钼同位素地球化学研究进展及其在成矿作用研究中的应用潜力

近年来,随着多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)的广泛应用和测试精度的不断提高,非传统稳定同位素成为同位素地球化学最前沿和最活跃的研究领域。其中钼同位素作为非传统稳定同位素发展较为成熟的方向之一,已经逐步应用到地球科学、生命科学、环境科学等各个重要领域,并取得了长足的发展。本文对近些年国内外所取得的钼同位素研究成果进行了系统整理、总结,并对钼同位素的应用潜力进行了概括性的综述,主要包括钼元素及其同位素的地球化学特征、钼同位素分析测试技术、钼同位素的分馏机制、不同地球化学储库的钼同位素组成、成矿作用过程中钼同位素组成的变化特征及其在矿床中的应用。以期让更多人了解钼同位素这一非传统稳定同位素的最新研究进展,进一步探索成矿作用过程中钼同位素的组成特征、分馏机制和影响因素等,并有效推动钼同位素地球化学在成矿作用研究方面的应用。     

辽东庄河金矿同位素地球化学特征及成矿时代

到目前为止,对辽宁庄河金矿尚没有做过系统的矿床地球化学和同位素年代学的研究。本文在成矿地质条件分析的基础上,对庄河金矿床的氢、氧同位素、硫同位素、铅同位素、碳同位素以及Rb-Sr同位素的组成特征进行了分析研究。氢、氧同位素组成表明成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液,并与围岩发生了同位素交换;硫同位素和碳同位素组成表明成矿物质主要来源于地壳深部;矿石和花岗斑岩脉具有非常相似的铅同位素组成,暗示该矿床的形成和物质来源与此岩浆活动有密切的成因联系;石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr等时线年龄为143.0±5.8Ma,表明金的成矿期为燕山期。     

稳定同位素地球化学研究新况

近年来稳定同位素地球化学进展显著。同位素测试方面的主要进展表现为：①离子探针质谱及激光制样系统的迅速发展和在同位素分析中广泛应用；②同位素测量仪器的自动化和电脑化；③分析方法和结果标准化；④新的同位素分析方法的开拓。同位素分馏机制方面最突出的进展是对与质量无关的同位素分馏的研究。已发现这种分馏在大气化学反应中和前太阳系阶段起重要作用。同时对热力学和动力学同位素分馏研究正进一步系统化。同位素应用方面，地球表面圈层研究受到更多注意。与资源与环境问题直接相关的研究更受到特别重视。对硼、硅、氯和锂等同位素新方法的地质应用也进展突出。     

大别造山带大陆深俯冲和折返过程中壳-幔相互作用信息--来自大理岩铅同位素的证据

对大别造山带不同产状大理岩的铅同位素研究表明,红安群王家店和双河大理岩分别经历过高压和超高压变质作用,具有较高的铅同位素变化范围和高的放射性成因铅,反映了上地壳铅同位素的特征;新店大理岩的铅同位素比值和变化范围很小,具有EM1型地幔铅同位素特征,表明有地幔铅同位素特征的记录;而位于剪切带的方高坪大理岩的铅同位素除了n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)值更高外,与新店大理岩的铅同位素特征相似,记录了放射性铅同位素的大量加入或丢失,导致本来具有与双河大理岩类似的铅同位素特征变得不明显.这些结果均表明大陆深俯冲及其折返过程对大理岩铅同位素组成的改造是相当复杂的.     

通用同位素标准化程序及在Sr、Nd同位素分析上的应用

固体元素的同位素在热表面电离质谱计上分析时,会产生同位素分馏,使得同位素比值测量的重复性和测量精度都受到局限。而在同位素地质学中,有时所遇到的样品之间的同位素比值差别很小,以致被测量过程中的同位素分馏所掩盖,使同位素地质方法的应用受到限制。     

同位素地质学的现状和进展

同位素地质学(或称同位素地球化学)是研究各种化学元素同位素在自然界的分布和运移规律,进而认识地球物质运动、演化过程,解决地质问题的一门地球科学分支.根据它所依据的原理和研究对象的不同,同位素地质学可分为稳定同位素地球化学和同位素地质年代学两部分.近20多年来,特别是七十年代初以来,国际性月球样品的研究活动促进了同位素地质学在技术上的全面发展,出现了高精度的同位素质谱分析技术、超净化实验室,加之电子计算机的广泛应     

稳定同位素测试技术与参考物质研究现状及发展趋势

同位素测试技术是同位素研究的基础。新的测试技术创立，新的测试仪器的研制，原有仪器设备和测试方法的改进是稳定同位素地球化学研究发展的依托。因此发展同位素测试技术始终是同位素地球化学研究的一个主要方面。文章介绍了同位测试仪器设备，稳定同位素研究对象和测试方法，同位素参考物质的研制以及同位素绝对比值测量的研究现状及近年来的发展。概括起来，总的趋势是：快速化，精确化，微量化，微区化，多样化和标准化。     

锶稀释剂同位素比值质量分馏效应的校正方法初探

以稀释法锶同位素比值测定和计算方法为例,分析了稀释剂同位素比值对稀释法锶同位素比值测定的影响.对于样品-稀释剂混合样,随着稀释剂加入量的增加,稀释剂同位素比值准确度对样品同位素比值的影响逐渐增加,样品同位素比值计算结果出现严重偏离.稀释剂同位素比值测量准确度受测量过程中质量分馏效应影响,通过数学迭代法对锶稀释剂同位素的质量分馏效应进行校正,提高了稀释法同位素比值计算结果的准确度.     

国际同位素参考物质的定值和原子量标定

同位素参考物质是同位素地质测量的“砝码”。其同位素组成是同位素测量的基本参数。国际同位素参考物质的建立与定值已有五十多年的历史,其中经历了许多成功与曲折。在20世纪80年代后,国际同位素参考物质的建立与定值进入了健康发展的新时期。在国际原子能机构等国际组织的组织和指导下,许多研究人员积极参与,逐步建立了一批应用广泛的同位素参考物质。采用实验室对比测量和同位素绝对比值测量等方法对这些物质的同位素组成进行了准确定值。这些成果对统一同位素测量的基准和尺度,保证同位素测试数据在国际范围内的可比性起到了巨大的推动作用。同时,对元素原子量标定,乃至阿伏伽德罗常数等基本常数的标定也起了重要作用。     

矿物稳定同位素地球化学研究

通过测定矿物中元素H ,C ,O和S的同位素比值 ,认识矿物体系中的同位素效应 ,不仅能够确定矿物之间和矿物与流体之间的同位素平衡关系 ,而且能够了解影响矿物平衡和动力学同位素性质的因素。文中评述了稳定同位素分馏系数校准的理论计算、实验测定和经验估计方法 ,讨论温度、压力、化学成分和晶体结构等对矿物同位素性质的影响。由于同位素效应取决于矿物的物理和化学性质 ,因此应用稳定同位素来作为示踪剂不仅能够追索各种矿物学反应的路径 ,而且能够提供证据来阐明矿物晶体结构的某些细节。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.