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1.
Oil ‘futures’: Shell’s Scenarios and the social constitution of the global oil market 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anna Zalik 《Geoforum》2010,41(4):553-564
This article explores the relationship between the oil industry’s representation of operating conditions in key sites of extraction and the constitution of oil futures markets. An analysis of Shell Oil’s recent Scenarios publications, the ‘Trilemma Scenarios to 2025’ and subsequent ‘Scramble and Blueprints Scenarios to 2050’, provides insight into both the (global) social construction of oil prices and the oil industry’s reaction to social resistance in its operating environment - whether in the form of movements for resource sovereignty or climate change activism. Examining the implications of these two Scenario publications for key sites of Shell investment, the Nigerian Niger Delta and the Canadian Tar Sands, the article demonstrates that understanding the discursive implications of ‘peak oil’ for the petroleum industry requires contextualizing discussions of ‘scarcity’ within business agents role in shaping oil futures markets, and private industry’s interest in the ongoing development of unconventional fossil fuel sources. While the role of deregulated futures trading receives little attention in the Shell Scenarios, speculative trading - and thus perception concerning supply among business agents - is central to shaping global oil prices and thus the social conditions of the oil market. 相似文献
2.
There is growing recognition among political ecologists of the need to examine shifting natural resource regimes and their
effects on livelihoods in “First World” places. This emerging literature has variously examined the “Third World within,”
the persistence of “subsistence activities” in the “First World,” and the “reterritorialization” of land tenure and access.
However, much of this work has tended to focus on traditional extractive industries in the American West, indigenous claims
to lands and resources in the U.S. and Canada, and non-timber resources on public lands. In contrast, we use a case study
of African-American sweetgrass basket-makers, associated with the Gullah culture, in South Carolina’s lowcountry to examine
the ways in which ongoing amenity-driven residential development is fundamentally reshaping resource access on private lands.
Historically, basket-makers harvested the materials (primarily sweetgrass or Mulenbergia filipes) needed for their culturally
important art form from accessible, rural, and privately held tracts of land in close proximity to their communities, but
development pressures and changes in resident interpretation of property rights has decreased access to basket-making resources.
The case is particularly illuminating, as it examines the emergence of ‘conservation subdivisions’ in the region and raises
important questions about what “rural uses” and users are being conserved through responses to exurban, suburban, and urban
development in formerly rural areas. 相似文献
3.
Matthew G. Hannah 《GeoJournal》2010,75(4):397-406
Ewald’s recent genealogy of constructions of risk in Western societies argues that the 1980s saw an important paradigm shift
to the “precautionary principle”. Critical scholars have taken up this idea as a lens through which to interpret the Bush
administration’s ‘war on terror’. I argue that 11 September 2001 actually brought about qualitative changes to this paradigm.
Bush’s pre-emptive doctrine is driven, and perhaps even more importantly, continually justified to the US population, by what
might be called the “trans-precautionary principle”, a move from “decisionism” to “actionism”, and a new radicalization of
the way fear is produced and managed. Donald Rumsfeld’s famous typology of different articulations of knowledge and ignorance
offers an excellent analytical window onto the connections between ignorance, fear and geopolitical action in this new regime.
In the latter part of the essay, his four modes of knowledge/ignorance are arrayed, for heuristic purposes, in an abstract
spatial grid organized along dimensions of the specificity and possession of knowledge. This allows a ‘mapping’ of some of
the Bush administration’s more controversial strategies in the ‘war on terror’, as a set of different pathways through Rumsfeld
Space. 相似文献
4.
The impact of atmospheric circulation fluctuations (Vangengeim’s classification) on the zoobenthos dynamics in the Sea of
Azov was studied. The “western” circulation processes lead to zoobenthos biomass decrease, and the opposite pattern was observed
when “eastern” circulation processes prevail. A quasiperiodicity with 3–7 to 10–15 year cycles is revealed for the zoobenthos
biomass dynamics. These changes are closely connected with the climatically induced increase of the zoobenthos biomass in
the Sea of Azov. 相似文献
5.
During the late Early Cretaceous, the shallow-water domains of the western Tethys are characterized by the widespread deposition
of Urgonian-type carbonates rich in rudists, corals and other oligotrophic, shallow-marine organisms. In the Helvetic Alps,
the Urgonian occurrences have been dated by ammonite biostratigraphy as Late Barremian and Early Aptian. For the more proximal
occurrences in the western Swiss Jura, a recent age model based on bio-, chemo- and sequence stratigraphy has been proposed,
which allows for an improved correlation with the Helvetic counterparts. In order to corroborate the recently proposed age
model for the Jura, a set of well-preserved rhynchonellids collected from five different lithostratigraphical formations and
members (“Marnes bleues d’Hauterive”, “Marnes d’Uttins”, basal marly layers within the “Urgonien Jaune”, “Marnes de la Russille”,
“Urgonien Blanc”) has been analysed for its strontium–isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr). In addition, K–Ar dating was performed on well-preserved glauconite grains from two different levels (“Marnes d’Uttins”
and a basal layer within the “Urgonien Jaune”). The correlation of the Sr–isotope data set with a belemnite-based, ammonite-calibrated
reference curve provides an age model which is coherent with recently published ages based on calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy
and the correlation of trends in chemo- and sequence stratigraphy. K–Ar dating on well-preserved glauconite grains from the
“Marnes d’Uttins” and lowermost part of the “Urgonien Jaune” delivered ages of 127.5 ± 2.3 and 130.7 ± 2.6 Ma, respectively.
Whereas the age of the glauconitic level near the base of the “Urgonien Jaune” is chronostratigraphically meaningful, the
K–Ar age of the “Marnes d’Uttins” appears too young relative to the presently used time scale. This may be related to rejuvenation
of the K–Ar chronometer due to post-depositional Ar loss, most likely during hardground formation. The ages obtained here
confirm the Late Barremian age for the onset of the Urgonian platform, an age which is conform with ages obtained in the Helvetic
Alps and elsewhere along the northern Tethyan margin. 相似文献
6.
Joy K. Adams 《GeoJournal》2010,75(3):303-314
Sustained migration of Hispanics and Anglos into Texas’s historical “German belt” has contributed to a significant decline
in the proportion of Central Texans claiming German ancestry. Under these circumstances, ethnic festivals are playing an increasingly
important role in maintaining the German-American identity of many of the region’s people and places. Organizers and participants
frequently tout the events’ inclusiveness, claiming that anyone can temporarily cross ethnic boundaries to become “German
for a day” within the festival context. However, participant observation and surveys of festival participants in three historically
German-American communities (Brenham, Fredericksburg, and New Braunfels) suggest that ethnic-themed events mirror processes
of racialization that have persisted in the region for more than 150 years. In this paper, I argue that, in helping to construct
“German” identities for the region’s people and places, German-themed events in Central Texas are implicitly involved in the
construction of “non-German” and, by extension “non-white,” ethnic identities. Further, event participation patterns reflect
a long-standing black-white racial dichotomy in the region. Within this ethnoracial hierarchy, Hispanics have long occupied
a liminal status that is reflected by their involvement in the production and consumption of German-themed events. I contend
that Hispanics’ participation in German heritage festivals reflects not only a historical process of “whitening” their racial
status but their increasing presence and power within the region. 相似文献
7.
Chemodynamics of trace metal fractions in surface sediments of the Pandoh Lake,Lesser Himalaya,India
Anshumali A. L. Ramanathan Gurdeep Singh Gurmeet Singh Rajesh Ranjan Parijat Tripathi 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(8):1865-1879
The seasonal variation in the trace metals’ concentrations (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were investigated in surface
sediments of the Pandoh Lake. The horizontal distribution of TC, TN, and TP reflects spatial and temporal differences in sedimentary
organic production. The chemical sequential extraction of heavy metals was carried out by seven-step fractionation scheme
(Leleyter and Probst in Int J Environ Chem 73:109–128, 1999). The significant concentrations of Ni and Cd were associated with “water soluble (Eua)” fraction in the monsoon and winter,
respectively, while “exchangeable (Exch)” and “carbonate-bound (Carb)” fractions for Ni and Cd were abundant in winter and
summer. The Cd, Cu, and Pb associated with “Exch” fraction in the summer season support their availability on exchange sites
due to oxidized nature of surface sediments. Enrichment of Co, Fe, Mn, and Zn in “AFeO” fraction showed poor bioavailability,
while Cd, Cu, and Mn in the monsoon, Co in the winter and summer, and Zn in the winter season showed significant “organically
bound (Org)” fraction. The ANOVA was significant for chemical fractions of trace elements except “Carb” fraction of Pb and
Zn and “CFeO” fraction of Pb. Factor analysis revealed that the “Eua”, “Exch”, and “Carb” fractions together control the metal
enrichment of “MnO”, “AFeO”, and “CFeO” fractions in the summer season. 相似文献
8.
Cynthia S. Simmons 《GeoJournal》2005,64(4):307-317
Brazil possesses a long history of violent struggle for land, and its most recent phase is occurring predominantly in the
Amazon Basin. Consequently, this paper attempts to territorialize land conflict in the Brazilian Amazon, and in so doing,
to illuminate the place-specific intersection of historic social, political, and economic circumstance that created a violent
landscape in the so-called “South of Pará.” The paper’s premise is that such conflict can be best viewed as resulting from
a dialectic between general social processes operating across spatial scales, which create necessary conditions for conflict,
and place-specific historical circumstances that transform necessary into sufficient conditions. The paper presents a framework
integrating the theory of contentious politics and literatures addressing violence associated with the Amazonian frontier
and with resource scarcity (and abundance). The discussion and theoretical application deconstruct the environmental, cognitive,
and relational mechanisms that created violence in the South of Pará, and set the stage for the Eldorado dos Carajás massacre in April of 1996. 相似文献
9.
Joseph Palis 《GeoJournal》2009,74(3):227-234
My paper aims to ask what space characterizes the various constructs of orientalism and othering in the early short films
of Thomas Edison. Using Lefebvre’s concept that social space “subsumes things produced, and encompasses their interrelationships
in their coexistence and simultaneity” in these early shorts, I will look at three Biograph actualities found at the Library
of Congress-American Memory page to show how space is manifested and negotiated onscreen. I will examine Edison’s “Filipinos
Retreat From Trenches”, “Capture of Trenches at Candaba” and “U.S. Troops and Red Cross in the Trenches Before Caloocan” which
were all released in 1899. These reenacted short films were shot during the tumultuous years of the Spanish-American War.
In the Biograph shorts, the privileged positions of both Spanish and American forces in relation to the annexation of a foreign
land in world history books is indicative of the tendency to de-emphasize the contribution of the native population in the
war. Manthia Diawara has said that “space is related to power and powerlessness, insofar as those who occupy the center of
the screen are usually more powerful than those in the background or completely absent from the screen.” The spatial hierarchies
and spatially situated images in Edison’s short films show how historically configured power relations encrypted oppression
to its external “others” through the cinematic apparatus.
相似文献
Joseph PalisEmail: |
10.
Shumei XU Shikui ZHAI Aibin ZHANG Huaijing ZHANG Haijian LU 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2008,2(1):10-16
The grain size and element (including redox sensitive elements and terrigenous elements) concentration of surface sediments
from the Changjiang Estuary hypoxia zone and its adjacent sea area were measured in this research. Based on the obtained data,
the hypoxic environment’s influence on the distribution of elements in surface sediments was further studied. We believe that
the “redox environment effect” greatly influences the distribution of the RSE, which reveals the “patchy enrichment pattern”
offshore in the hypoxia zone, while the distribution of the terrigenous elements which shows the “stripped enrichment pattern”
near shore is mainly affected by “granularity effects”. Due to the existence of the hypoxia zone of the Changjiang Estuary,
the distribution of the RSE such as Mo, Cd and V in the study area exhibits the characteristics of “redox environment effects”.
__________
Translated from Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2007, 27(3):1–8 [译自: 海洋地质与第四纪地质] 相似文献
11.
From brain drain to brain gain: reverse migration to Bangalore and Hyderabad, India’s globalizing high tech cities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Elizabeth Chacko 《GeoJournal》2007,68(2-3):131-140
This paper assesses the mutual impact of returning Indian-origin skilled workers on the cities of Bangalore (Bengaluru) and
Hyderabad, which have emerged as India’s leading “tech cities”. During the 1970s and 1980s, there was concern that India was
losing its educated workforce to the West, particularly to the United States through a phenomenon known as “brain drain”.
More recently, there is evidence that reverse brain drain is occurring, as U.S.-trained Indian professionals are returning
to their home country in increasing numbers to take advantage of new growth and employment opportunities. The effects of this
skilled, transnationally active labor force on various sectors of the economy, on the social and physical infrastructure of
Bangalore and Hyderabad and in forging and solidifying transnational linkages between India and the United States are explored
in this paper. This study also investigates the reasons why successful US professionals of Asian-Indian origin are returning
to their home country via a series of personal interviews. The paper offers Bangalore and Hyderabad as “worldwide leading
cities” with a niche status in the global Information Technology (IT) sector. 相似文献
12.
Evelyn J. Peters 《GeoJournal》2006,65(4):315-327
Recent work in political geography has emphasised how scale plays a role in constituting relationships and identities. Historically,
the Canadian federal government has taken responsibilities for social services for First Nations people on reserves, leaving
this responsibility to provinces for First Nations people in cities. This constitutes First Nations women as individuals with
Aboriginal rights only on reserves, and as part of mainstream society in urban areas. First Nations women have challenged
the definitions of their identities embedded in these scales of service provision. In presenting alternative geographies for
organising the provision of services, they demonstrate the importance of paying attention to the diversity of women’s everyday
geographies in the city.
This is a phrase from Vicki English’s (1993) presentation to the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, where she argues that treaty rights to housing, education, medicare
and other services should not be confined to the boundaries of reserves.
I use the term “First Nations” to refer to people who identify themselves as such, including people who are and are not registered
pursuant to the Indian Act. By “Aboriginal peoples” I mean the descendants of the indigenous people in Canada, including First Nations people, Métis
and Inuit. The Census of Canada uses the term “North American Indian” to refer to First Nations people, and I employ this
terminology for clarity in some cases.
相似文献
相似文献
13.
William R. Stanley Prof. Dr. 《GeoJournal》1990,22(1):67-79
Taxes and royalties from the oil industry in Nigeria have made possible massive infrastructural and social development throughout the country; this single industry continues to be the most important contributor to the national treasury. Along with oil, however, have come environmental and social problems, some severe and, in the social sector, possibly of long duration. Questionnaires were employed to solicit environmental and socioeconomic information from residents in the oil-impacted area as well as to ascertain the views of the oil companies with respect to their Nigerian operations, in particular to their socio-economic responsibilities to the local residents. Responses point to serious discontent on the part of the impacted population, especially in the most important southern (Niger Delta) oil producing region. These negative attitudes in part are based upon the impacted population’s inability to secure for itself a sufficiently large number of oil industry jobs and in part to the presence in the local community of ethnic strangers who do have such employment. There is evidence of serious environmental damage, but its biological dimension has been overshadowed by claims for monetary compensation at the local level. Data derived from these investigations might well be applicable in the wider field of trans-national mining and petroleum extraction operations in developing countries, especially to the unwritten social obligations of the expatriate firm to local residents. 相似文献
14.
A. M. Nikanorov 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2009,429(2):1559-1561
This report gives the conceptual approaches to the development of the theory of the formation of natural water composition
in view of the primary properties of aquatic ecosystems: the “principle of uncertainty” in the estimation of the conditions,
the “continuity” of the changes proceeding, and the “plurality” of water’s natural structure and components (biotic and abiotic),
as well as their interaction processes. The importance and features of each of these basical criteria for characterizing the
conditions of an aquatic ecosystems are substantiated in theory. 相似文献
15.
Acta Geochimica - A suite of crude oil samples, that had not been previously characterized geochemically, was collected from two oil fields in the southwest Niger Delta Nigeria. The saturate... 相似文献
16.
Kalliopi Sapountzaki 《Natural Hazards》2012,60(3):1267-1285
The article decodes and analyzes the standard functions of social and social-ecological systems when they manage their own
vulnerability. The author acknowledges these as “Resilience functions” or “Operational Resilience”. For this purpose, she
follows a “Vulnerability Actor” (V Actor)-based approach. V Actor is considered as a system faced with multiple hazards, carrying
various vulnerability facets (physical, economic, institutional, etc.) and attempting to transform, transfer, rearrange them
in time and space so as to achieve Actor’s own persistence. It is these processes of vulnerability re-arrangement that are
identified by the author as Resilience functions and which change the vulnerability not only of the V Actor performing resilience
but also others’. Performance of Resilience functions presupposes attraction and employment of resources by the Actor, not
only own, current and inherent but also other resources to be found in spatial and temporal scales external to or beyond the
Actor but which the Actor can appeal to. This attraction most probably leads to deprivation of others of the necessary resources
for their persistence, recovery, etc. When somebody’ vulnerability is reduced sometimes somewhere, it is most probable that
others elsewhere are encumbered with extra vulnerability, currently or in the future. Hence, what resilience can only do is
vulnerability re-arrangement, re-setting and management. The proposed systemic approach is documented on current state of
art regarding interactions between vulnerability and resilience to hazards and on empirical evidence from the international
experience of responses to natural hazards. 相似文献
17.
Sarah Gall 《GeoJournal》2009,74(6):525-540
The focus on ‘flexible specialisation’ in the 1980s and 1990s marked an important turning point in framings of economic agency
and diversity within economic geography. This article deconstructs the ways in which subjects were framed as ‘flexible’ in
both the flexible specialisation literature and later work on the Diverse Economy (Gibson-Graham 1996, 2002, 2006), seeking out particular examples of the ways in which different projects of subjection appear to frame different views of
economic possibility. Drawing richly on a case study of residents in an inner-city neighbourhood of West End, Brisbane (Australia),
this paper uses resident’s articulations of their everyday practices to reinvigorate some of the ideas of the flexible specialisation
literature and challenge, defamiliarise and rework existing ideas of economic life in “First World”, urban contexts. 相似文献
18.
This paper briefly reviews the sociological literature on the “New” Chinatown phenomenon stressing its structural location
vis-à-vis the “Old” Chinatown and the homeland. It defines the New Chinatown as a panethnopolis, that is a global neighborhood
with a majority population of Chinese immigrants and of other ethnic groups of mostly Asian descent. It analyzes more particularly
the formation, development, and integration of San Francisco’s Richmond District’s New Chinatown into both the city where
it is located and the network of transglobal sites to which it belongs. It provides an interpretation of the New Chinatown
as a cultural enclave within the context of globalization theory. 相似文献
19.
Brennan Kraxberger 《GeoJournal》2004,60(1):81-92
There has been a long-term, halting diffusion of the liberal democratic state. The literature on democratization, however,
tends to underplay issues of geo-historical context. This paper addresses the relationship between geo-historical context
and democratization through a case study of Nigeria. Key contextual factors of transition discussed include: international
pressure for democratization, geo-political dynamics of pro-democracy coalitions, and local and trans-local political economic
relationships. Nigeria under the military governments of Babangida and Abacha (1985–1998) was in a perpetual half-hearted
state of transition to democracy. The country's status as a major oil exporter allowed it relative immunity from international
pressure for democratization. Beyond repression and neo-patrimonialism, both governments deployed a distinctly spatial resistance
strategy, that of state creation. The generals tried to shift attention away from regime failures and excesses, notably the
illegitimacy of military rule and economic decline. Mobilization for state creation served to divide opposition to military
government because it focused attention at the local scale, as new state movements competed for access to centrally controlled
resources and political recognition of their ethno-regional group(s). This transition period produced several legacies for
Nigeria's Fourth Republic (1999-). These include: a dysfunctional national state apparatus; problems of national disunity;
and a stagnant economy. These legacies of transition present major obstacles to national development and the consolidation
of a liberal democratic state. The Nigerian case points to a broader need for an understanding of geo-historical context in
assessing prospects for the spread of democracy.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Summary The geometry of the rock joint is a governing factor for joint mechanical and hydraulic behaviour. A new method for evaluating
the aperture distribution, based on measurement of joint surfaces and three dimensional characteristics of each surface, is
developed. This method allows one to determine and visualize the aperture distribution under different normal stresses and
shear displacements, which is difficult to observe experimentally. A new laser scanner system is designed and developed for
joint surface measurements. Special attention is paid to both surfaces’ data gained by measurements and processing, such as
x-y coordinate table modification, data referencing, and matching between upper and lower surfaces. The surfaces of an artificial
joint in granite are measured, processed, analyzed and three dimensional approaches are carried out for surface characterization.
Parameters such as “asperity’s heights”, “slope angles”, and “aspects” distribution at micro scale, local concentration of
elements and their spatial localization at local scale are determined by Geographic Information System (GIS). These parameters
are used for joint surfaces matching and its real behavior quantitative analysis. The upper surface is brought down to make
contact with the lower surface and the distance between the two surfaces is evaluated from the joint mean experimental aperture,
which is obtained from normal and shear tests. Changes of aperture distribution at different normal stresses and various shear
displacements are visualized and interpreted. Increasing normal load causes negative changes in aperture frequency distribution
which indicates high joint matching. However, increasing shear displacement causes a rapid increase in the aperture and positive
changes in the aperture frequency distribution, which could be due to un-matching, surface anisotropy and spatial localization
of contact points with proceeding shear.
Author’s address: Mostafa Sharifzadeh, Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of
Technology, Hafez 424, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran 相似文献