龙虎山世界地质公园象鼻山栈道洞穴地貌成因

龙虎山世界地质公园的丹霞地貌主要产于晚白垩世河口组红层中,分布在陡峻崖壁上的洞穴地貌,是丹霞地貌成景系统的重要组成部分。通过测量象鼻山栈道1个露头剖面和383个洞穴的大小、形态、岩性组成,认为大多数洞穴的形成主要受控于岩性不同而导致的差异风化作用。砾岩层中粗大砾石、筛状沉积的聚集状砾岩透水性强易于风化脱落形成洞穴雏形。夹于砾岩层之间的抗风化能力较弱的砂岩层易于风化凹进形成洞穴,横向上沿层理方向断续排列,持续风化可使其联结成为岩槽、扁平洞。暴雨天气顺陡崖壁倾泻而下的快速水流对洞穴形成具有重要影响,经冲刷等侵蚀作用,岩壁表面形成垂向分布的洞穴地貌。后期水流侵蚀、化学和物理风化、微观气候变化以及生物活动等使洞穴进一步扩大。在洞穴发展的晚期阶段,岩壁悬空而发生崩塌后退,形成新的赤壁丹崖。     

丹霞山陡坡上风化洞穴的基本特征及成因探讨

风化洞穴在全球不同气候区广泛发育,其形成过程和主控因素是地貌学研究的热点问题,但形成机制至今仍存在不少争议,尤其对丹霞地貌区风化洞穴的研究还较少。丹霞山是世界自然遗产地“中国丹霞”的典型代表,陡坡上发育形态和规模各异的风化洞穴,是丹霞地貌的重要景观要素,为认识亚热带湿润气候风化洞穴成因提供了良好的机会。文章以丹霞山砾岩和砂岩陡坡上的5处典型风化洞穴为研究对象,利用野外考察、形态测量、气象监测、样品显微观察及盐化学实验等方法,在已有研究的基础上进一步对湿润气候丹霞地貌区风化洞穴的特征和成因进行探讨。结果表明：1）在砾岩中发育的洞穴一般个体形态较大,洞穴具有较明显的向上和向内生长趋势;砂岩中发育的洞穴大多密集排列,形态较小,常具有蜂巢结构。2）岩石性质是洞穴发育的基本影响因素,在宏观尺度上决定了洞穴的发育位置和排列方式,也决定了不同岩性下发育的风化洞穴的形态特征。在微观尺度上,岩石含有较多长石、钙质胶结物等易溶矿物组分,在酸性雨水渗流过程中发生化学溶解,加上盐结晶作用导致岩石微观结构破坏,诱发洞穴初始形成。3）洞穴尺寸变大后,洞穴内适宜的微气候是洞穴演化的关键因素,为水和盐的聚集及盐风化提...     

新近系红层软岩流变特性试验研究

流变是控制岩体稳定的主要因素之一。流变试验结果显示,新近系红层软岩蠕变和松弛曲线具有明显的三阶段变化特征。对比研究新近系粉砂质泥岩和泥质粉砂岩的流变结果,得出粉砂质泥岩较泥质粉砂岩强度低,蠕变量大,达到稳定需要的时间长。经过模型辨识,认为红层软岩流变符合伯格斯模型（Burgers model）。利用改进后的麦夸托（Marquardt）算法求取了红层软岩的流变参数。结果显示,反映岩石流变特性的两个主要指标弹性模量和黏滞系数远低于硬岩的同类指标,充分说明新近系红层软岩具有显著的流变性。获取的流变参数可用于伯格斯模型计算。     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌区岩性特征

对浙江江郎山丹霞地貌区主要岩层方岩组(K1f)的22块岩石标本进行常量元素、氧化物含量的X荧光和薄片偏光显微镜鉴定,分析了江郎山丹霞地貌发育的岩性特征与地貌成因的关系:(1)方岩组(K1f)砾岩中的火山岩砾石和岩屑含量普遍较高,SiO2含量普遍也很高(在44.90%～75.80%之间),表明岩性总体上抗风化能力强,这使江郎山丹霞地貌最具特色的"三爿石"历经沧桑仍能巍然屹立,江郎山也因此成为丹霞地貌发育晚年时期的典型代表.(2)方岩组(K1f)的砂岩抗风化能力相对较弱,其胶结物的主要成分为方解石,粒间孔隙约占20%～25%,局部可见方解石胶结物的溶蚀现象.岩石薄片鉴定可看出,其粒间孔隙很可能是方解石胶结物被溶蚀后的结果,而且构成砂岩的岩体的流纹岩岩屑等其本身就具有气孔构造,这些岩屑在显微镜下可见已经强烈泥化,岩体抗风化程度较低,这是构成该区地貌岩性之一的砂岩被侵蚀和风化程度较高的主要原因.(3)在江郎山丹霞地貌发育过程中方岩组(K1f)岩性对地貌的形成起了基础和决定性的作用.这种岩性的特征及抗风化能力的不同导致的差异风化现象,对该区丹霞地貌后期的微地貌发育具有重要的影响,岩性差异风化是江郎山山体崩塌、扁平状洞穴的形成的重要因素,这也为研究江郎山等丹霞地貌山区地质灾害的岩性特征奠定了基础.     

澄江动物群洪家冲剖面沉积环境分析

下寒武统黑林铺组玉案山段洪家冲剖面的岩层主要以泥岩、粉砂质泥岩为主,且有粉砂质泥岩与薄层砂岩互层,岩石颜色偏深,胶结物多含铁泥质。岩石种类和岩石成分特征反映出这一地点的古沉积环境应为具有还原环境、低能水动力条件的外滨海地带。由铁泥质重结晶而形成的绢云母大量存在,说明这一地区在玉案山段沉积时期属于长期稳定的低级变质条件,而且海水温度较高。化石组合特征表明曾发生过频繁的风暴沉积,即显示平静的浅海环境曾经不断遭受强动力风暴破坏的近积风暴流沉积相特征。     

囊谦盆地贡觉组含膏盐地层粘土矿物组合特征及气候环境意义

囊谦盆地晚始新世贡觉组厚层红色含膏盐粉砂质泥岩是研究青藏高原始新世古气候演化和含膏盐沉积环境的良好素材。采集囊谦盆地贡觉组约257 m含膏盐地层的碎屑沉积物,研究其粘土矿物成分和组合特征及气候与沉积环境变化。结果显示,粘土矿物主要以伊利石(52.1%)为主,其次为绿泥石(8.1%)和高岭石(3.5%)。根据岩性特征及粘土矿物组合变化,剖面自下而上可划分为3个阶段,分别指示了暖湿—低盐度、冷干—高盐度、较暖湿—低盐度的气候和沉积环境。贡觉组气候与沉积环境受到青藏高原地区干湿交替变化大背景的影响。     

新疆阿克苏温宿大峡谷丹霞地貌特征及成因分析

由于造景岩石普遍为钙质和铁质胶结的砂岩和砾岩,丹霞地貌具有独特的景观特征和成因机制,同时因具有较高的科学和观赏价值而成为备受关注的旅游资源。东南湿润区丹霞地貌的研究程度较高,但是对西北干旱气候区丹霞地貌的研究还比较少见。以新疆阿克苏温宿大峡谷为研究对象,通过野外调查、样品显微镜观察、盐化学和元素地球化学实验以及ArcGIS面积高程积分（Hypsometric integral,HI）方法,探讨该地区丹霞地貌的特征和成因。结果显示：（1）研究区呈现峡谷、山峰及峰林景观,以发育陡崖泥流林和顶盖型石柱为特色,其造景岩石主要为新近纪河流相红色砾岩和砂岩,硬度较高的砾岩层为形成顶盖型石柱提供了有利保障。（2）红层位于温宿盐丘附近,岩石含盐量较高,主要的盐类型为氯化物、硫酸盐和硝酸盐。陡崖洞穴风化碎屑物样品中的大部分主量元素相对于表岩迁出,说明干旱气候下化学风化仍较活跃。（3）面积高程积分显示研究区南部HI值为0.61,处于幼年期,而北部HI值为0.38,处于老年期,整体地貌演化发育阶段差别较大。研究区虽然降水量较低,但河流侵蚀作用明显,同时构造也是影响丹霞地貌演化的主要因素。     

广东花岗岩风化剖面的物性特征

文中测定了广东珠海、阳江和增城三个地区的五条花岗岩风化剖面的矿物组成、含量以及粒度、密度、含水量和饱和度等物性指标,表明上述剖面风化残积土的构成以造岩矿物为主,且粘土矿物含量由上到下呈增加的趋势,越接近地表,粘土矿物的粒度就越小。除土质样品外,密度是按风化、弱风化及新鲜花岗岩这样的次序逐渐增加,而在土质样品中,密度的变化趋势是随深度的增加而降低。含水量随深度的增加而增加,但饱和度增加到一定的值后就转为降低,说明剖面的深部还没有达到最大的含水状态,含水量对土体力学性质的影响还较小。     

张家界砂岩峰林景观成因机制

通过实地考察,室内遥感影像分析,得出如下结论：张家界石英砂岩峰林地貌岩层产状平缓,地壳水平上升,流水沿构造破裂面的节理侵蚀及重力崩塌作用造就了石英砂岩峰林地貌的基本形态。地貌形态的物质基础是特定的岩性。石英砂岩峰林地貌主要由方山、台地、峰墙、峰丛、峰林、石门、天生桥及峡谷、嶂谷等构成。其岩石胶结良好,刚性强,节理发育。物理风化很强烈,风化物和土壤十分疏松,内聚力小,抗蚀能力弱。存在着水土流失的潜在地质条件。另外,石英砂岩峰林地貌本身的地貌特点,水文气象要素都促使其山体风化、崩塌,景观消亡。为了保证景区的可持续发展,环境保护意义重大。     

阿尔泰山古风化壳的粒度组成

通过对“阿尔泰山古风化壳”课题的样品粒度分析,表明在不同剖面上古风化壳的粒度组成及土体化学各粒级含量及各类元素在不同母岩风化剖面上的迁移聚集趋势,并结合粘土矿物的分析说明风化壳形成过程中淋溶作用的强弱程度,确定其不同岩性。     

Biotic weathering of rocks by lichens in Antarctica

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Stone pillar rockfall in Danxia landform area,Mt. Langshan,Hunan Province,China

A typical Danxia stone pillar, Leipishi I, in the World Natural Heritage site at Mt. Langshan, China, collapsed on 2 November 2009. To understand the mechanism controlling this rockfall event, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, resistance against sulfuric acid, and freezing and thawing properties were analyzed from 44 sandstone and conglomerate cores collected from the Lanlong Formation, the only exposed formation on Mt. Langshan. In addition, four rock slices were created for analysis under a polarizing microscope. A detailed reconstruction of the geometry and restraint conditions of the stone pillar in place before the rockfall occurred permitted an estimation of the stress state before collapse using 3D finite-element code. The results show that the rapid retreat of soft, intercalated rock layers due to weathering can profoundly change the stress state within the rock body, causing compressive or tensile stresses to rise above compressive or tensile strengths in specific sections of a rock body, and causing partial or complete collapse.     

Rock weathering processes and landform development in the Sør Rondane Mountains, Antarctica

Field observations of weathering processes and the related landforms, combined with laboratory analyses of weathering products, permit a synthetic evaluation of Late Cenozoic weathering environments in the Sør Rondane Mountains, Antarctica, an arid upland characterized by low temperatures and strong winds. Rates and character of weathering depend mainly on moisture availability and the bedrock geology. Under the humid weathering regime that occurs only locally around the margin of the present sheet, frequent diurnal freeze-thaw cycles in summer cause relatively rapid rock fragmentation. Most of the mountains are situated in the arid weathering regime, under which rock breakdown is very slow unless the rock contains plenty of salts. Salt weathering becomes more intensive and extensive with exposure age, as a result of salt accumulation in rock, eventually producing soils as small as fine-silt size. Lack of clay mineralization even in weathered rocks having been exposed above the ice sheet prior to 4 Ma ago indicates that hydrolysis or carbonation of rock minerals has been insignificant during the past 4 Ma. The final products of weathering are due mainly to salt action and reflect the parent lithology. Resistant fine-grained granite forms strongly oxidized tors carved with tafoni, or fields of mushroom-like boulders overlying the fractured bedrock. Less resistant rocks, like biotite gneiss and amphibolite, produce stone pavements underlain by saline, silty soils up to 30–40 cm thick, the thickness of which corresponds to the maximum thaw depth.     

Caves in non-limestone rocks of Norway

The gneisses and schist bedrock in Bjugn, Åfjord and Ål counties of Norway are remarkably rich in caves and shelters. The caves are mainly developed along tectonic structures, primarily prominent fissure zones and nappes. Five modes of origin seem reasonable:

1. Tectonic movements and gravity sliding, producing displacement of hillsides.

2. Frost shattering.

3. Wave abrasion during stages of high sea-levels.

4. Preferential weathering in brecciated zones.

5. ‘Karstic’ dissolution of small, isolated marble lenses within the gneisses.

In many cases, two or more of the processes appear to have worked together. Abundant speleothem growth suggests that calcareous zones exist in the rocks.

The caves reach a horizontal extent of up to 200 m and vertical depths of 55 m. These much neglected cave types arc valuable shelters and habitats for animals, as well as paleontologically important pit-fall traps. Some of the caves and shelters are also potential archeological localities.     

南极石生地衣主要生物风化作用研究进展与展望

地衣以物理、化学方式参与矿质基质的风化作用 ,诱导和加速岩石的风化过程。本文对南极地区表生和内生型地衣的生物风化作用进行了综合论述 ,详细阐述了不同地衣种类诱导和参与几种主要岩石类型 (砂岩类和火成岩类 )风化作用的模式、机制、过程以及产物。同时指出 ,地衣等其他生物因素间接参与的风化过程 ,地衣导致的岩石抗风化效应以及生物风化速率等方面的研究工作是目前南极生物风化作用研究方面的新领域。     

Influence of climate fluctuation on clay formation in the Baikal drainage basin

Sedimentary cores BDP 96 and 98 and VER 96-2 St. 3 from Academician Ridge in Lake Baikal were investigated to investigate the effect of climatic fluctuations on rock weathering and clay formation in the Baikal drainage basin. Illite, smectite, vermiculite, and kaolinite were identified as the major clay minerals in the sediments by X-ray diffraction analysis. Biotite in gravels in alluvial soils of the Baikal drainage area weathers through illite to vermiculite, smectite, and finally to kaolinite. To investigate the relationship between weathering and climate, we measured the clay content and the concentration of biogenic silica in the sediments. High surface productivity (increased biogenic silica) and high chemical weathering (decreased clay content) occurred simultaneously, showing that crustal weathering and soil formation were enhanced under warm climatic conditions.Clay formation was enhanced in the watershed from the Late Miocene to the Middle Pliocene, and mechanical weathering of rocks increased during glacial intervals after the climate began to cool in Late Pliocene time. This change in the weathering mode in the watershed reduced the nutrient flux and aquatic productivity of Lake Baikal.     

粘土矿物的提取、鉴定及其古气候意义——以柴达木盆地怀头他拉剖面为例

沉积物中粘土矿物类型主要有自生粘土矿物和碎屑粘土矿物。其中,自生粘土矿物含量较少,是在沉积环境中形成,可能是沉积再循环或成岩作用的产物,可作为沉积环境某方面的指示标志;而碎屑粘土矿物是母岩风化的产物,受沉积环境影响较小,能够有效示踪物源区化学风化过程,进而反映古气候变化。近年来利用碎屑粘土矿物特征来重建物源区古气候的方法得到了广泛的应用。然而,由于粘土矿物主要存在于<2 μm硅酸盐粘粒中,粘土矿物的提取、鉴定比较困难,且自生粘土矿物易受沉积环境等的影响。因此,在利用粘土矿物重建古气候变化时,需慎重选择粘土矿物的提取方法,并考虑物源和沉积环境变化以及成岩作用等对粘土矿物解释的影响。本文以柴达木盆地东北缘怀头他拉剖面硅酸盐粘土矿物的提取、鉴定及其古环境指示意义为例,介绍粘土矿物的提取及应用,为后期粘土矿物研究提供参考。     

The Janusfjellet Subgroup (Bathonian to Hauterivian) on central Spitsbergen: a revised lithostratigraphy

The Janusfjellet Subgroup is a marine shelf to prodeltaic succession dominated by shales with subordinate siltstones and sandstones. The subgroup comprises a lower Agardhf jellet (Upper Bathonian - Berriasian) and an upper Rurikf jellet (Berriasian - Hauterivian) formation. Based on field work in central Spitsbergen the following subdivisions of the formations are proposed (units listed in ascending order).
The Agardhf jellet Formation (up to 290 m thick) contains four members: Oppdalen - a fining upwards succession from conglomerates to shales; Lardyfjellet - black paper shales; Oppdalsata - grey shales with siltstones and sandstones; and Slottsmøya - grey shales and black paper shales. Within the Oppdalen Member three beds are recognised: Brentskardhaugen - phosphoritic conglomerate; Marhøgda - glauconitic sandstones', and Drønbreen - siltstones and shales.
The Rurikfjellet Formation (thickness up to 226 m) is composed of two members: Wimanfjellet - grey and partly silty shale sequence, containing the Myklegardfjellet Bed (of plastic clays) at its base; and Ullaberget - silty and sandy shales with siltstones and sandstones.     

Danxia landform genesis of the Qiyun Mountain, Anhui Province

The Danxia landform of Qiyun Mountain is mainly developed on the red granule conglomerates named Xiaoyan Group (K2x1) of middle Cretaceous series, which is controlled mainly by three faulted zones, namely, Jingdezhen-Qimen faulted zone, Jiangwan-Jiekou compressional faulted zone and Kaihua-Chun’an folding faulted zone. During the Cretaceous period, this area firstly experienced massif subsidence to become a continental faulted basin, then having thick Cretaceous red sediments accumulated on it. In the supervened neotectonism, this area experienced an uplifting process, which made the thick Cretaceous sediments into a mountain with an altitude of 500-600 m. After undergoing the processes of vertical joint development, weathering, denudation and transportation, as well as evidently differential weathering and denudation influenced by lithology and structure between sandstone and conglomerate, the grand Danxia landscape consisting of peak forests, steep cliffs, caves, mesas, castellated peaks, natural bridges and so on formed. The three nick points located respectively at 585 m, 400 m and 150 m generally reflect the three dominated uplifting processes during the neotectonism.     

Rock-weathering by lichens in Antarctic: patterns and mechanisms

Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns, mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out in Antarctica.