开都河流域气候变化对地表水的影响

1IntroductionWetlands, forests and oceans are the three main ecosystems with the highest ecological values in the world. According to the data of United Nations Environment Programme in 2002, the annual production value of the wetland ecosystems per hecta…     

Climate change in the Sanjiang Plain disturbed by large-scale reclamation

1IntroductionIn recent 20 years, Chinese scientists have conducted a lot of studies on characteristics and regularity of climate variation over China on various spatial and temporal scales. Most of the studies using temperature records have shown that the…     

近40a我国北方农牧交错区气候变化及其与土地沙漠化的关系——以科尔沁沙地为例

近40 a来,伴随着全球气候变化,科尔沁沙地的气候也发生了较为明显的变化。主要表现为:90年代和60年代相比,年均气温升高0.5~1.2℃,气温波动性减小43.0%~61.0%;年均降水量增加50~67mm,年降水变异系数增大20%~50%;年均蒸发量下降16.7%;气候呈现暖湿化趋势。其中升温主要发生于冬季,降水增加主要发生于春夏两季。近40 a来,该区沙漠化呈明显发展趋势,其中从50年代末到80年代末,沙漠化面积由32 925 km²增加到71 884 km²,年均发展速度高达3.94%,虽然到90年代其年均发展速度降到1.2%,但总面积却扩展了8 673 km²。降水的增加有利于天然植被的恢复和农业的发展,但也容易导致大面积垦荒的发生,进而引起沙漠化急剧发展。因此,在严禁滥垦草原的同时,要抓住时机大力发展灌溉农业,加强植被的保护和建设。     

黑河流域日降水格局及其时间变化

利用10个气象站1950—2000年日降水资料,对黑河流域的降水及其时空格局进行了研究。结果表明:①降水事件以≤5 mm的降水为主,占全年降水事件的82%,0～10 d间隔期占全年无降水期的40.7％,＞10 d间隔期占59.3％;②年降水日数与降水量之间存在显著的正相关性(r=0.78,P<0.01),＞10 mm降水总量与年降水量呈显著正相关,而≤5 mm降水总量与年降水量的相关性差;③＞10 mm和≤5 mm的降水总量变化范围分别为:0～262.6 mm,20.3～172.7 mm ,变异系数分别为0.25～0.92,0.17～0.25;④近50 d来,黑河流域近50 d降水量的变化总体上呈平稳上升趋势,≤5 mm的降水日呈现小幅下降的趋势,≥10 mm的降水日呈小幅上升的趋势。0～10 d的降水间隔期出现的频率总体保持不变,＞10 d间隔期出现的频率出现明显的下降趋势,年内总降水日数保持不变。     

新疆水文水资源变化及对区域气候变化的响应

基于全疆8条代表性河流近50年的地表径流、气温和降水数据,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和突变检测法,对各条河流地表径流、年均气温和年降水进行了长期趋势检验和突变滗分析,同时对径流与气温、降水之间的变化关系以及水文极端事件洪水的发生频次和洪峰流量进行了分析.结果表明,20世纪80年代中期以来伞疆各地气候一致表现为气温升高和降水增多,其中北疆地区变化最为显著,南疆其次,东疆最小.受气温、降水变化影响,河流径流发生年际和年内分布变化.大部分河流自20世纪90年代初水量显著增多,有春汛提前、夏汛推后和洪峰流量增大的现象,其变化特征与河流补给类型密切相关.全疆洪水发生频次增多、洪峰流最增大.气候变暖已对区域水文循环产生重要影响.     

Response of runoff in the headwater region of the Yellow River to climate change and its sensitivity analysis

Response of the runoff in the headwater region of the Yellow River to climate change and its sensibility are analyzed based on the measured data at the four hydrological stations and ten weather stations during the period 1959-2008. The result indicates that change of temperature in the region has an obvious corresponding relationship with global warming and the changes of annual average temperature in each subregion in the region have been presenting a fluctuant and rising state in the past 50 years. However the change of precipitation is more intricate than the change of temperature in the region because of the influences of the different geographical positions and environments in various areas, and the change of annual precipitation in the main runoff-producing area has been presenting a fluctuant and decreasing state in the past 50 years. And there is a remarkable nonlinear correlativity between runoff and precipitation and temperature in the region. The runoff in the region has been decreasing continuously since 1990 because the precipitation in the main runoff- producing area obviously decreases and the annual average temperature continuously rises. As a whole, the runoff in each subregion of the headwater region of the Yellow River is quite sensitive to precipitation change, while the runoff in the subregion above Jimai is more sensitive to temperature change than that in the others in the region, correspondingly.     

黄河源区径流对气候变化的响应及敏感性分析(英文)

Response of the runoff in the headwater region of the Yellow River to climate change and its sensibility are analyzed based on the measured data at the four hydrological stations and ten weather stations during the period 1959–2008. The result indicates that change of temperature in the region has an obvious corresponding relationship with global warming and the changes of annual average temperature in each subregion in the region have been presenting a fluctuant and rising state in the past 50 years. However the change of precipitation is more intricate than the change of temperature in the region because of the influences of the different geographical positions and environments in various areas, and the change of annual precipitation in the main runoff-producing area has been presenting a fluctuant and decreasing state in the past 50 years. And there is a remarkable nonlinear correlativity between runoff and precipitation and temperature in the region. The runoff in the region has been decreasing continuously since 1990 because the precipitation in the main runoff-producing area obviously decreases and the annual average temperature continuously rises. As a whole, the runoff in each subregion of the headwater region of the Yellow River is quite sensitive to precipitation change, while the runoff in the subregion above Jimai is more sensitive to temperature change than that in the others in the region, correspondingly.     

青藏高原江河源区近40年来气候变化特征及其对区域环境的影响

以江河源区12个气象台站1971-2008年间的逐月气温、风速和降水资料为基础,对该区气候变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:近40年来,江河源区气候持续变暖,年均气温的增温率为0.37℃/(10 a),1987年和1998年气温由低向高突变;年均风速显著降低,每10 a降幅为0.24 m/s,1981年和1992年风速由高向低突变,年均风速与年均气温间呈负相关关系;1980年代降水偏多,1970和1990年代偏少,21世纪以来降水量有所回升,增幅因区域而异;年陆面蒸发量整体显著增加.结合前人研究,探讨了气候变化对环境的影响:持续升温导致江河源区内冰川退缩、多年冻土退化;1980年代气候相对暖湿,水资源量较丰;气候暖干化、水资源量减少、生态环境恶化是该区在1990年代和21世纪最初几年的显著特征;2004年左右以来,江河源区气候转湿,水资源量增加,生态环境有所好转.     

开都河流域上下游过去50 a气温降水变化特征分析

利用开都河流域上下游4个气象台站（上游巴音布鲁克,下游焉耆、和静、和硕）1960-2009年的气温、降水资料,采用趋势分析与距平等统计方法,分析了近50 a来开都河流域的主要气象要素变化特征。研究发现：（1）1960-2009年开都河流域上下游年平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,增长强度分别为0.27 ℃/10 a和0.22 ℃/10 a。2000年后气温升高尤其显著,上游和下游的气温分别较50 a平均水平偏高0.97 ℃和0.69 ℃。该流域年最高温没有明显增加,而上下游年最低气温分别上升0.41 ℃/10 a和0.61 ℃/10 a,并与年平均气温有较好的相关性。通过对不同年代际各月气温的分析,发现该地区气温季节性特征在过去50 a发生了明显的变化。主要表现为冬季气温总体上升,夏季气温相对稳定,冬季与夏季温差逐渐减小,季节性呈变弱趋势。上游年代际间气温季节变化较下游更明显;（2）开都河流域降水主要集中在夏季,近50 a上下游降水量均呈增加趋势且上游达显著水平。上下游在降水分布及变化特征上有较大差异,上游年平均降水总量（273 mm）明显高于下游（77 mm）,且上游降水量增加强度（9.13 mm/10 a）高于下游（5.34 mm/10 a）。降水量年代际之间有一定差异,降水波动主要是在夏季,上游降水量的波动性大于下游。     

1960—2017年太湖流域不同等级降水时空特征

基于太湖流域1960—2017年逐日降水数据，运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、R/S分析等方法，分析太湖流域不同等级降水的时空变化特征，并探讨了不同等级降水对年降水的影响。结果表明：1）近60年来，流域小雨发生率最高，为73.55%；年总降水量中，中雨量所占比例最大，为32.05%。小雨发生率呈显著减少趋势，暴雨贡献率呈显著增加趋势。2）太湖流域大雨、暴雨的降水量和降水日数都呈显著增加，小雨日数显著减少，小雨强度、年总降水强度显著增强。3）不同等级降水变化趋势的空间分布存在明显差异。小雨日数与年总降水日数，以及小雨强度与年总降水强度的变化趋势空间格局相一致。中雨日数、大雨日数、暴雨日数变化趋势的空间分布与其对应的降水量变化趋势的空间格局相似。4）R/S分析结果显示，小雨、暴雨、年总降水相关指标（小雨量除外）都表现出较强的持续性，未来变化趋势与过去相一致。5）近60年来，太湖流域年总降水量、降水日数、年总降水强度的变化，分别受中雨量、小雨日数、暴雨量的影响较大。在旱年流域年降水量偏少受大雨量减少的影响较大，而涝年年降水量偏多受暴雨增加的影响较大。     

Toward sustainable desertification reversion: A case study in Horqin Sandy Land of northern China

Desertification reversion is an interactive process involving climate, land use change, and water processes. In order to reveal the relationship between desertification reversion and these factors, we analyzed historical data on precipitation, air temperature, desertified land changes, underground water tables, and water body changes in Naiman County in the central part of Horqin Sandy Land. Our analysis showed that during 1961-2010 the annual precipitation fluctuated dramatically and has decreased fairly consistently in recent years. The air temperature increased by 0.50-1.25 °C, and the minimum temperature increased more obviously. The desertified land area increased from 42,300 km2 in 1959 to 62,000 km2 in 1985, and then declined to about 50,000 km2 in 2010. The underground water tables have been lowered by about 10 m in the past 30 years, and declined more rapidly in recent years. Desertified land is significantly related to the amount of total cropland, and underground water tables are significantly correlated with annual precipitation and the amount of irrigated cropland. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue sustainable desertification reversion without compromising the capacity for local development and restoration of degraded land, through application of appropriate management measures for improving water availability in this region.     

1960―2012年安徽省降水和气温变化特征及其与ENSO的相关性分析

使用安徽省1960―2012年气温与降水资料,采用线性倾向估计法、反距离加权插值法、最小二乘法和相关分析法分析安徽省近53年来气温和降水的时空变化特征及其与ENSO的关系。结果表明：1）近53年来安徽省年降水量和年平均气温分别以0.93 mm/a和0.02℃/a的倾向率呈增加趋势;季节变化表明,夏季和冬季降水量呈明显的增加趋势,而春、秋两季则呈减小趋势;四季气温均有所升高,春季气温增幅最大。2）不同季节降水量的年代际变化特征并不明显,降水主要集中在夏季,约占全年降水量的45.95%;与降水量年代际变化不同,年均温和四季气温的年代际变化呈波动上升趋势。3）降水存在显著的空间差异,夏、冬两季降水量由北向南减小幅度逐渐增大,春季降水量由北向南增加幅度逐渐增大;气温的空间变化并无一定规律,但宿州是四季以及全年增温幅度最大的地区。4）不同时间尺度的降水和气温均与Nino 3.4区海表温度距平和南方涛动均存在一定的相关性,其中3、9和11月的降水与Nino 3.4区海表温度距平以及南方涛动有较为显著的相关性,而在9月,气温受Nino 3.4区海表温度距平和南方涛动影响较显著;Nino 3.4区海表温度距平对年降水量和年均温的影响更明显。5）近53年来,El Nino事件和La Nina事件的出现频数分别为16和15次,La Nina事件对降水的增加的影响强于El Nino事件,而El Nino和La Nina事件对气温的影响均不显著。     

新疆水文水资源变化及对区域气候变化的响应

Based on the surface runoff, temperature and precipitation data over the last 50 years from eight representative rivers in Xinjiang, using Mann-Kendall trend and jump detection method, the paper investigated the long-term trend and jump point of time series, the surface runoff, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Meanwhile, the paper analyzed the relationship between runoff and temperature and precipitation, and the flood frequency and peak flow. Results showed that climate of all parts of Xinjiang conformably has experienced an increase in temperature and precipitation since the mid-1980s. Northern Xinjiang was the area that changed most significantly followed by southern and eastern Xinjiang. Affected by temperature and precipitation variation, river runoff had changed both inter-annually and intra-annually. The surface runoff of most rivers has increased significantly since the early 1990s, and some of them have even witnessed the earlier spring floods, later summer floods and increasing flood peaks. The variation characteristics were closely related with the replenishment types of rivers. Flood frequency and peak flow increased all over Xinjiang. Climate warming has had an effect on the regional hydrological cycle.     

1958-2016年呼伦贝尔草原新巴尔虎右旗气温和降水变化特征

气候变化是影响草原区植被与环境状况的重要因素。利用呼伦贝尔草原新巴尔虎右旗1958-2016年的气温和降水数据资料,采用线性倾向估计法、累积距平分析法、M-K检验法和Morlet小波分析等方法,从不同时间序列上,对该地区近59年的气候变化趋势、极端气候以及突变现象进行分析。结果表明：年平均气温以0.354℃/10a的速率上升,上升趋势显著;四季平均气温均呈现增温趋势,其中春季增温趋势最大;1985-1986年发生了由低温到高温的突变;研究区年平均气温存在11 a的强显著周期。研究区年降水量整体以8.68 mm/10a的速率呈下降趋势,变化趋势不显著;降水集中在夏季（6-8月）,占全年降水量的72.9%,7月降水量最大,有效降水日数最多;1961-1962年和1981-1982年降水发生突变;极端降水指标中日最大降水量、连续5 d最大降水量、强降水量、极强降水量、强降水比率、连续无雨日数、零降水量日数均呈现递减趋势,仅降水强度呈递增趋势,变化趋势均不显著;Morlet小波分析表明研究区年降水量存在52 a的强显著周期。新巴尔虎右旗近59 a气候总体呈现干旱化趋势。     

Hydrology and water resources variation and its response to regional climate change in Xinjiang

Based on the surface runoff, temperature and precipitation data over the last 50 years from eight representative rivers in Xinjiang, using Mann-Kendall trend and jump detection method, the paper investigated the long-term trend and jump point of time series, the surface runoff, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Meanwhile, the paper analyzed the relationship between runoff and temperature and precipitation, and the flood frequency and peak flow. Results showed that climate of all parts of Xinjiang conformably has experienced an increase in temperature and precipitation since the mid-1980s. Northern Xinjiang was the area that changed most significantly followed by southern and eastern Xinjiang. Affected by temperature and precipitation variation, river runoff had changed both inter- annually and intra-annually. The surface runoff of most rivers has increased significantly since the early 1990s, and some of them have even witnessed the earlier spring floods, later summer floods and increasing flood peaks. The variation characteristics were closely related with the replenishment types of rivers. Flood frequency and peak flow increased all over Xinjiang. Climate warming has had an effect on the regional hydrological cycle.     

大面积开荒扰动下的三江平原近45年气候变化

黑龙江省三江平原近45年来，经过大规模的开荒，农田已取代原来的沼泽和沼泽化湿地，成为现今三江平原的主要景观类型，其下垫面发生了巨大变化，采用1955－1999年三江平原地区21个气象台站的气温，降水，日照时数和气压4个要素的资料，分析近45年来三江平原的气候变化和发展趋势：用Yamamoto法和Mann-Kendall法对5年滑动平均的区域季节和年时间序列进行突变检测，定量地认述了三江平原地区的气候变化事实，对于各气候要素出现在20世纪60年代，70年代和80年代的突变事实，尤其是20世纪70年代以来的阶梯式的持续变暖事实，认为三江平原区域气候系统内部的变化可能是引起这些突变的直接原因。     

农牧交错带典型地段土地沙化主要因素分析——以河北坝上张北县为例

本文应用灰色关联模型 ,对农牧交错带典型地段河北省坝上张北县土地沙化因素进行了分析 :发现影响土壤风蚀和土地沙化的主要自然因素是冬季平均气温和降水量 ,而并非年降水量和年平均气温。人类活动只是在气候变化的背景上 ,加速或减缓土壤风蚀和土地沙化过程。根据冬季平均气温和降水量的变化 ,人类可适当调整农业生产结构和生产方式 ,以减轻土壤风蚀和土地沙化 ,实现农业的可持续发展     

西北地区山区融雪期气候变化对径流量的影响(英文)

Water resources in the arid land of Northwest China mainly derive from snow and glacier melt water in mountainous areas. So the study on onset, cessation, length, tempera-ture and precipitation of snowmelt period is of great significance for allocating limited water resources reasonably and taking scientific water resources management measures. Using daily mean temperature and precipitation from 8 mountainous weather stations over the pe-riod 1960?2010 in the arid land of Northwest China, this paper analyzes climate change of snowmelt period and its spatial variations and explores the sensitivity of runoff to length, temperature and precipitation of snowmelt period. The results show that mean onset of snowmelt period has shifted 15.33 days earlier while mean ending date has moved 9.19 days later. Onset of snowmelt period in southern Tianshan Mountains moved 20.01 days earlier while that in northern Qilian Mountains moved only 10.16 days earlier. Mean precipitation and air temperature increased by 47.3 mm and 0.857℃ in the mountainous areas of Northwest China, respectively. The precipitation of snowmelt period increased the fastest, which is ob-served in southern Tianshan Mountains, up to 65 mm, and the precipitation and temperature in northern Kunlun Mountains increased the slowest, an increase of 25 mm and 0.617℃, respectively, while the temperature in northern Qilian Mountains increased the fastest, in-creasing by 1.05℃. The annual runoff is also sensitive to the variations of precipitation and temperature of snowmelt period, because variation of precipitation induces annual runoff change by 7.69% while change of snowmelt period temperature results in annual runoff change by 14.15%.     

A 60-year record of rainfall from the sediments of Jinheung Pond,Jeongeup, Korea

This paper describes mean grain-size data from the ¹³⁷Cs- and ²¹⁰Pb-dated sediment core BS-3 (33-cm long) recovered from Jinheung Pond, located in the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula. Grain-size analysis of the Jinheung Pond sediments shows a clear signal for changes in annual precipitation over the past 60 years. Instrumental records of annual precipitation (AP) and the annual summation of the precipitation of >50 mm per day (AP50), which reflects the energy available for sediment transport, correlate well with the mean grain-size distributions measured in the core. The most plausible mechanism for this response in mean grain size is variations in the annual amount and intensity of precipitation. Heavy precipitation enhances soil erosion over the catchment area and increases the transport capacity of streams and rivers. Thus, coarser mean grain size should reflect higher precipitation, and smaller mean grain size should reflect lower rainfall. In the data from core BS-3, however, grain-size peaks attributed to increased annual precipitation are not prominent. This is because a dam prevents removal of fine particles from the pond via the outflow. Therefore, the mean grain-size value represents somewhat larger sediments together with fine clays. The results of this study show that sediments of dammed lakes and ponds are well suited for high-resolution environmental investigations, especially for records of changes in precipitation over time.     

滹沱河上游山区近50年蒸散变化及主要影响因子分析

准确估计流域蒸散,掌握其变化趋势和主要影响因子,对科学认识流域水文循环规律以及管理流域水资源具有重要意义。利用傅抱璞年蒸散量公式计算滹沱河上游山区及其子流域1958-2007年逐年蒸散量,并利用Mann-Kendall-Sneyers等方法分析了流域蒸散趋势和突变特征,及其主要影响因子。结果表明在滹沱河流域傅抱璞公式能够较好的拟合蒸散。50 a来全流域及各子流域年均蒸散呈下降趋势。降水对蒸散起控制作用,相对湿度在流域部分地区显著影响蒸散(α=0.05)。