0. 003~0. 014Ra , 40 Ar含量为25. 62×10 -8 ~761. 51×10 -8 cm 3 STP/g; 40 Ar/ 36 Ar 值为936. 1~4108. 6。中条山地区铜矿床 3 He/ 4 He值明显指示壳源He特征,铜矿峪、胡家峪样品中幔源He的含量介于0~0. 56%之间,幔源He对成矿的贡献可忽略不计。在成矿流体的 40 Ar/ 36 Ar- 3 He/ 4 He和 40 Ar*/ 4 He 3 He/ 4 He关系图解中所有样品均投点于壳源流体区域,显示Ar为地壳来源。因此,中条山地区大规模成矿作用以壳源流体成矿为主,并未发现幔源流体参与成矿的踪迹。     

印尼西爪哇Pongkor矿床:上新世浅成低温热液型Au-Ag-(Mn)矿床

Pongkor矿床属于浅成低温热液 Au- Ag矿床 ,金储量至少为 98t,平均品位为 16 .4× 10 -6;银储量10 2 6 t,平均品位 171.2× 10 -6.它是印尼新近发现的规模较大的 Au- Ag矿床 .冰长石 4 0 Ar/3 9Ar成矿年龄值为 2 .0 5± 0 .5Ma.矿床属于低硫化物浅成低温热液型 ,含有 4条主要的石英脉矿体 .石英脉主要位于火山构造凹陷 (破火山口 )的内缘 ,形成于爆破溶结凝灰岩的喷发 .该喷发产生了火山碎屑熔岩、火山砾及少量碎屑岩夹层 ,构成区内火山岩组合 ,不整合覆盖于中新世安山岩之上 .矿床矿体厚度较大 ,平均厚度为 4 .2 m,陡倾斜 ,由石英、方…     

济阳坳陷CO2气藏同位素地球化学特征及成因

济阳坳陷CO2气藏主要发育在高青-平南深断裂中南段和阳信次级凹陷西北缘及商店火山岩穹隆构造内.气藏中CO2气体浓度为69%～97%,δ13CCO2值为-5.67‰～-3.35‰,CH4/3He值为(1.01～5.65)×108,3He/4He值为(2.80～4.49)×10-6,即R/Ra为2.00～3.21,40Ar/36Ar值为317～1791,CO2/3He值为(0.25～2.61)×109.以上地球化学数据表明,济阳坳陷气藏中CO2主要来源于地幔,且幔源CO2在成藏过程中有损失,或者有壳源CO2的加入,特别是部分碳酸盐岩变质成因CO2的加入.在对CO2气来源定性分析的基础上,还需要在各来源的定量区分和CO2气藏的成藏及其与岩浆活动的时空匹配关系等方面作进一步的研究.     

陆相次火山岩型铜银矿床稳定同位素地球化学研究

中国陆相次火山岩型铜银矿床分布广泛 ,银矿与酸性岩有关 ,铜矿与次英安玢岩有关。形成时代为燕山早、晚期。石英的δ18O值在 +7.9‰～ +16 .3‰之间 ,δ18OH2 O值在 - 3.0‰～ +8.1‰之间 ,δD在 - 5 5‰～ - 10 6‰之间。硫化物的δ3 4 S值在 - 9.8‰～ +9.6‰之间 ,硫化物的硫同位素富集顺序为δ3 4 SPy>δ3 4 SSp>δ3 4 SGn>δ3 4 SPo,硫化物矿物对平衡温度在 16 0～4 0 0℃ ,大多数溶液的硫同位素平均组成 (δ3 4 SΣS)为 +2‰～ +5‰ ,个别为 +2 0‰。     

广东大宝山多金属矿床成矿物质来源同位素证据

笔者对大宝山多金属矿床矿石和脉石矿物进行铅、硫、氢和氧同位素组成测定,获得硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为17.930～18.785;207Pb/204Pb值为15.491～15.772;208Pb/204Pb值为37.990～40.990,并组成良好的线性关系。泥盆系地层中黄铁矿的δ34S为-22.5‰～+17.9‰,矿床硫化物的δ34S为-2.4‰～+4.6‰。黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿共生矿物对,具有δ34Spy>δ34Ssp>δ34Sgn,用磁黄铁矿的硫同位素组成估算出δ34S∑S为2‰±3‰。硫化物包裹体的氢同位素在-101‰～-123‰之间,与硫化物共生石英的氧同位素为+9.3‰～+17.9‰,换算成水的氧同位素为+0.3‰～+3.9‰,表明成矿热液来源较为复杂。     

江西冷水坑银-铅-锌矿床同位素地球化学研究

江西冷水坑银 铅 锌矿床是一个斑岩型矿床 ,花岗斑岩的Rb Sr同位素年龄为 131.0± 5 .1Ma ,初始锶同位素比值为 0 .7110 5± 0 .0 0 2 75 ;火山岩的Rb Sr同位素年龄为 10 1.3± 4.1Ma ,初始锶同位素比值为0 .7142 4± 0 .0 0 5 6 9。花岗斑岩和火山岩的K Ar同位素为 83～ 138Ma。从成矿早阶段到晚阶段 ,形成温度为30 0～ 2 5 0℃ ;logfO2 从 - 30 .12下降到 - 40 .78;logffCO2 从 2 .2 9下降到 0 .2 2 ;logfS2 为 - 9.94～ - 11.6 ;pH值为 3～4.8。从成矿Ⅱ1 到Ⅱ3 ,硫化物的δ3 4 S值为 - 4‰～ +5‰ ;δ1 8OH2 O值为 0 .9～ 12 .6下降到 - 8.2‰～ 6 .1‰ ;δDH2 O值由 - 48.3‰～ - 10 2 .6‰变为 - 5 4‰～ - 91.1‰。     

内蒙古赤峰双尖子山银多金属矿床成矿流体来源及金属沉淀机制探讨

双尖子山超大型银多金属矿床是大兴安岭成矿带最具代表性的热液型银矿床,也是目前亚洲最大银矿。该矿床热液作用可划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ两期,第Ⅰ期又可划分三个成矿阶段,依次为成矿阶段(Ⅰ-1)(主要为黄铁矿+方铅矿+闪锌矿+银矿物+石英组合,分布在北西走向矿脉)→成矿阶段(Ⅰ-2)(主要为方铅矿+银矿物+闪锌矿+石英+方解石组合,分布在北北东走向矿脉)→成矿阶段(Ⅰ-3)(含金石英+方解石脉组合,分布在近东西走向矿脉)。第Ⅱ期为胶结硫化物脉的无矿石英脉,主要是石英+少量方解石组合。该矿床流体包裹体以L型和V型为主,总体属于中低温-低盐度流体。成矿阶段(Ⅰ-1)流体包裹体均一温度介于171℃～280℃之间,平均228℃,盐度介于0.53%～12.73%(NaCl_(eqv))之间,平均3.48%(NaCl_(eqv));成矿阶段(Ⅰ-2)流体包裹体均一温度介于109.3℃～258.0℃之间,平均193.3℃,盐度介于0.18%～22.38%(NaCl_(eqv))之间,平均4.20%(NaCl_(eqv));第Ⅱ期热液流体包裹体均一温度介于238.7℃～362.9℃之间,平均275.9℃,盐度介于0.35%～2.24%(NaCl_(eqv))之间,平均1.05%(NaCl_(eqv))。方解石δ~(13)C介于-11‰～-7.4‰,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)介于1‰～4.5‰;石英和方解石δD_(H_2O)变化于-145‰～-65‰,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)变化于-12.5‰～4.6‰,表明流体为岩浆水和大气降水的混合来源;金属硫化物~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar值介于294.75～303.92,~3He/~4He值介于0.25～0.81Ra,显示壳源流体特征。双尖子山矿床成矿流体具有脉冲式活动、多阶段演化和多来源特点,成矿流体具有从相对的高温高盐度向低温低盐度演化规律。岩浆水与循环大气降水的混合作用可能是本矿床金属沉淀的主要机制。双尖子山矿床属于与壳源岩浆活动有关的中浅成-中低温热液型银多金属矿床。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.