菲律宾蛤仔苗种土池中间培育及越冬生产实验

利用2．6hm^2和3．13hm^2 2个养虾池,经过池底清淤、底质改良、敌害清除、培养用水处理、繁殖基础饵料生物等工作后,分别移入在室内培育的菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum（Adams et Reeve））壳顶后期幼虫和双水管稚贝各80亿粒和9．7亿粒,经土池中间培育、越冬后,生产出2000-3000粒／500g幼贝7．9亿粒。自移入幼虫和稚贝到幼苗出池,成活率分别为4．5％和44．3％,达到了较高水平的中间培育、越冬成活率。     

大珠母贝人工育苗技术的研究

研究大珠母贝人工育苗若干技术,提出一些技术措施：亲贝强化培育促熟,人工诱导排放精卵,优选幼虫,投喂适口的饵料,适时倒池以及投放合适的采苗器等。结果表明,平均单产壳高2-3mm的幼苗8．1万粒／m3,最高可达9．3万粒／m3。     

小刀蛏室内人工育苗技术研究

本文研究了小刀蛏(Cultellus attenuatus)室内人工育苗技术。在繁殖季节选择壳长7.5 cm亲贝,采用铺泥沙蓄养培育,以阴干+维生素浸泡刺激法获得精、卵,幼虫培育中人工控制幼虫密度,D形幼虫到壳顶幼虫前期为5～6个/mL,壳顶幼虫后期为1～2个/mL。进行了不同运输方式和不同底质亲贝蓄养比较试验、不同底质附着基采苗方法试验以及稚贝无底质上升流培育和不同盐度培育试验。研究表明,采用铺细沙加冰的运输方法亲贝成活率最高,干露9 h成活率可达90%;以纯海泥底质蓄养的亲贝肥满度和成活率最高;无底质采苗和铺泥采苗对幼虫变态率的影响没有差异;无底质采苗的稚贝,其生长速度明显慢于铺泥采苗;小刀蛏稚贝不宜用上升流进行培育,宜采用铺泥培育的方法;盐度为15时,稚贝培养效果最好,生长速度快、成活率高,盐度为35时培养效果最差。采用上述技术,成功培育出3 mm以上的商品苗2 000万粒,育苗效果显著。     

魁蚶生产性间断升温育苗技术的研究

本文介绍魁蚶间断升温育苗方法，从改善亲贝蓄养条件入手，促使亲贝快速成熟自然产卵，并进行洗卵。在幼虫培育时，加强营养，加大换水，及时筛选不同大小的幼虫分池培养。严格海上中间培育管理，使每立方水体出苗量达31万个（大小0．5cm），取得了明显的经济效益。     

文蛤MERETRIX MERETRIX LINNAEUS工厂化人工育苗试验

文蛤的人工催产、浮游幼虫培育和稚贝水泥池培养试验结果表明：（1）用阴干与流水结合的方法刺激亲贝能获得理想俏产效果。（2）在水温28．0～29．1℃,比重1．0160—1．0187,pH值8．2－8．4条件下,用亚心形扁藻作文蛤D幼的开口饵料和壳顶幼虫饵料,生长快（日增长高达24．5μm）、成活率高（72．3％）、浮游期短（仅5－6天）。（3）文蛤眼点功出水泥池无砂底附苗试验获得成功,且单位面积附苗量高达433．3万颗／m2。（4）室内水泥池铺砂培养文蛤稚贝,前期生长快,但当壳长达300μm后,稚贝分泌一种粘液,生长和成活受到影响。建议定期翻池洗苗,当壳长达500μm后尽早将苗移至池塘内砂滩培养。     

疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera Kuster)人工繁育技术研究

本实验开展了疣荔枝螺（Thais clavigera Kuster）室内全人工繁育技术研究；具体包括亲螺人工促熟蓄养、卵囊采集、孵化、幼虫培育、变态和采苗等技术研究，同时，还开展了后期面盘幼虫对不同附着基的喜好选择性实验，以及不同饵料和光照对幼虫附着的影响研究。研究表明：雌螺分批产卵，单个雌螺平均每次产出受精卵为61 750粒；在水温27~29℃时，面盘幼虫经过20 d左右的生长发育，壳长达到约600 μm，此时开始附着变态，由浮游生活转变为底栖生活；附着后10 d左右变态为稚螺。后期面盘幼虫对附着基的选择性实验表明，固着牡蛎苗的栉孔扇贝壳和附有底栖硅藻的波纹板，是稚螺理想的附着基。不同饵料和光照对幼虫附着影响实验结果表明：在附着变态期间，自然光照有利于幼虫附着变态；同时，连续投喂糠虾肉糜可显著提高幼虫变态率和稚螺成活率。本研究结果为今后疣荔枝螺产业化繁育提供了重要的理论和技术支持。     

方斑东风螺人工育苗试验

2003年3月31日至8月31日，在水温25．0～30．0℃，盐度28．3～35．1，pH8．1～8．5时，在广东省湛江雷州市进行了方斑东风螺人工育苗试验，培育出壳高6～10mm幼螺300多万只。结果表明。投喂新鲜海鱼、蟹类、虾类，短时间阴干、流水刺激或流水培育可以诱导方斑东风螺亲螺交配产卵；幼虫培育密度以2．0～2．5万个／m^3为宜，幼虫培育期间投喂多种天然混合饵料，可以提高幼虫成活率，缩短幼虫浮游时间，提前变态；及时投放附着砂，有利于幼虫顺利变态；壳高5～10mm幼螺培育密度保持在1500个／m^2左右，每10～15d清洗一次附着砂，可加速幼螺的生长，提高幼螺成活率，有效防止病害的发生。     

几种环境因子对方斑东风螺稚螺生长与存活的影响

研究了不同的海水温度、盐度、pH值和底质等主要环境因子对方斑东风螺（Babylonia areolata）稚螺生长与存活的影响。结果表明，方斑东风螺稚螺生存和生长的最高和最低临界水温分别为35℃和11℃，适宜水温为14～32℃，最适水温为26～29℃，适温范围内，稚螺的日生长率随着水温的升高而增加，在29℃时达到峰值，为262．5μm／d。方斑东风螺稚螺生存和生长的最高和最低临界盐度分别为38和11，适宜盐度为14～35，最适盐度为17～29，适宜盐度范围内，低盐海水有利于提高稚螺的日生长率，盐度对稚螺生长的影响不如温度的影响明显。方斑东风螺稚螺在pH为8．0时，有最高日生长率，为220．4μm／d，pH高于9．0、低于7．0时，日生长率与成活率显著降低。池底铺砂可显著提高稚螺的日生长率，但对稚螺的成活率无显著影响。     

毛蚶人工育苗技术

根据对毛蚶性腺发育、产卵孵化、浮游幼虫及稚贝习性等的研究，初步探索了其人工育苗中主要技术环节。2龄毛蚶全为雄性或雌雄同体，3龄以上群体雌性占70％以上。26．6～27．4℃，受精卵22h发育到D形幼虫；26．5～23．0℃，D形幼虫经过15天发育到眼点幼虫；25．O～20．0℃，投附着基、13天左右稚贝壳长达到600μm时，可以出池到室外进行中间育成。     

海水中某些化学因子对魁蚶幼虫、稚贝及成体的影响

本文报道了S‰,NH_3-N,pH及O_2对魁蚶幼虫、稚贝及成体影响的初步研究结果,求得魁蚶幼虫、稚贝及成体对S‰,NH_3-N,pH和O_2的适应浓度范围和最适范围。结果表明:魁蚶随年龄的增长,对S‰的适应能力逐渐减弱;对NH_3-N,pH及O_2的适应能力则逐渐增强。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.