新疆西天山备战基性-超基性岩年代学和岩石地球化学研究及其对铁成矿背景的制约

对新疆西天山备战铁矿区附近的基性-超基性岩体———金云母辉石橄榄岩与侵入其中的闪长岩脉进行了年代学和岩石地球化学研究。金云母辉石橄榄岩中金云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar坪年龄为298.1±1.9 Ma,该岩石的锆石U-Pb年龄为302.5±1.3 Ma,与备战铁矿的成矿年龄相近。备战金云母辉石橄榄岩具有低Si O_2(42.51%~50.82%)、Al_2O_3(4.87%~7.38%)、Ti O_2(0.25%~0.77%)和全碱(Na_2O+K_2O=0.87%~1.87%)含量,而高Mg O(26.36%~30.17%)、TFe O(12.33%~15.99%)含量的特征,过渡元素丰度(Cr=523×10~(-6)~7 026×10~(-6),Ni=906×10~(-6)~1 088×10~(-6),Co=109×10~(-6)~132×10~(-6))和Mg~#值(0.76~0.79)均较高,表明岩浆经历了橄榄石堆晶作用。由橄榄石最高Fo值(0.79)和岩石的TFe O含量计算得其母岩浆为玄武质岩浆。所有的岩石具有相似的稀土、微量元素配分模式,均呈轻稀土元素富集的右倾型,且重稀土元素较平坦[(Gd/Lu)_N=0.70~2.00],明显富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、U、K,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti。总体上Sr、Nd同位素较均一,金云母辉石橄榄岩的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.704 4~0.704 7,εNd(t)=2.23~3.90,闪长岩(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.704 4,εNd(t)=3.79~4.07,表明金云母辉石橄榄岩和闪长岩为同源演化的岩石。微量元素特征表明金云母辉石橄榄岩起源于尖晶石相,源区为受俯冲流体或熔体交代的软流圈地幔。结合区域构造背景,推测金云母辉石橄榄岩的形成与西天山造山带在晚古生代的山根拆沉引起的软流圈上涌有关,而备战铁矿晚期成矿事件很可能形成于相同的深部动力学背景下。     

陕西柞木沟铁矿矿物学、成矿年代学特征及对矿床成因的指示意义

柞木沟铁矿床为北大巴山地区的钛磁铁矿矿床。矿区赋矿岩体为辉绿岩,主要矿物组成为单斜辉石、长石、角闪石、黑云母、钛磁铁矿和钛铁矿等。文中利用电子探针对柞木沟矿床内部典型矿石矿物组成研究发现,单斜辉石主要为普通辉石,角闪石为镁绿钙闪石和阳起石,黑云母主要为铁质黑云母,少量为镁质黑云母。柞木沟铁矿床赋矿辉绿岩母岩浆具有高碱(K2O+Na2O含量3.56％～4.79％)、高钛(TiO2含量3.50％～5.58％)特征,指示其为碱性系列岩浆。单斜辉石平衡温度为1 138～1 167 ℃,铁钛氧化物形成温度为781～808 ℃,氧逸度(lgf(O2))为-14.15～-14.36,黑云母结晶温度分为600～650 ℃和～700 ℃两个区间,氧逸度介于NNO与MH之间。矿石内部锆石SHRIMP U Pb测年结果为(437.9±3.7) Ma,与区域不含矿岩体年龄一致,说明二者为同期岩浆作用产物。矿体赋存于岩体中、矿体与含矿辉绿岩围岩呈渐变过渡关系、磁铁矿的岩浆成因、磁铁矿的矿物化学特征及氧同位素组成特征共同指示柞木沟矿床为典型岩浆矿床。北大巴山地区早古生代晚期的拉张作用,导致深部的岩浆上升并在浅部快速就位,早期结晶出少量铁钛氧化物;随着温度降低,辉石、长石、角闪石等铁镁硅酸盐矿物开始结晶,进而包含早期结晶的铁钛氧化物。岩浆的氧逸度逐渐升高以及后期富铁质流体的注入导致铁钛氧化物大量结晶,最终完成该区的成矿作用。     

沙坪沟钼矿区橄榄角闪石岩岩石成因——矿物学特征约束

对位于秦岭-大别造山带的沙坪沟钼矿矿区出露的橄榄角闪石岩开展了系统的岩石学、岩相学及电子探针原位分析,厘定了其成岩物理化学条件,并探讨了岩石成因及形成的构造环境。橄榄角闪石岩主要造岩矿物为橄榄石、角闪石、金云母和辉石;副矿物为磷灰石、铬铁尖晶石、镁铁尖晶石、磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿等。电子探针原位分析结果显示,橄榄石属于贵橄榄石系列,角闪石主要是韭闪石,辉石为透辉石,云母为金云母。造岩矿物结晶顺序为橄榄石-辉石-角闪石,结晶温度介于1 111. 64～1 223. 30℃之间,形成压力为350～740 MPa,形成于较高的氧逸度环境(角闪石结晶时的氧逸度范围为NNO+0. 59～NNO+2. 27)。角闪石和金云母的矿物学特征显示它们均是与幔源岩浆作用相关的原生矿物,表明该套基性-超基性岩与幔源岩浆作用有关。综合分析认为,在大别造山带中生代地壳减薄的伸展构造背景下,该橄榄角闪石岩母岩浆源于地幔,是经过地幔7. 92%部分熔融的玄武质岩浆经结晶分异作用形成的幔源岩浆底侵下地壳的产物。     

西昆仑普鲁新生代火山岩的矿物化学特征及其对岩浆演化过程的约束

对西昆仑普鲁新生代火山岩的矿物学进行了系统的研究。结果表明：该地区火山岩主要由橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石组成,并有少量的斜方辉石、黑云母、角闪石、碱性长石和铁钛氧化物。其矿物学特征指示了岩浆的性质有点类似于碱性岩浆,但与典型的碱性玄武岩又有明显的区别,属于橄榄安粗岩系列。利用橄榄石-熔体平衡原理估算了进入高位岩浆房中的熔体的MgO含量约为6．2％,Mg^#为0．57,说明其不是地幔熔融形成的原始岩浆,而是经历了深部岩浆房的分离结晶过程。由单斜辉石估算的高位岩浆房的深度约7～9km。岩浆在高位岩浆房中发生了较长时间的强烈分离结晶作用,分离结晶相主要为橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石以及少量的斜方辉石、黑云母、角闪石、碱性长石和铁钛氧化物。不同时期形成的铁钛氧化物指示了分离结晶过程由相对高温高氧逸度向相对低温低氧逸度演化。与此相对照的是岩浆在深部岩浆房中可能只发生了橄榄石和辉石等铁镁矿物的分离结晶作用,且分异作用时间较短。深部岩浆房可能存在于岩石圈地幔或壳幔过渡带中,岩浆由深部岩浆房上升到高位岩浆房中的过程是近绝热的,从浅部岩浆房到地表是快速上升的过程。     

红柳沟北镁铁-超镁铁质岩体矿物学特征及矿石成因分析

红柳沟北镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于柴达木陆块北部的欧龙布鲁克微陆块东北缘,呈岩墙状,出露面积约0.1km~2,由方辉橄榄岩、橄榄二辉岩、含长单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉长苏长岩、暗色橄榄辉长岩、苏长岩、辉长岩等组成,各岩相带在空间上呈渐变过渡关系。电子探针分析结果显示,岩体的主要造岩矿物为贵橄榄石、古铜辉石、普通辉石和斜长石,并且各矿物的结晶温度为1 307~1 122℃。岩体钛铁矿化明显,主要金属矿物为钛铁矿、钛磁铁矿和磁铁矿。利用橄榄石Fo最高值反演出原生岩浆MgO含量为8.49%,FeO含量为10.03%,TiO_2含量为1.63%,为普通玄武质岩浆。通过综合研究各矿物形成的温度和氧逸度条件,认为岩浆从橄榄石结晶到普通辉石结晶,其氧逸度是缓慢升高的,并且氧逸度是控制红柳沟北岩体Ti-Fe氧化物结晶的主要因素。     

矿浆型铁矿的氧同位素判别标志:以宁芜玢岩铁矿为例

自然界是否存在矿浆型铁矿以及如何判别矿浆型铁矿是地质学家争论探索了几十年的问题。大量地质现象和实验研究证实,中酸性岩浆在高氧逸度、富磷等挥发分和助熔剂的条件下,硅酸盐熔体与铁氧化物熔体之间可以发生液态不混熔,熔离出富铁氧化物熔体或富铁岩浆。但有些学者认为实验无法直接一次性熔离出高品位铁矿浆,因此不存在矿浆型铁矿。实际上,高品位富铁矿浆可能是经过多次熔离富集形成的,而非一次简单熔离完成;磁铁矿中钛含量偏低,可能与矿浆型铁矿遭受后期热液改造、钛大量丢失有关,最典型的例子莫过于智利拉科铁矿。长江中下游玢岩铁矿是我国重要铁矿资源类型,其中是否发育矿浆型铁矿也一直存在激烈争论。为了避免不必要的争议,本文将铁矿浆限定为由岩浆熔离形成的铁氧化物浓度30%的富铁熔体,由铁矿浆演化形成的铁矿床称为矿浆型铁矿。根据宁芜成矿岩体中锆石的钛温度计确定了岩浆的温度,根据锆石的氧同位素组成及磁铁矿与锆石之间的氧同位素分馏方程,计算出岩浆温度下直接从熔体中熔离出来的磁铁矿的δ~(18)O_(Mt)值为4.2‰。据此建立了宁芜玢岩铁矿中矿浆型铁矿的氧同位素判别标志,如果矿体中磁铁矿的δ~(18)O_(Mt)≥4.0‰,则为矿浆型铁矿,否则为热液型或浆-液过渡型铁矿。判别结果表明,钟姑山矿田矿浆型和热液型矿体同时存在,梅山铁矿介于矿浆型-热液型之间,而凹山矿田铁矿则为热液型,与野外观测及前人研究结果一致。     

甘肃金川Ⅱ号岩体橄榄石成因探讨

金川是世界第三大在采岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床,其成因备受中外地质学家的关注。金川岩体被一系列北东-东向左行平移断层自西向东依次划分为Ⅲ、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ等4个岩体。金川岩体主要由硫化物纯橄岩、二辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩组成,边缘断续分布少量斜长石二辉橄榄岩和辉石岩。金川最大的1号矿体产于Ⅱ号岩体的中心,呈现出由中间硫化物纯橄岩向两侧浸染状的二辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉石岩过渡的对称式岩相分布。电子探针分析结果显示,金川Ⅱ号岩体橄榄石Fo值在79.7%～83.9%之间变化,w（Ni）为959×10^-6～2060×10^-6,大多低于从硫不饱和玄武岩浆中结晶出的橄榄石Ni含量。模拟计算表明金川岩体母岩浆为高MgO玄武岩浆(w（MgO）=10%～13%,w（FeO）=11.5%～12.5%)。橄榄石Ni含量偏低的原因是橄榄石结晶的同时发生了硫化物熔离,橄榄石与硫化物的质量比值约为40﹕1。硫化物纯橄岩和二辉橄榄岩中橄榄石的Ni含量及其与Fo值的相关性都存在显著的区别,暗示它们可能是从Ni含量不同的母岩浆中结晶出来的。同时,硫化物纯橄岩中橄榄岩经历了与硫化物熔体的Fe-Ni交换...     

哀牢山—金沙江构造带白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床Ⅰ号含矿岩体铂族元素地球化学特征及其构造意义

白马寨I号岩体是哀牢山—金沙江构造带白马寨Cu-Ni矿区内最大的一个含矿基性—超基性岩体,从中心向边缘依次由含矿橄榄岩、矿化辉石岩和辉长岩3个相带组成环状体。从中心相到边缘相,岩石中SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、CaO、Na2O和K2O含量逐渐增加,TFe、MgO含量降低;稀土元素中w(∑REE)、w(LREE)/w(HREE)逐渐增加,δEu由负异常到正异常演变;微量元素具有大离子亲石元素和高场强元素逐渐增加、强亲岩浆元素逐渐降低的演变特征。铂族元素配分模式为Pt-Pd型,w(Pt)/w(Pd)比值为0.32~0.68,介于富硫化物拉斑玄武岩(0.38)和原始上地幔(1.36)之间,以及稀土元素配分模式、微量元素蛛网图和铂族元素配分模式中不同岩石配分曲线的相似性揭示3个相带不同岩石之间的高度一致性,展示基性—超基性岩形成于玄武质岩浆演化、熔离及岩浆一次性侵入、分异成岩成矿的特征。矿区内地层层序稳定,岩体与沉积岩之间的侵入接触关系及w(Zr)-w(Y)-w(Nb)图解说明白马寨岩体形成于陆内环境。岩体的低Ti含量、Th强烈正异常和含矿橄榄岩负Eu异常,以及w(Th)/w(Ta)比值、w(Th)/w(Nb)比值和w(Pd)/w(Pt)比值及Ir族元素配分曲线明显不同于峨眉山玄武岩和典型的地幔柱玄武岩,而与大陆裂谷玄武岩非常相近,说明白马寨I号岩体形成于大陆裂谷环境。     

塔里木板块东北部笔架山东基性-超基性岩体地球化学特征与岩石成因

笔架山东基性—超基性岩体位于塔里木板块东北部的新疆北山地区,是笔架山岩带中最东边的一个岩体,岩体形态为椭圆状,出露面积约5 km2.由含长单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉长岩、含橄辉长岩、辉长岩以及辉绿岩组成.含橄榄石较多的岩石属拉斑玄武岩系列,而辉长岩属钙碱性系列.岩相学、岩石化学和微量元素地球化学特征表明岩浆演化过程中经历了橄榄石、辉石、斜长石的分离结晶作用.Nd、Sr、Pb同位素组成和岩石地球化学特征反映出岩浆与围岩之间存在物质交换.笔架山东岩体的岩浆源区为OIB型地幔源区,原生岩浆为高镁拉斑玄武岩浆[w(MgO)=11.2％],这些性质与塔里木板块东北部其他基性-超基性岩体的特征相似,表明塔里木板块东北部二叠纪基性—超基性岩体的源区主要为OIB型地幔,可能与地幔柱有关.     

四川省沐川地区峨眉山玄武岩元素地球化学特征与成因探讨

本次研究对分布于峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)中带,四川省沐川地区的玄武岩进行元素地球化学研究,初步探讨了其成因。研究表明,该玄武岩具有高钛(TiO_2=3.81%～5.15%,Ti/Y=605.95～939.83)、高铁(TFe_2O_3变化于13.78%～17.61%)和相对低镁(MgO=3.50～5.16)的特点,属高钛碱性玄武岩系列。玄武岩Lu/Yb比值较低(0.11～0.15),在原始地幔标准化的微量元素蛛网图上,Ti显示正异常,Ta,Nb显示正常-弱负异常,指示母岩浆仅受到少量下地壳物质的混染。在Harker图解中,MgO与SiO_2呈负相关,与Al_2O_3/CaO,TFe_2O_3,TiO_2,P_2O_5,Cr呈正相关,暗示岩浆上升过程中很可能发生了橄榄石、单斜辉石、Ti-Fe氧化物(磁铁矿、钛铁矿)、磷灰石等矿物的分离结晶作用。玄武岩的元素地球化学组成显示岩浆源自OIB型地幔源区,进一步Sm/Yb,La/Yb比值分析显示,源区以石榴石二辉橄榄岩为主。由于峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)中、外带包括沐川、昭通、贵州和广西等地的高钛玄武岩具有相似的元素地球化学组成,且在Ti/Yb-Nb/Th图解上未显示大陆岩石圈地幔物质加入的趋势,推测这些玄武岩很可能是地幔柱头部物质在石榴石稳定区发生低程度部分熔融所形成。     

新疆智博铁矿火山岩中富铁岩屑地球化学特征及其地质意义

研究表明,西天山阿吾拉勒铁铜成矿带中智博铁矿区火山碎屑岩中的富铁岩屑主要由自形针状/板条状钠长石和富铁基质组成,呈辉绿/斑状结构。电子探针分析显示,富铁岩屑中钠长石端员组分变化范围为An=0.38～2.89,Ab=95.2～99.32,Or=0.17～2.79,端员组分平均值为An_(0.94)Ab_(98.01)Or_(1.06),类似于火山岩中钠长石端员组分变化范围(An=0.74～6.75,Ab=92.85～98.91,Or=0.32～1.76,端员组分平均值为An_(2.63)Ab_(96.65)Or_(0.72)),两者均为岩浆成因钠长石,而非热液交代成因钠长石。富铁基质成分变化范围较大且连续(w(SiO_2)为0.08%～50.04%,w(FeO)为24.89%～87.13%,w(Al_2O_3)为0.04%～14.83%,w(TiO_2)为0.01%～2.83%,w(Na_2O)为0～9.76%,w(MgO)为0.03%～4.88%,w(MnO)为0～0.61%),富铁基质中高Ti磁铁矿和低Ti磁铁矿同时发育,总体上成分不均一,且钠长石呈细针状,为浅成-超浅成低压下快速结晶的产物或为火山喷发作用下快速冷凝结晶所致。通过对磁铁矿-磷灰石矿物组合与安山岩中副矿物磷灰石、矿区磁铁矿的对比研究,认为智博铁矿发生磁铁矿-磷灰石岩浆不混溶作用的可能性很小。通过安山岩基质成分与安山岩成分的对比研究,得出安山岩基质比原岩w(SiO_2)、w(Al_2O_3)、w(CaO)有所降低,w(FeO)、w(Na_2O)、w(MgO)有一定升高,但是程度有限,表明岩浆结晶分异不足以使残留岩浆形成富铁矿。钠长石-磁铁矿富铁岩屑的发育是一种碱铁效应的表现,而碱铁效应对于海相火山岩型铁矿的形成具有重要意义。     

新疆西天山智博铁矿床磁铁矿成分对其成矿机制的指示

智博铁矿床位于新疆西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带东段,主要赋矿围岩为石炭系大哈拉军山组安山岩、玄武质安山岩和火山碎屑岩.该矿床主要有东、中、西3个矿区,其中以东矿区为主矿区.矿体主要呈层状、似层状、厚板状和透镜状.金属矿物以磁铁矿为主,含有少量黄铁矿、赤铁矿和黄铜矿.矿石构造以块状和浸染状构造为主,此外还有角砾状构造、条带状构造、流纹状构造和脉状构造等.矿石结构有他形-半自形结构、板条状结构和海绵陨铁结构等.智博铁矿床蚀变矿物主要有透辉石、钠长石、阳起石、绿帘石、钾长石等,含有少量方解石、石英和绿泥石等.根据矿石和矿物共生关系,将智博铁矿床划分为岩浆期和热液期2个成矿期次.岩浆期可划分为钠长石-透辉石阶段和磁铁矿-阳起石阶段,热液期可划分为钾长石-绿帘石阶段和石英-硫化物阶段.根据智博磁铁矿的电子探针数据,各类磁铁矿矿石中除热液期含黄铁矿致密块状矿石w(FeOT)变化较大外,其他类型磁铁矿的w(FeOT)多集中在90％～95％,又以岩浆期块状矿石中w(FeOT)最高.对其氧化物进行相应的图解,电子探针数据中w(CaO)、w(Al2O3)、w(MnO)、w(K2O)、w(MgO)和w(SiO2)都和w(FeOT)有良好的负相关性,而NiO和TiO2则具有一定的正相关性,V2O3则在岩浆期块状和含磁铁矿脉矿石中含量明显高于其他类型矿石.根据磁铁矿TiO2-Al2O3-MgO成因图解和w(Ca+Al+Mn)-w(Ti+V)成因图解显示,智博铁矿床矿石兼具岩浆型成因特征和热液型成因特征,表明智博铁矿床的形成与岩浆作用和火山热液交代作用有关.     

岩浆-热液系统中铁的富集机制探讨

与岩浆-热液系统有关的铁矿类型有岩浆型钒钛磁铁矿床、玢岩铁矿、矽卡岩型铁矿和海相火山岩型铁矿,与这些铁矿有关的岩浆岩从基性-超基性、中性到中酸性岩均有,其中岩浆型钒钛磁铁矿床与基性-超基性深成侵入岩有关,形成于岩浆阶段,主要与分离结晶作用有关,但是厚大的富铁矿石的形成则可归结于原始的富铁钛苦橄质岩浆、分离结晶作用、多期次的岩浆补充以及流动分异等联合过程。钒钛磁铁矿石产于岩体下部还是上部与母岩浆的氧逸度有关:高的氧逸度导致磁铁矿早期结晶而使得其堆积于岩体的下部,相反,低氧逸度则导致低品位的浸染状矿石产于岩体的上部。虽然野外一些证据表明,元古宙斜长岩中的磷铁矿石可能是不混溶作用形成的,但是目前尚无实验证据。某些玢岩铁矿的一些磷灰石-磁铁矿石可能与闪长质岩浆同化混染了地壳中的磷导致的不混溶作用有关。除此之外,其他各类与岩浆作用有关的铁矿床均与岩浆后期的岩浆-热液作用有关。这些不同类型铁矿床的蚀变和矿化过程具有相似性,反映了它们形成过程具有相似的物理化学条件。成矿实验以及流体包裹体研究表明,岩浆-流体转换过程中出溶流体的数量以及成分受多种因素控制,其中岩浆分离结晶作用以及碳酸盐地层和膏盐层的混染可导致出溶的流体中Cl浓度的升高。早期高氧逸度环境可以使得硫以SO42-形式存在,抑制硫与铁的结合形成黄铁矿,有利于铁在早期以Cl的络合物发生迁移。大型富铁矿的形成需要一个长期稳定的流体对流循环系统,而岩浆的多期侵位或岩浆房以及在相对封闭的环境中(需要一个不透水层)一个有利于流体循环的断裂/裂隙系统是形成一个长期稳定的流体对流循环系统的必要条件。但是由于不同地质环境,流体中铁的卸载方式和位置会有明显差别,由此导致不同的矿石结构构造和不同的矿体产状。     

Experimental study of a jotunite (hypersthene monzodiorite): constraints on the parent magma composition and crystallization conditions (P,T, f O 2) of the Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusion (Norway)

The Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusion is part of the Rogaland anorthosite Province of southern Norway and is made of cumulates of the anorthositemangerite-charnockite suite. This study presents experimental phase equilibrium data for one of the finegrained jotunite (Tjörn locality) occurring along its northwestern lobe. These experimental data show that a jotunitic liquid similar in composition to the Tjörn jotunite, but slightly more magnesian and with a higher plagioclase component is the likely parent of macrocyclic units (MCU)III and IV of the intrusion. The limit of the olivine stability field in the experimentally determined phase diagram as well as comparison of the Al₂O₃ content of low-Ca pyroxenes from experiments and cumulates (1.5%) yields a pressure of emplacement 5 kbar. Experimentally determined Fe-Ti oxide equilibria compared to the order of cumulus arrival in the intrusion show that the oxygen fugacity was close to FMQ (fayalite-magnetite-quartz) during the early crystallization. It subsequently decreased relative to this buffer when magnetite disappeared from the cumulus assemblage and then increased until the reentry of this mineral. Calculated densities of experimental liquids show a density increase with fractionation at 7, 10 and 13 kbar due to the predominance of plagioclase in the crystallizing assemblage. At 5 kbar and 1 atm (FMQ-1), where plagioclase is the liquidus phase, density first increases and then drops when olivine (5 kbar) or olivine+ilmenite (1 atm: FMQ-1) precipitate. At 1 atm and NNO (nickel-nickel oxide), the presence of both magnetite and ilmenite as near liquidus phases induces a density decrease. In the Bjerkreim magma chamber, oxides are early cumulus phases and liquid density is then supposed to have decreased during fractionation. This density path implies that new influxes of magma emplaced in the chamber were both hotter and denser than the resident magma. The density contrast inferred between plagioclase and the parent magma shows that this mineral was not able to sink in the magma, suggesting anin situ crystallization process.     

赣杭构造带龙游地区早白垩世基性岩矿物化学、岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

通过龙游晚中生代基性岩岩相学观察、全岩主量、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素及矿物电子探针分析,对岩石成因、岩浆演化和构造环境进行探讨。龙游基性岩岩性为橄榄辉长岩,Sr-Nd同位素显示为幔源特征;主量、微量元素特征显示其经历了以橄榄石、辉石为主的分离结晶作用,且未发生明显的地壳物质混染。橄榄石颗粒具核-边结构,富Mg贫Fe的核部Fo值为90.1～91.8,指示原始岩浆是软流圈地幔,富Fe贫Mg的边部显示橄榄石Fo值为77.4～85.3,且核-边两部分的Fo值相差较大,显示原始橄榄石形成之后受到地幔熔体/流体的交代作用。辉石斑晶大多属于透辉石,在部分斑晶的边部发育少量霓辉石。透辉石斑晶普遍具有核-幔-边结构,从核部到边部的SiO_2含量降低,TiO_2、Al_2O_3含量升高,结晶温度升高,显示原始辉石形成之后受到温度更高的地幔熔体/流体的交代作用。研究认为,古太平洋板块后撤造成岩石圈地幔拉伸作用并形成赣杭构造带深部断裂后,部分软流圈物质受到地幔流体/熔体的交代作用,并沿这些深部断裂向上侵位,经历了以橄榄石和辉石矿物为主的分离结晶作用和微弱的地壳物质混染,最终形成龙游橄榄辉长岩。     

Phlogopite in mantle xenoliths and kimberlite from the Grib pipe,Arkhangelsk province,Russia:Evidence for multi-stage mantle metasomatism and origin of phlogopite in kimberlite

We present petrography and mineral chemistry for both phlogopite,from mantle-derived xenoliths(garnet peridotite,eclogite and clinopyroxene-phlogopite rocks)and for megacryst,macrocryst and groundmass flakes from the Grib kimberlite in the Arkhangelsk diamond province of Russia to provide new insights into multi-stage metasomatism in the subcratonic lithospheric mantle(SCLM)and the origin of phlogopite in kimberlite.Based on the analysed xenoliths,phlogopite is characterized by several generations.The first generation(Phil)occurs as coarse,discrete grains within garnet peridotite and eclogite xenoliths and as a rock-forming mineral within clinopyroxene-phlogopite xenoliths.The second phlogopite generation(Phl2)occurs as rims and outer zones that surround the Phil grains and as fine flakes within kimberlite-related veinlets filled with carbonate,serpentine,chlorite and spinel.In garnet peridotite xenoliths,phlogopite occurs as overgrowths surrounding garnet porphyroblasts,within which phlogopite is associated with Cr-spinel and minor carbonate.In eclogite xenoliths,phlogopite occasionally associates with carbonate bearing veinlet networks.Phlogopite,from the kimberlite,occurs as megacrysts,macrocrysts,microcrysts and fine flakes in the groundmass and matrix of kimberlitic pyroclasts.Most phlogopite grains within the kimberlite are characterised by signs of deformation and form partly fragmented grains,which indicates that they are the disintegrated fragments of previously larger grains.Phil,within the garnet peridotite and clinopyroxene-phlogopite xenoliths,is characterised by low Ti and Cr contents(TiO_21 wt.%,Cr_2 O_31 wt.% and Mg# = 100 × Mg/(Mg+ Fe)92)typical of primary peridotite phlogopite in mantle peridotite xenoliths from global kimberlite occurrences.They formed during SCLM metasomatism that led to a transformation from garnet peridotite to clinopyroxene-phlogopite rocks and the crystallisation of phlogopite and high-Cr clinopyroxene megacrysts before the generation of host-kimberlite magmas.One of the possible processes to generate low-Ti-Cr phlogopite is via the replacement of garnet during its interaction with a metasomatic agent enriched in K and H_2O.Rb-Sr isotopic data indicates that the metasomatic agent had a contribution of more radiogenic source than the host-kimberlite magma.Compared with peridotite xenoliths,eclogite xenoliths feature low-Ti phlogopites that are depleted in Cr_2O_3 despite a wider range of TiO_2 concentrations.The presence of phlogopite in eclogite xenoliths indicates that metasomatic processes affected peridotite as well as eclogite within the SCLM beneath the Grib kimberlite.Phl2 has high Ti and Cr concentrations(TiO_22 wt.%,Cr_2O_31 wt.% and Mg# = 100× Mg/(Mg + Fe)92)and compositionally overlaps with phlogopite from polymict brecc:ia xenoliths that occur in global kimberlite formations.These phlogopites are the product of kimberlitic magma and mantle rock interaction at mantle depths where Phl2 overgrew Phil grains or crystallized directly from stalled batches of kimberlitic magmas.Megacrysts,most macrocrysts and microcrysts are disintegrated phlogopite fragments from metasomatised peridotite and eclogite xenoliths.Fine phlogopite flakes within kimberlite groundmass represent mixing of high-Ti-Cr phlogopite antecrysts and high-Ti and low-Cr kimberlitic phlogopite with high Al and Ba contents that may have formed individual grains or overgrown antecrysts.Based on the results of this study,we propose a schematic model of SCLM metasomatism involving phlogopite crystallization,megacryst formation,and genesis of kimberlite magmas as recorded by the Grib pipe.     

Shonkin Sag laccolith,Montana

A variety of rock types is developed in the Shonkin Sag laccolith, with extreme compositions represented by the porphyritic pseudoleucite-bearing chilled margin, shonkinitic in composition, and by the final differentiate, chemically a nepheline syenite. During differentiation the pyroxenes changed in composition from Ca-rich varieties through aegirine-augite to acmite; there is no evidence of an immiscibility gap between Ca-rich and Na-rich pyroxenes. Olivine compositions changed from approximately Fa₂₀ to Fa₄₀, but in marked contrast the coexisting biotites exhibit a more extensive compositional range, from annite₂₄ to annite₁₀₀; the crystal margins of annites in the most evolved rocks are manganophyllite-rich. Titanomagnetites are TiO₂-poor varieties. Arfvedsonite and melanite occur in the most evolved syenites.From mineralogical and thermodynamic data initial and final temperatures of crystallization of the various rock types have been calculated. At an estimated total vapor pressure of 310 bars, the temperature of intrusion was 985° C. Final crystallization of the laccolith took place below 700° C, and crystallization intervals for most rock types are of the order of 170° C. Over the total magmatic temperature range the activity of silica in the melt decreased from 0.13 to 0.09. Oxygen fugacity falls with temperature approximately parallel to the synthetic fayalite-magnetite-quartz oxygen buffer until olivine disappears. The crystallization of Na-rich pyroxenes does not demand an increase in the fugacity of oxygen, but rather requires that the oxygen fugacity fall less rapidly with temperature than would be the case if olivine and magnetite were present.     

甘肃北山黑山岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床橄榄石特征及成因意义

黑山铜镍硫化物矿床是近年在甘肃北山发现的大型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床,含矿岩体主要由含矿橄榄岩相和南部边缘的角闪辉长岩相构成。研究发现含矿岩体中的橄榄石属贵橄榄石(Fo值为81.54~86.87),其w(Ni)介于(801.53~2 703.19)×10-6;利用橄榄辉长岩中最高Fo值和主量元素反演,表明原始岩浆属高镁玄武质岩浆,w(MgO)=11.65%,w(FeO)=10.12%;橄榄石分离结晶模拟计算结果表明,橄榄石结晶过程中伴随有0.12%~0.17%硫化物熔离,深部岩浆房中橄榄石分离结晶程度小于3%,橄榄石与硫化物最小质量比约14∶1;隙间硅酸盐熔浆和硫化物熔浆作用明显,是造成早期结晶橄榄石成分变化的重要原因。     

Newania carbonatites, Western India: example of mantle derived magnesium carbonatites

The key mineralogical features of the Newania carbonatites, that illustrate their derivation from primary mantle melts (Gruau et al. Terra Nova, Abstract Suppl 1:336, 1995; Viladkar Petrology 6(3):272–283, 1998; Basu and Murty Abstracts of Goldschmidt Conference A40, 2006), are the presence of magnesite, graphite and Cr-rich magnetite. Magnesite is an early crystallizing phase. Cr-rich magnetite and graphite coexist with carbonatite minerals and precipitated from carbonate magma. Graphite, as well as gaseous CO₂ and carbonate minerals such as dolomite and magnesite, can be stable in peridotite mantle. Coexistence of these minerals is controlled by fO ₂ and PT-conditions. Mineral geothermometers for the Newania carbonatite give temperatures from 463 to 950°C. The parental source for Newania carbonatites was characterized by a relatively high log (fHF/fH₂O) level which increased during the crystallization history of Newania. The estimated oxygen fugacity (for ilmenite–magnetite pairs) varies from ?1.5 to +3.5 (log-bar unit deviation from FMQ buffer), which is supported by the presence of Fe-columbite, and the composition of phlogopite, amphibole and pyroxene that have an elevated concentration of Fe³⁺. However, the oxygen fugacity range represented by co-existing early-crystallized graphite and magnesite is below that of the FMQ buffer and lies on the CCO buffer.     

Apatite geochemistry of the Taihe layered intrusion,SW China: Implications for the magmatic differentiation and the origin of apatite-rich Fe-Ti oxide ores

The Taihe intrusion is one of the layered intrusions situated in the central zone of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), SW China. The cyclic units in the Middle Zone of the intrusion are composed of apatite-magnetite clinopyroxenite at the base and gabbro at the top. The apatite-rich oxide ores contain 6–12 modal% apatite and 20–50 modal% Fe-Ti oxides evidently distinguished from the coeval intrusions in which apatite-rich rocks are poor in Fe-Ti oxides. Most of apatites of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones are fluorapatite, although four samples show slightly high Cl content in apatite suggesting that they crystallize from a hydrous parental magma. Compared to the apatite from the gabbro of the Panzhihua intrusion, situated 100 km to the south of the Taihe intrusion, the apatite of the Taihe rocks is richer in Sr and depleted in HREE relative to LREE. The calculated magma in equilibrium with apatite of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones also shows weakly negative Sr anomalies in primitive mantle normalized trace element diagrams. These features indicate that the apatite of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones crystallizes after clinopyroxene and before plagioclase. The apatite of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones shows weakly negative Eu anomalies suggesting a high oxygen fugacity condition. The high iron and titanium contents in the oxidizing magma result in crystallization of Fe-Ti oxides. Crystallization of abundant Fe-Ti oxides and clinopyroxenes lowers the solubility of phosphorus and elevates SiO₂ concentration in the magma triggering the saturation of apatite. The positive correlations of Sr, V, total REE contents and Ce/Yb ratio in apatite with cumulus clinopyroxene demonstrate approximately compositional equilibrium between these phases suggesting they crystallized from the same ferrobasaltic magma. Early crystallization and accumulation of Fe-Ti oxide together with apatite produced the apatite-rich oxide ores at the base of the cyclic units of the Taihe Middle Zone.