黄河、长江源区降水变化的水汽输送和环流特征

利用黄河、长江源区气象站的降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析气候资料,分析了黄河、长江源区降水的年际变化,对黄河、长江源区典型多雨年与少雨年的500 hPa位势高度和风场、600 hPa流场、大气水汽含量和水汽输送进行了合成和对比分析.结果表明:黄河和长江源区的降水在近50 a的长期变化趋势都不明显,但在最近10 a黄河源区的降水有明显的减少趋势.而长江源区的降水则有明显的增加趋势;江河源区在多雨与少雨年有明显的环流差异特征,在多/少雨年,500 hPa蒙古低压减弱/加强,西风风速减弱/增强,600 hPa高原辐合线偏北/南,江河源区大气水汽含量增加/减少,西南季风的偏南水汽输送增加/减少.使得江河源区有较多/少的水汽来源,从而降水增多/减少;黄河和长江源区有相似的多雨与少雨年环流差异特征,只是差异程度不同,长江源区多雨与少雨年环流特征差异的强度不及黄河源区.     

青莲岗遗址孢粉及硅藻记录的古环境变化历史

废黄河南岸的青莲岗遗址是江淮东部重要的新石器遗址,了解其古环境背景变化对于认识该遗址的发展具有重要意义。通过对青莲岗遗址考古地层的AMS 14C年代、孢粉和硅藻的综合分析,探讨了海水对该遗址的影响及水环境的变化。研究结果表明,生土层堆积后期(5.9 cal.kaB.P.以前),孢粉中莎草科占绝对优势,伴生蒿和藜科,硅藻组合中半咸水属种为优势种,海水种破碎壳体较多,可能为水动力较强的滨海盐沼环境。新石器文化层堆积期(5.9~4.8 cal.ka B.P.),硅藻属种中半咸水种减少,淡水底栖附生种为主要优势种,海水种硅藻破碎壳体的个数快速下降,表明此时环境逐渐稳定,海水或半咸水的影响减弱,适宜新石器先民的生产和生活。孢粉中水生、湿生草本和大型禾本科花粉增加,表明浅水水域面积增大,稻作农业开始出现。历史和近代时期(4.8 cal.ka B.P.以来),大型禾本科花粉急剧降低,表明稻作活动基本不存在。此时,硅藻中海水种和海水种破碎壳体有所增加,表明受到海水一定程度的影响,水动力再次加强,可能与海水倒灌或古黄河的泛滥有关。     

南黄海表层沉积物的碎屑矿物、地球化学特征及物源分析

以南黄海中、西部表层沉积物的测试数据为基础,分析了表层沉积物的碎屑矿物组合特征、分布规律和能灵敏指示物源的CaCO₃、TiO₂、Cu、Sr和Ba的含量特征、分布规律,将这些特征分别与黄河和长江沉积物、黄土进行对比,探讨了南黄海中、西部的物质来源。南黄海西北部主要来源于现代黄河物质和山东半岛及邻近海域的侵蚀基岩;苏北黄河三角洲沉积物主要来源于全新世海侵期海水对古黄河沉积物的改造,其次为海水对基岩的侵蚀,现代黄河物质的影响较小;中部表现出多源性,沉积物部分来源于海侵期海水对海底基岩的侵蚀、改造、再沉积,部分来源于长江物质、黑潮物质及古黄河物质,长江物质影响大于古黄河物质;南部主要来源于长江物质。研究结果表明,现代黄河物质影响的范围小于长江物质;古黄河曾于晚更新世在苏北入海。     

宁夏云雾山─彭阳岩溶水赋存规律及开发前景

宁夏东南部，干旱少雨水资源匮乏，但深层岩溶水比较丰富。岩溶水赋存在蓟县系─寒武奥陶系碳酸盐岩之中。以中部地表分水岭为界，可分为暖泉和郑家庄泉两个相对独立的岩溶水系统。依据水文地质条件、地质构造，将本区划分五个强─中等富水区。岩溶水资源总量约1818.7万m3/a。     

全球气候变化对黄河流域水资源影响分析

黄河流域处于干旱半干旱气候区,是我国西北和华北的重要水源区,也是我国主要的缺水地区.黄河流域白1972年以来,因来水减少,引水量增大,导致黄河频繁断流.本文选用英国HadCM3、澳大利亚CSIROMKⅡ及加拿大CGCM1大气环流模型(GCM),选用A2和B2排放情景,运用Delta方法进行GCM模型输出结果的降尺度处理,在此基础上采用GIS和SPSS分析了全球气候变化对黄河流域水资源的定量影响,气候变暖使黄河径流量主要呈减少趋势,加剧黄河水资源的供需矛盾.研究结果对黄河流域水资源的优化利用、调度和管理具有重要的意义.     

平潭岛海蚀花岗岩地貌——兼述花岗岩地貌的系列研究和创新

平潭县有“千礁岛县”之称，所属的海潭为全国第五大岛，隔台湾海峡与台湾新竹相距仅68海里，是祖国大陆距台湾最近的地方。千礁岛县皆由花岗岩组成，潮涨潮落，海侵海蚀，铸就了岛上古代海蚀地貌和现代海蚀地貌，且种类齐全，典型奇特，分布广泛，集神、幽、险、趣于一体，尤其花岗岩球状风化铸成的，最突出的有国内最大的海蚀柱、天下奇观“半洋石帆”；浑身赤裸，形体逼真，比四川乐山大佛大四倍的“海坛天神”，横卧海边，头枕沙滩，腿伸大海；等等。素有花岗岩海蚀地貌“甲天下”之称。平潭已开发成国家级风景旅游区，其花岗岩海蚀地貌研究必将为中国研究花岗岩地貌增添新的内容和活力；平潭岛的区位最近台湾，优先利用双休日或节假日开展与台湾北东海岸的类同海蚀地貌进行双向互惠的观光旅游，将有无限广阔、美好前景。     

宁夏云雾山—彭阳岩溶水赋存规律及开发前景

宁夏东南部，干旱少雨水资源匮乏，但深层岩溶水比较丰富，岩溶水赋存在蓟县系一寒武奥陶系碳酸盐岩之中，以中部地表分水龄为界，可分为暖泉和郑家庄泉两个相对独立的岩溶水系统，依据水文地质条件，地质构造，将本区划分五个强一中等富水区。岩溶水资源总量约1818．7万m^3/a。     

中国北部边疆第四系地下水研究

在中国北部边疆西起天山东端的北山，东至大兴安岭北段的４２００ｋｍ地域内，气候干旱少雨，水资源贫乏，第四系地下水是主要供水源之一。本文首次比较系统地研究了该区第四纪堆积物的分布和地下水的赋存规律。文中依据不同地貌单元、地层岩性及气候条件诸因素将本区第四系地下水划分为枝状沟谷砂砾石层孔隙水、河谷冲积平原砂砾石层孔隙水两种主要类型，并着重对有重要供水意义的河谷冲积平原砂砾石层孔隙水的分布、埋藏条件、富水性及水化学特征进行了论述。     

澜沧老厂银铜铅锌多金属矿床地质特征及成因探讨

云南澜沧老厂银铜铅锌矿床为我国西南三江地区重要的多金属矿床.文中综合分析了该矿床的地质特征,认为其成因与火山喷流沉积作用、火山期后热液改造作用密切相关,成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水或海水的混合水,成矿物质主要为幔壳混合来源.     

甘肃省小柳沟钨矿区成矿流体特征

通过对小柳沟矿区成矿流体特征的研究认为,该区钨矿床成因是复杂多样的,其成矿流体是大气降水、海水和岩浆水的混合体,以海水为主,其成矿环境为弱酸性还原环境,推测矿床的形成为火山喷发沉积-后期岩浆热液叠加改造型矿床.     

中国大型水库蓄水对近海相对海平面空间变化的影响

通过对我国大型水库蓄水的时空特征进行深入分析, 统计得到近60年来大型水库蓄水累积的库容量已达到697km3, 占全国所有水库库容量的83.3%及全球库容量的6.5%;而2000年以来的大型水库数量及蓄水量的变化有明显的加速, 库容量的变化率为16.7km3/a, 远高于1950年到2000年的4.9km3/a的增长率; 同时借助卫星重力(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, GRACE)观测手段, 对2000年以后主要分布在长江流域以南地区的水库进行水储量估算, 结果显示GRACE仅能估算得到63%的水库变化量, 两者之间的差异可能反映了该地区地下水的长期变化. 结合大型水库的分布位置与库容量, 基于海平面变化方程计算得到了中国近海相对海平面的空间变化. 水库蓄水导致的渤海与东南沿海海域的相对海平面上升明显, 最大上升高度约为8mm; 而2000年以后的水库对海平面的影响主要集中在东南沿海, 其中南海海域较为突出, 上升高度约为2~3mm, 在此期间蓄水造成的近海不同验潮站位置的海平面增长速度在0.02~0.11mm/a之间变化.      

Impact of sea level rise and coastal slope on shoreline change along the Indian coast

Densely populated coastal zones of India are highly exposed to natural environment. These are impacted by episodic natural events, continuous coastal process, gradually rising sea levels and coexisting human interventions. The present study is an attempt to assess the implication of the sea level rise and coastal slope in the coastal erosion for entire mainland of India. In this regard, two methods were employed to estimate the shoreline change rate (SCR): (1) satellite-derived SCR using the Landsat TM and ETM+ acquired during 1989–2001 and (2) SCR derived by Bruun Rule using the parameters coastal slope and sea level trend derived from satellite altimetry. Satellite-derived SCR has been compared with the shoreline change estimated based on Bruun Rule, revealing a better agreement with each other in terms of trend. Peaks of shoreline retreat calculated using Bruun model and satellite-observed SCR offset by 25–50 km. Offset in these peaks was observed due to net drift towards north in the east coast and south in the west coast of India, revealing the applicability of the Bruun Rule along the Indian coast. The present study demonstrates that coastal slope is an additional parameter responsible for the movement of shoreline along with sea level change. The results of satellite-derived SCR reveal the highest percentage of erosion along West Bengal coast with 70% followed by Kerala (65%), Gujarat (60%) and Odisha (50%). The coastlines of remaining states recorded less than 50% of coasts under erosion. Results of this study are proving critical inputs for the coastal management.     

末次冰消期以来长江口沉积环境演化及沿岸流变化

长江口附近的沿岸流和水团变化对研究长江三角洲沉积物的“源-汇”机制具有重要意义.对HZK2孔沉积物的粒度、年龄和有孔虫分布特征进行了研究分析.结果表明:HZK2孔52.5 m以上有孔虫均有分布,底栖有孔虫丰度在12 m以上和26.0~52.5 m含量超过40枚/g,代表不同沿岸流和水团的有孔虫属种含量在垂向上呈现明显的分带性.HZK2孔全新世以来经历了河口湾和水下三角洲两大沉积体系,并在全新世早期发育潮流沙脊.末次冰消期,钻孔所在位置受长江冲淡水和苏北沿岸流共同影响.全新世早期,则受苏北沿岸流影响为主;在此之后,长江口冲淡水的作用减弱,苏北、黄海沿岸流影响较强.全新世中晚期,苏北沿岸流、长江冲淡水、江浙沿岸流和东海外海水团多种水体共同作用钻孔所在海域,全新世晚期长江冲淡水作用占绝对优势.      

河海交互作用沉积与平原地貌发育*

河流是搬运陆源泥沙的主要动力,对相邻的海岸海洋沉积动力有巨大影响。中国河流汇入海洋中的泥沙曾占全球入海泥沙的10 ％ ,现代中国边缘海大陆架在晚更新世时曾是海岸平原,河-海交互作用是形成海岸平原与浅海输积泥沙的主要因素。本文选择5个不同类型的河流展示其不同的泥沙运动与河口沉积的特性以及对相邻陆架之影响,包括: 1)强潮型动力的鸭绿江河口湾,形成从陆向海与从海向陆的双向水流交汇沉积,海岸形成潮流脊体系。 2)季风波浪为主导动力的滦河口,以泥沙的横向运动为主,形成沙坝环绕的双重海岸,沉积粒径自海向陆减小; 沿岸浪流携运泥沙向河口两侧分布,使沙坝具有沙咀状的复合特点。 3)弱潮型、多沙的黄河口,径流于两侧堆积指状沙咀,沙咀下风侧形成粉砂粘土淤泥湾,沿岸流携运泥沙向渤海湾延伸为淤泥舌。 4)径流与沿岸流组合作用的沉积模式,以长江口为代表,泥沙沿岸向南输运为主导,向海岸与向内陆架构成颗粒变细的带状沉积,外陆架出露残留砂。 5)充填河口湾的三角洲,以珠江为代表,河流分汊与会潮点泥沙堆积,悬移质扩散至湾外,被沿岸流携带沿海岸向SW运移,外陆架为残留砂沉积。20世纪80年代以来,上述河流均受到人为活动的改造影响,河流自然过程与河海交互作用效应均发生改变。本文主要以滦河三角洲为例阐述河-海交互作用与平原的地貌特征。     

A new Holocene sea-level curve for the southern North Sea

A new sea-level curve (MHW, mean high water level) for the southern North Sea is presented, spanning the last 10 000 years and based on new data recently obtained along the German coast. The 118 dates were selected from basal as well as intercalated peats of the Holocene sequence and archaeological dates from the last 3000 years. Because of different MHW levels along the German North Sea coast, all data were corrected to the standard tide gauge at Wilhelmshaven to make them comparable. Special advantages of this area for sea-level reconstructions are negligible tectonic and isostatic subsidence and the absence of coastal barrier systems that might have mitigated or masked sea-level changes. Changes of water level had therefore immediate consequences for the facies and could be dated exactly. The chronostratigraphic Calais-Dunkirk system has been improved and adapted to the new data. Altogether seven regressions (R 1-R 7) have been identified, each of them characterized by a distinct decline in sea level. These fluctuations are in accord with the evidence from other parts of the North Sea region. A draft of former North Sea shorelines is presented on the basis of this sea-level curve.     

Ecological and geographical characteristics of the coastal zone of the Black Sea

The coastal zone of the Black Sea is viewed as marine terrestrial geosystem. Its sea and land parts are interconnected by intensive flows of matter, such as water run-off, aerial transfer of water vapour and salts, ingressions of sea water, mining of mineral resources and extraction of biotic resources, transportation of goods, etc. The zone includes the shelf and a belt of land within the boundaries of small coastal river basins. Specific combinations of various branches of the economy are typical for the coastal area in the whole and for its regional sections as well.This article largely treats the terrestrial part of the coastal zone of the Black Sea and provides information on the landscapes, the structure of land use and the ecological situation. The state of the coastal sea water and the entire water reservoir are dealt with in other articles of this issue ofGeoJournal.     

中国近海平均海面变化研究

本文在分析了中国沿海各长期验潮站年平均海面具有同升同降特点的基础上,应用方差分析方法求得年平均海面变化周期为5年、11年和19年.采用11年比较法,精选13个基本验潮站,和选择接近11年平均海面差值中数的时间段,求得中国近海近期(30余年)年平均海面上升速度为1.6±0.3mm/年.该结果与国内外大多数学者研究结果相一致,但方法简单易行.     

Historical records and the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the East China Sea

The coastal cities are the most advanced regions in China. In the past few decades, the environment changed very significantly due to large scale human activities in the coastal regions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three dated sediment cores from the west coast of the Yellow Sea (core A01), the Yangtze River estuary (YRE; core A02) and the Oujiang River estuary (ORE; core A03) were analyzed to reconstruct the environmental evolutionary process of the east China coastal region over the past century. In the three cores, PAHs concentrations were increased rapidly. Lower concentrations of PAHs were measured in core A02 than in cores A01 and A03. The vertical variation of PAHs in the YRE was dominated by the petrogenic sources. Historical records of PAHs in the ORE were controlled by pyrolytic sources. PAHs on the west coast of the Yellow Sea were contributed by the two sources.     

Migration patterns of Neolithic settlements on the abandoned Yellow and Yangtze River deltas of China

Archaeological records of the Neolithic settlements on the eastern China coast between 35°N and 30°N, an area covering the abandoned Yellow River and the Yangtze River delta plains, reveal that Neolithic people moved from the Yellow River basin onto the northern coast for fishing, hunting and dry-land agriculture ~ 7000 yr ago. Marine transgression interrupted their activities on the low-lying (2-5 m in elevation) coastal wetlands between 6000 and 5000 yr ago, after which they reclaimed their land near the river mouths. Their migration routes on the southern Yangtze delta plain indicate another scenario: early Neolithic communities moved onto the plain for wet-rice cultivation. Despite relative sea-level rise from 7000 to 4000 yr ago, a large number of settlements were established on the lowlands between the eastern Chenier Ridges and the western Taihu Lake depression. The Chenier Ridges, with ~ 1.0 m higher topography than the adjacent coastal area, played a role in sheltering the Neolithic people. Subsequently, settlements waned considerably, possibly due to further marine inundation combined with cold climate. The present study shows that migration patterns of the Neolithic settlements are closely associated with a gradually rising sea level between 7000 and 4000 yr ago.