新疆卡鲁安硬岩型锂矿床花岗岩与伟晶岩成因关系：锆石U- Pb定年、Hf- O同位素和全岩地球化学证据

卡鲁安锂矿床位于新疆阿尔泰造山带,是中国主要的稀有金属矿床产地之一,但前人工作程度较低、研究工作较少,其岩石成因和成矿机制有待于深入系统研究。文章系统研究了新疆卡鲁安含矿伟晶岩、无矿伟晶岩、外围花岗岩、外围伟晶岩、角岩、片岩、板岩等全岩样品的主量元素、稀土微量元素、Pb- Sr- Nd同位素以及锆石U- Pb定年和Hf- O同位素,旨在揭示卡鲁安矿区花岗岩与伟晶岩形成时代、岩浆起源及其演化过程,进而探讨两者之间的成因联系。年代学数据显示,卡鲁安矿区外围黑云母花岗岩、含矿伟晶岩和外围伟晶岩锆石SIMS U- Pb年龄分别为407. 9±2. 3Ma（ n =25,MSWD=1. 4)、205. 0±12. 0Ma（ n =6,MSWD=2. 2)和205. 0 Ma。外围黑云母花岗岩以高SiO2（71. 16%~75. 39%)、高CaO（1. 15%~1. 85%)、低Fe2O3/FeO (＜0. 4)、过铝质(A/CNK=1. 04~1. 09) 和富碱性暗色矿物（＞8%)等为特征。在稀土微量元素组成方面,具有弱分异的Zr/Hf（25~55)和Nb/Ta（5. 4~8. 8)比值,相对富集Rb、Th、U、Pb、Hf和LREEs,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti等元素,为典型的弱分异S型花岗岩,其源岩可能为一套变质沉积岩。在Hf- O同位素组成方面,含矿伟晶岩（ ε Hf( t )=-0. 2~2. 0, δ 18O=7. 88‰~10. 87‰)和外围伟晶岩（ ε Hf( t )=-0. 7~8. 1, δ 18O=6. 87‰~9. 48‰)与外围黑云母花岗岩（ ε Hf( t )=1. 3~7. 4, δ 18O=8. 62‰~10. 08‰)具有一致性,指示含矿伟晶岩和外围伟晶岩与外围黑云母花岗岩可能具有相同的物质源区。黑云母花岗岩与片岩、板岩具有类似的稀土微量元素配分模式、类似的Pb- Sr- Nd同位素组成和Nd同位素模式年龄,指示由片岩、板岩部分熔融产生的;同时,含矿伟晶岩和无矿伟晶岩也展现出类似的稀土元素和微量元素配分模式,但其∑REE含量明显低于外围黑云母花岗岩,表明这些伟晶岩可能与外围黑云母花岗岩具有成因关系。但黑云母花岗岩比伟晶岩成岩时代早近200 Ma,所以伟晶岩不是外围黑云母花岗岩结晶分异的产物。值得关注的是2件含矿伟晶岩与片岩、板岩具有类似的稀土微量元素配分模式、类似的Pb- Sr- Nd同位素组成和Nd同位素模式年龄,表明伟晶岩也与片岩、板岩部分熔融有关。外围伟晶岩、含矿伟晶岩和无矿伟晶岩的CaO/Na2O比值（0. 01~0. 19)指示其物源是以泥质岩为主;而黑云母花岗岩CaO/Na2O比值（0. 36~0. 51)指示源区以砂屑岩为主。综上所述,本文认为黑云母花岗岩与伟晶岩是由相同源岩的不同岩性（贫黏土的碎屑岩与富黏土的泥质岩)经不同时代构造演化的产物,其源岩均来自库鲁木提群(S2- 3 KL )的片岩和板岩,具有密切的亲缘关系。     

湘东北地区伟晶岩型锂矿成矿模型及找矿潜力分析

幕阜山地区在20世纪70年代发现了传梓源锂、铌钽矿床, 近年来在该区黄柏山、窄板洞地区亦有富锂伟晶岩报导, 但幕阜山地区锂矿资源尚未系统评价。锂矿资源作为新能源产业领域重要的原材料且需求日益增大, 开展幕阜山地区锂矿成矿潜力分析尤为重要。本文通过对黄柏山地区、传梓源矿区和窄板洞地区含锂矿伟晶岩详细的野外地质调查, 分析了含锂矿伟晶岩分布及含矿性特征, 认为含锂伟晶岩在空间上远离幕阜山岩体分布, 在垂向上锂矿化位于LCT型伟晶岩脉的上部。总结了湘东北地区铌钽矿伟晶岩和锂矿伟晶岩成岩、成矿年龄几近一致(140~130 Ma), 稍晚于区内二云母二长花岗岩形成年龄(143~138 Ma), 且同位素研究结果也指示花岗岩与伟晶岩有着相同的物质源区, 认为区内二云母二长花岗岩为稀有金属伟晶岩成矿母岩, 进而建立了伟晶岩型稀有金属矿成矿模型。依据成矿模型及区域稀有金属成矿的规律认识, 建立了“传梓源式”伟晶岩型锂矿预测要素, 首次对湘东北地区锂矿资源潜力开展预测评价, 初步预测黄柏山—传梓源和窄板洞—梭墩锂矿远景区内锂矿资源潜力达10.19万吨, 具备寻找大型锂矿产地(>10万吨)的潜力。     

可尔因稀有金属矿床液态不混溶作用的地球化学特征证据

可尔因稀有金属矿床位于松潘-甘孜造山带东部,是川西地区发现的巨型伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床;矿体主要赋存于钠长石锂辉石型伟晶岩中,围绕可尔因岩体成群成带分布。矿床地球化学特征研究表明,碳、氢-氧同位素和锶同位素特征显示成矿流体来源于壳源岩浆。二云母花岗岩与伟晶岩间相似的地球化学特征表明,两者均属于地壳重熔成因,含矿伟晶岩中的成矿物质来源于二云母花岗岩;二云母花岗岩与伟晶岩间存在Al_2O_3、Na_2O和Si_2O,K_2O相分离的现象;从二云母花岗岩至伟晶岩Li、Be、Nb、Ta等稀有元素,F、B等挥发分含量,∑REE、∑Ce/∑Y、(La/Yb)n、(Gd/Yb)n、δEu等具有突变现象;所有这些特征表明伟晶岩可能是由二云母花岗岩岩浆液态不混溶分异结晶形成,岩浆演化过程中,轻重稀土的分异导致稀有元素越来越富集,最终在远离岩体的部位形成富含稀有金属的伟晶岩和矿体。     

湖南仁里稀有金属矿田36号伟晶岩地球化学特征、成矿时代及其意义

位于幕阜山岩体西南缘的仁里稀有金属矿田是近年来华南地区新发现的一处重要花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿产地,铌钽矿体赋存于岩体内外接触带伟晶岩中,具有明显成矿分带性.文章选取仁里矿床岩体内接触带36号伟晶岩脉为研究对象,开展伟晶岩的地球化学及云母Ar-Ar年代学研究,探讨其与花岗岩围岩成因关系及岩体内接触带伟晶岩的成岩成矿时代,以丰富仁里矿田稀有金属成矿作用研究.研究表明,36号伟晶岩具高硅(w(SiO2)为72.87％～76.21％)、高铝(w(Al2O3)为13.69％～15.14％)、低钙镁铁、相对富碱(w(Na2O+K2O)为6.59％～8.33％)、(高钾)钙碱性及过铝质特征;微量元素总体富集Nb、Ta、Hf、U等高场强元素(HFSE),相对亏损Ba、Sr等离子亲石元素(LILE);稀土元素总量(ΣREE)13.95×10-6～71.63×10-6,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,具壳源特征.白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为早白垩世(136.6±1.4)Ma,成矿作用发生于仁里矿田稀有金属大规模成矿的早阶段.地球化学及矿物学特征显示,36号伟晶岩与花岗岩围岩具有良好的演化关系,结合野外观察现象及成岩年龄,认为36号伟晶岩为花岗质岩浆侵位后残余岩浆结晶分异的产物,母岩为中粗粒片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩.     

川西甲基卡伟晶岩型锂矿科学钻探(JSD- 1)岩芯Li- B- Fe- Nd同位素对稀有金属成矿作用的指示意义

甲基卡伟晶岩型锂矿位于青藏高原东部松潘-甘孜地体东南部,是我国最大的硬岩型锂矿,其成岩成矿机制至今仍有争议。为了深入认识甲基卡伟晶岩型锂矿床稀有金属超常富集的关键岩浆热液过程,研究团队基于甲基卡一号钻孔(JSD-1)岩芯开展全孔Li-B-Fe-Nd同位素地球化学研究。伟晶岩和二云母花岗岩较低的Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf值以及Li-Nd同位素表明甲基卡伟晶岩可能来源于马颈子二云母花岗岩深成岩体的岩浆结晶分异。JSD-1岩芯花岗岩和伟晶岩中电气石的硼同位素(δ¹¹B)在-9.5‰～-7.1‰之间,与世界上90%的花岗岩和伟晶岩中δ¹¹B变化范围一致。JSD-1岩芯电气石δ¹¹B与全岩Li含量的实验和模型模拟结果表明花岗质岩浆演化过程遵循平衡结晶模型,花岗质岩浆极端结晶分异不能达到熔体中锂辉石过饱和。JSD-1岩芯全岩的Fe同位素(δ⁵⁶Fe)变化范围为-0.12‰～0.38‰。δ⁵⁶Fe的显著变化反映了黑云母分离结晶、热液蚀变(电气石化)以及石榴子石堆晶等多阶段岩浆-热液过程的共同结果...     

内蒙古嘎仙镍钴矿区岩浆作用与成矿

内蒙古嘎仙矿床为大兴安岭北段与岩浆作用有关的大型低品位镍钴硫化物矿床,成矿作用主要与花岗质岩浆作用有关。文章主要对矿区内矿体下盘的花岗岩类(花岗斑岩、长石斑岩、伟晶状花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩)进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,获得花岗斑岩的谐和线年龄(125.3±1.1)Ma～(127.5±4.5)Ma,长石斑岩的谐和线年龄为(128.1±2.2)Ma,伟晶状花岗岩的谐和线年龄为(127.9±2.3)Ma,黑云母花岗岩的谐和线年龄为(127.9±1.4)Ma,说明这些花岗岩类主要形成于中生代早白垩世。通过对矿化超镁铁岩、科马提岩、镁铁岩(辉绿岩、玄武岩)、长英质岩(闪长岩、长石斑岩、斜长花岗岩、花岗斑岩、伟晶状花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩)及围岩(大理岩)的主量、微量元素地球化学测试分析,结果表明,与吉峰科马提岩成分相比较,矿化超镁铁岩具有较高的w(SiO_2)(40.53%～54.96%)、w(TiO_2)(0.24%～0.86%)、w(Al_2O_3)(3.58%～10.47%)、w(FeO)(5.30%～8.80%)、w(CaO)(7.35%～13.66%)、w(Na_2O)(0.01%～0.76%)、w(K_2O)(0.02%～0.66%)和w(P_2O_5)(0.06%～0.61%);镁铁岩(包括辉绿辉长岩、玄武岩)铝含量较高,w(Al_2O_3)=16.34%～17.74%;长英质岩类也富铝质(Al_2O_3/(CaO+Na_2O+K_2O)=1.34～1.63),多数岩石属于钙碱性系列。闪长岩与镁铁岩相比,具有较高的硅、铝、钾、钠,较低的铁、镁和钙,微量元素具有大离子亲石元素富集,高场强元素相对亏损的右倾模式;稀土元素具有轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素相对亏损特征,超镁铁岩类成分点位于N-MORB与OIB范围之间,而镁铁岩和长英质岩类成分点位于E-MORB和OIB之间。镁铁岩落入火山弧玄武岩范围,长英质岩落入火山弧花岗岩+同碰撞花岗岩范围,同属于造山后花岗岩的范围,因此镁铁质岩的形成应属于俯冲-碰撞环境,而长英质岩的形成应属于造山后伸展环境。根据各岩类所含成矿元素和亲流体元素分析,认为含矿热液来自矿区西部的深部,并且构建了嘎仙矿床的成矿模型,即超镁铁岩先期侵位,后期经历了区域的变质变形,最后发生燕山期大规模花岗质岩浆活动及成矿流体的蚀变矿化。     

川西甲基卡锂等稀有多金属矿田成矿地质特征与成因分析

锂(Li)被国家列为了"关键金属".位于四川西部的甲基卡稀有金属矿田锂资源得天独厚,累计查明氧化锂(Li2O)资源储量286.11万t,预测远景资源量500万t,是世界级硬岩型锂矿富集区.二云母花岗岩以含锂辉石、锂白云母、黑鳞云母以及电气石、磷灰石为特征.花岗岩细晶岩型锂矿为主体并与伟晶岩型锂矿共存,且发育韵律式条带结构是甲基卡矿田独有的特点.笔者以在甲基卡地区及外围调查研究与找矿勘探实践为基础,总结了甲基卡锂等稀有多金属矿田的成矿地质特征,从二云母花岗岩、伟晶岩脉以及韵律式条带结构、地球化学、包裹体等方面的特征,探讨了锂金属超常富集的成因,提出了甲基卡花岗岩浆多中心底辟穹隆、不混溶Li-F花岗质岩浆、半开放裂隙系统的脉动式多期充填-交代及花岗质岩浆结晶分异-自交代成岩成矿的认识.这一认识对稀有金属找矿具有重要意义,但对于稀有金属的分配、迁移、超常富集过程等科学问题还需要继续深入研究,以期更大的找矿突破.     

甲基卡式锂矿田控矿作用与深部找矿方向

锂是我国重要的战略性新兴关键矿产。位于青藏高原东缘的甲基卡锂矿是全球最大的硬岩型锂矿田,同时也伴生大量铍、铌、钽、铷及铯等稀有金属。隐伏花岗岩体的形态,花岗岩与伟晶岩关系,以及细晶岩型和伟晶岩型锂矿体(脉)的空间分布是认识锂成矿控矿作用的关键。本文以甲基卡锂矿田为研究对象,通过高精度重力测量,建立了隐伏花岗岩穹丘的三维模型,推断了花岗岩体的形态及延伸;同时还利用大地电磁测深和钻探验证,揭示了X03、309、134等超大型、大型锂等矿脉与二云母花岗岩的关系。提出了复式(多中心)花岗岩浆底辟穹隆、不混溶Li-F花岗质岩浆脉动式充填-交代以及半开放的剪张裂隙控制大(矿)脉的认识,探讨了以花岗岩细晶岩型锂矿为主体,并与伟晶岩型锂矿共存的成因。这对第四系覆盖程度高的地区的找矿具有重要指导意义。隐伏花岗岩株(枝)形成的多中心小穹窿周缘是找矿有利部位。对隐伏花岗岩体向北北西倾伏的推断、岩石组合特征(是否只有二云母花岗岩单一岩石类型)等的认识还需在矿田北部加强探深科学验证;对于甲基卡式稀有金属超常富集过程的问题还需要继续探索研究,以期深部锂矿找矿突破。     

川西甲基卡二云母花岗岩与伟晶岩脉地球化学特征及其地质意义

对川西甲基卡地区二云母花岗岩及伟晶岩脉的岩石学特征、地球化学特征进行了分析,探讨了二云母花岗岩物质来源、构造背景及其与伟晶岩脉的成因联系。分析结果表明,甲基卡二云母花岗岩的SiO_2含量在73.93%~75.06%之间;全碱含量7.90%~8.36%,钾质含量较高,属高钾钙碱性系列岩石;Al_2O_3含量为14.24%~14.77%,A/CNK=1.14~1.24,具强过铝质S型花岗岩特征;ΣREE=31.18×10~(-6)~41.67×10~(-6),LREE/HREE=4.15~6.41,δEu=0.46~0.70;CaO/Na_2O=0.07~0.12(0.3),指示其物源可能是含砂屑物质极少的泥质岩;Al_2O_3/TiO_2=133.1~279.8,比值较高,表明甲基卡二云母花岗岩属高压低温型后碰撞强过铝质岩石。花岗伟晶岩脉SiO_2含量在72.59%~80.91%之间,全碱含量5.26%~10.60%,Al_2O_3含量11.79%~17.64%,σ=0.74~3.80,A/CNK=0.98~2.38,ΣREE=4.03×10~(-6)~8.29×10~(-6),LREE/HREE=2.61~10.40,δEu=0.18~0.68,与岩体差异明显,主、微量元素含量变化也较大。甲基卡二云母花岗岩与伟晶岩脉有密切的成因联系。岩浆不混溶作用可能是形成甲基卡含矿伟晶岩脉的关键因素,花岗质岩浆在上升过程中通过不混溶作用分离出富含挥发分的伟晶岩熔体,在运移或侵位过程中可能交代围岩矿物而使稀有金属元素进一步富集。二云母花岗岩浆和伟晶岩熔体性质的不同导致稀土元素和Th、Sr、Ti、Y、Rb、N等微量元素在两者中含量有明显差异。伟晶岩熔体在运移或就位过程中所经的路径不同和周围环境的差异导致不同位置产出的伟晶岩的元素含量有较大的变化。与二云母花岗岩相比,花岗伟晶岩的形成演化具有一定的跳跃性。     

四川甲基卡锂矿区二长花岗岩的地球化学、氢氧同位素组成及其地质意义

四川甲基卡锂矿床为超大型锂矿床,矿区南部呈岩株状产出的二云母花岗岩与稀有金属伟晶岩在时间、空间及成因上具有密切关系。通过对该岩体元素地球化学特征和氢氧同位素组成的研究,探讨了其在稀有金属成矿过程中的作用。研究结果表明,甲基卡二云母花岗岩为富硅、高钾、钙碱性、强过铝质S型花岗岩,其稀土总量较低,岩浆来源为三叠系西康群砂泥岩为代表的地壳物质的部分熔融,流体来源可能是岩浆水和变质水的混合水。岩体微量元素R型聚类分析显示,与稀有金属成矿最密切的元素为Li、Rb、Ti、W、Mn,而岩体稀有元素含量的变化规律指示岩体北侧成矿效率高于南侧,是下一步找矿工作的重点。综合地球化学、氢氧同位素及前人研究,认为花岗岩浆在底辟侵入过程中可能发生了不混溶作用,由此分离出的伟晶岩浆在运移过程中稀有金属得到不断富集,最终形成伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床。     

岩溶地区现代土壤与洞穴石笋中单甲基支链烷烃与烷基环己烷对比研究

利用GC-MS（气相色谱—质谱仪）,对采自湖北清江流域和尚洞洞顶的土壤样品与洞内石笋样品进行分析,发现土壤中存在的七个系列单甲基支链烷烃在所有的石笋样品中均可以找到,呈现相似的分布模式,石笋中七个系列支链烷烃有可能来自洞穴滴水携带的土壤中的支链烷烃,但是也不能排除石笋原地生长的微生物的贡献。烷基环己烷的分布在土壤与石笋中呈现了相似的分布模式,但是主峰碳数有所变化,高碳数部分与低碳数部分的相对含量也发生了变化。主要原因可能是微生物选择性降解的结果,也有可能是土壤与石笋中微生物种类分布差异所造成的。本次研究初步显示了相对封闭稳定的洞穴沉积物与上覆土壤层中生物标志化合物的异同。      

Geogenic and anthropogenic zinc in epiphytic and terricolous lichens in Finland

At 31 sites in Finland the Zn content was determined of the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. growing on pine and birch, the terricolous lichen Cladina spp. in pine bark, and the inner part of birch bark. The anomalous contents of Zn in H. physodes on pine and Cladina spp. in soil appeared to be strongly related to sulphide ore deposits. Anthropogenic Zn correlated closely with S and Fe in H. physodes on pine and with Fe in Cladina spp. The binding of geogenic Zn was related to iron hydroxides, and was attributed to the different uptake mechanism of S in these lichens. Elevated values of Zn in H. physodes on birch were due to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Zinc in pine bark increased with the Zn content in H. physodes and reached a limiting value.     

Hydrogen and carbon in solid solution in oxides and silicates

The dissolution of H₂O and CO₂ in structurally dense, nominally anhydrous and non-carbonate oxide matrices such as MgO and CaO is reviewed. H₂O and CO₂ are treated as gaseous oxide components which enter into solid solution with the refractory oxide hosts. They form anion complexes associated with cation vacancy sites. Evidence is presented that OH^? pairs which derive from the dissolution of H₂O are subject to a charge transfer (CT) conversion into peroxy moieties and molecular hydrogen, O ₂ ^2? ... H₂. Because the O ₂ ^2? moiety is small (O^?-O^? distance ≈ 1.5 Å) high pressure probably favors the CT conversion. Mass spectroscopic studies show that molecular H₂ may be lost from the solid which retains excess oxygen in the form of O ₂ ^2? , leading to the release of atomic O. The dissociation of O ₂ ^2? moieties into a vacancy-bound O^? state and an unbound O^? state can be followed by measuring the internal redox reactions involving transition metal impurities, the transient paramagnetism of the O^? and their effect on the d.c. conductivity. Evidence is presented that CO₂ molecules dissolve dissociatively in the structurally dense oxide matrix, as if they were first to dissociate into CO+O and then to form separate solute moieties CO ₂ ^2? and O ₂ ^2? , both associated with cation vacancy sites. In the CO ₂ ^2? moiety (C-O^? distance 1.2–1.3 Å, OCO angle ≈ 130°) the C atom probably sits off center. The transition of the C atom into interstitial sites is accompanied by dissociation of the CO ₂ ^2? moiety into CO^? and O^?. This transition can be followed by infrared spectroscopy, using OH^? as local probes. Further support derives from magnetic susceptibility, thermal expansion, low frequency dielectric loss and low temperature deformation measurements. The recently observed emission of O and Mg atoms besides a variety of molecules such as CO, CO₂, CH₄, HCN and other hydrocarbons during impact fracture of MgO single crystals is presented and discussed in the light of the other experimental data.     

Comparative urbanization in Ghana and Kenya in time and space

There are few inter-African country urban analyses because of the continent’s enormous size and socioeconomic diversity, language barriers, and wide variations in national and regional urban research capacity. Nevertheless, comparative urban studies are critical in understanding contemporary African urbanization. In this comparative spatial and temporal analysis of Ghana and Kenya’s urbanization, we find that both countries are urbanizing rapidly and are faced with many common urban problems. Moreover, Ghana is more urbanized than Kenya and has a larger indigenous urban imprint and a more widely dispersed urban pattern. Besides their physiographic and population conditions, we trace these countries’ convergent and divergent urban trends to their shared but unique experiences of colonialism, nationalism and globalization.     

Temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment load in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers in Himalaya, India

The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers originate in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas (Garhwal) and result in high sediment yields causing flood hazards downstream of the Ganga River and high sediment flux to the Bay of Bengal. The rivers are perennial, since runoff in these rivers is controlled by both precipitation and glacial melt. In the present study, three locations in the upper reaches of the Ganga River were monitored for 1 yr (daily observations of, more than >1000 samples) for suspended sediment concentrations. In addition, more than one hundred samples were collected from various locations of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers at different periods to observe spatial and temporal variations in river suspensions. Further, multi-annual data (up to 40 yrs) of water flow and sediment concentrations were used for inferring the variations in water flow and sediment loads on longer time scales. In most previous studies of Himalayan Rivers, there has been a general lack of long term water flow and sediment load data. In the present study, we carried out high frequency sampling, considered long term discharge data and based on these information, discussed the temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment loads in the rivers in the Himalayan region. The results show that, >75% of annual sediment loads are transported during the monsoon season (June through September). The annual physical weathering rates in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi River basins at Devprayag are estimated to be 863 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.25 mm yr⁻¹) and 907 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.42 mm yr⁻¹) respectively, which are far in excess of the global average of 156 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (0.58 mm yr⁻¹).     

Discovery of Cinnabar in Soils in Hg Anomalous Zones in City and Town Areas and Their Surroundings and Its Significance

As a result of systematic study on heavy minerals in soils at city and town areas and their surroundings,cinnabar was discovered for the first time in areas of Hg anomalies in China, and it was found that the distribution of cinnabar was basically coincident in scope with that of Hg anomalies, showing that Hg anomalies were‘closely related to cinnabar. This finding provides a theoretical basis for a verification of Hg anomalies in soils in city and town areas and their surroundings, as well as evaluation of its ecological effects, and is significant to revealing the occurrence modes and origin of Hg in soils.     

Regional gravity survey and application in oil and gas exploration in China

Ground gravity survey for regional structure unit delineation and oil and gas exploration in China is addressed in this paper with examples. Gravity survey scales, coverage, technical regulations and achievements at the national level are introduced, including data processing and anomaly interpretation techniques. Bouguer anomalies of terrestrial territories of China and classification of anomalous feature zones are also described; they are well correlated with lithotectonical boundaries, fault zones, and unexposed igneous plutons. Recent study results of petroliferous sedimentary basins are presented as well, including concealed boundaries and major structures of large basins. It is concluded that gravity survey is the most effective and economic method in unveiling unexposed and deep-seated structures, targeting and delineating oil and gas-bearing sedimentary basins, and locating main trap structures within prolific basins in early stage of exploration in China. Suggestions for improving exploration of both conventional and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in China are also given in the paper.     

煤中气孔和镶嵌结构及其在煤变质研究中的意义

河南省禹县、新密和荥巩煤田山西组Ⅱ₁煤的贫煤和无烟煤中,气孔发育。气孔形态有椭圆状（图版1）、圆状及不规则状（图版2）,有的几个气孔连在一起呈大的朵状气孔(图版3)。此外,在荥巩煤田西部无烟煤中还发育有镀嵌结构(图版4)。      

Trends in Analytical Developments and Earth Science Applications in LA-ICP-MS and LA-MC-ICP-MS for 2004 and 2005

This review of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry includes research that employed quadrupole instruments, and single-collector and multicollector magnetic sector field instruments. The most important trend in 2004–2005 was the growing appreciation that small matrix effects in LA-(MC)-ICP-MS need to be addressed in order to produce highly precise and accurate data by the method. The issue is most acute for isotope ratio measurements that require standard-sample-standard bracketing but can also be important for certain elemental analysis. Matrix-dependent elemental and isotopic fractionations were studied from the standpoint of laser-sample interactions and the behaviour of laser-generated particles in the ablation cell, transfer tubing and ICP torch. Innovations in LA-(MC)-ICP-MS involved signal smoothing, in torch laser ablation, on-line isotope dilution and molecular oxide monitoring. Other important research was carried out on the calibration and homogeneity of various reference materials; and the exploration of mature ( in situ U-Pb geochronology) and emerging (apatite fission-track chronometry, U-Th/He thermochronology, boron/strontium/uranium-series isotopic microanalysis) applications in the Earth sciences.     

俄罗斯油气钻采废弃物处理及其利用研究

生态安全和环境保护是世界各国都非常关心的问题。地质钻探和石油天然气钻采工作中产生大量废弃物,直接影响生态安全和环境保护,给经济建设和人民生活带来很大的负面影响。俄罗斯钻探工作者对此进行了研究,取得了一定效果。他们主要采用综合处理方法和磁化处理方法。利用这2种方法,废弃物不仅可以再生,而且还可以二次使用,有一定的创新和实际意义,值得引起我们的重视,建议对此进行研究与讨论。