PCB uptake and accumulation by oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed via a contaminated algal diet.

Reproductively active oysters were fed daily with 0.2 g algal paste containing 0, 0.1, and 1.0 microgram polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (1:1:1 mixture of Aroclor 1242, 1254 and 1260) for either 15 or 30 days, and accumulation of PCBs in different organ tissues and eggs assessed. The effects of PCB exposure on lipid content, lipid class and fatty acid composition were also evaluated. PCBs were accumulated by the oysters and transferred to the eggs. PCB accumulation in oysters was dose, time and tissue dependent. Mean PCB contents were 3150, 1970, and 250 ng/g dry wt., respectively, in the visceral mass, gills + mantle and muscle of oysters fed algal paste containing 1.0 microgram PCBs for 30 days. The PCBs in the eggs from the same oysters reached 671 ng PCBs/g dry wt. Feeding oysters with PCB-sorbed algal paste for 30 days significantly increased phospholipid and free fatty acid contents in gills + mantle tissue compared to the same tissues in the undosed control.     

Does PCB accumulation affect the lipid metabolism of the reproductively active oyster Crassostrea virginica?

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pose a severe ecological risk. They are hydrophobic and are efficiently sequestered in lipid-rich tissues. Lipids function as energy reserves and as membrane components, and are essential for growth and reproductive processes in bivalves. Accumulation of PCBs may affect the mobilization of lipid reserves and membrane lipid composition; thus they may also impair reproductive and developmental processes. To test whether there are any changes in lipid metabolism, the lipid class and fatty acid composition in structural and reserve lipids of visceral mass, gills and mantle, and eggs of reproductively active oysters were examined. Oysters were fed daily with 0.2 g algal paste containing 0, 0.1, or 1.0 μg PCBs for 15 and 30 days. PCBs in the oyster tissues and eggs were also quantified. After 30 days of exposure PCBs were highly accumulated, up to 2635 ng/g in the visceral mass, 1880 ng/g in gill+mantle, and 671 ng/g (dry wt. bases). No significant changes were noted in either lipid class composition or fatty acid composition of structural or reserve lipids from PCB-exposed oyster tissues and eggs.     

Effects of PCBs sorbed to algal paste and sediments on the stress protein response (HSP70 family) in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica.

This study examined the stress protein response (HSP70 family) of reproductively inactive oysters fed 0.7 g algal paste containing 0, 0.35 and 3.5 micrograms polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) daily. A second set of treatment groups investigated the combined effect of PCBs and sediments (0.3 g sediments daily per oyster) on HSP70 response. After 8 weeks of PCB exposure, oyster tissues (mantle and gill) were sampled and analyzed for HSP70. Preliminary results did not show a significant effect in HSP70 response in oysters fed PCB sorbed to algal paste, albeit PCBs accumulated up to 1342 ng/g dry weight in the mantle, and up to 180 ng/g dry weight in gill tissues. However, the addition of sediments caused a significant increase in HSP70 levels of gills and mantle, although the mantle was less sensitive to the sediments.     

The effect of PCBs on glycogen reserves in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica

Recent declines in Chesapeake Bay oyster populations have been attributed to disease, and reduced water quality from pollution. The stress associated with pollutant exposure may reduce energy available for growth and reproduction. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are lipophilic contaminants that may potentially affect mobilization of lipid reserves, increasing reliance on glycogen stores, which could otherwise be utilized to supply energy for gametogenesis. Thus, PCBs may indirectly affect glycogen stores in oysters in a deleterious manner. To test for this effect, reproductively inactive oysters were exposed to PCBs by feeding individuals 0.7 g of algal paste containing 0, 0.35, or 3.5 μg PCBs daily for 8 weeks. Additionally, a group of oysters was exposed to PCBs (0, 0.35, and 3.5 μg) plus 0.3 g of non-toxic artificial sediment to examine interactive effects of sediment particles and PCBs. Adductor muscle, mantle, and gonadal tissues were analyzed for glycogen content. Results suggest that glycogen content is reduced in the adductor muscle with increasing PCB exposure, but there are no effects of PCBs in the mantle and gonadal tissues.     

The effect of PCBs on glycogen reserves in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica.

Recent declines in Chesapeake Bay oyster populations have been attributed to disease, and reduced water quality from pollution. The stress associated with pollutant exposure may reduce energy available for growth and reproduction. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are lipophilic contaminants that may potentially affect mobilization of lipid reserves, increasing reliance on glycogen stores, which could otherwise be utilized to supply energy for gametogenesis. Thus, PCBs may indirectly affect glycogen stores in oysters in a deleterious manner. To test for this effect, reproductively inactive oysters were exposed to PCBs by feeding individuals 0.7 g of algal paste containing 0, 0.35, or 3.5 micrograms PCBs daily for 8 weeks. Additionally, a group of oysters was exposed to PCBs (0, 0.35, and 3.5 micrograms) plus 0.3 g of non-toxic artificial sediment to examine interactive effects of sediment particles and PCBs. Adductor muscle, mantle, and gonadal tissues were analyzed for glycogen content. Results suggest that glycogen content is reduced in the adductor muscle with increasing PCB exposure, but there are no effects of PCBs in the mantle and gonadal tissues.     

中国海洋贻贝观察：华南沿海近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)体多氯联苯含量时空变化

根据近年观测和历史资料,分析了南海北部沿岸海域近江牡蛎样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)含量状况。气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定结果显示:2006—2007年,南海北部沿岸海域近江牡蛎样品中PCBs残留量为0.003—0.253mg/kg(湿重),虽然没有超过国内外贝类卫生标准,也低于俄罗斯西部沿岸海域、英格兰梅斯河口和日本东京湾贻贝中的含量,但明显高于其它7个亚洲国家沿岸海域贻贝中的含量;牡蛎样品中PCBs含量表现出明显的空间差异,测站最高值(1243ng/g,干重)与最低值(82ng/g)相差15倍,在粤东沿岸海域(487ng/g)明显高于珠江口沿岸海域、粤西沿岸海域、海南岛沿岸海域和北部湾湾顶海域(分别为218、202、207和268ng/g)。2003—2007年,广东沿岸海域牡蛎样品中PCBs干重含量为30—2041ng/g,比1989—1991年的0.35—1.43ng/g明显增加,平均值171ng/g比1989—1991年的0.62ng/g增加近275倍,其区域分布格局在1989—1991年为珠江口沿岸海域>粤东沿岸海域和粤西沿岸海域,但近年来变为粤东沿岸海域>珠江口沿岸海域和粤西沿岸海域。     

茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)脂肪积累对其4个组织能量积累贡献的研究

茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是重要的大洋性经济头足类,其性腺组织发育滞后于个体生长,但在性腺发育开始后生殖能量积累显著。为研究茎柔鱼脂肪积累对组织能量积累的贡献,采用组织能量密度测定技术和组织脂肪萃取技术对茎柔鱼卵巢、输卵管卵子、肌肉和消化腺4个组织脱脂前后的组织能量密度、单位质量脂肪含量及脂肪能量进行测定和分析。结果显示,脱脂前各组织的能量密度以消化腺最大,为(27.34±0.85) kJ/g;脱脂后的能量密度则以输卵管卵子的最大,为(20.01±0.56) kJ/g。各组织脱脂后的能量密度值均下降显著,尤以消化腺的下降最大,达31%。消化腺的单位质量脂肪含量最高,为(413.83±96.81) mg/g,其次为输卵管卵子和卵巢,肌肉组织的最低。在生理性成熟后,卵巢组织脂肪积累较大,输卵管卵子、肌肉和消化腺等组织则维持较稳定的脂肪积累水平。4个组织的脂肪能量占比的平均值在10%~32%之间。综上研究表明,脂肪是茎柔鱼卵巢、输卵管卵子、肌肉和消化腺等组织的重要能量物质,在组织能量积累过程中起着重要的作用。     

Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in prawns and a mud crab from mixed-aquaculture ponds

The bioaccumulation of ten polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners was investigated within different tissues in three prawns (Penaeusorientalis Kishinouce, Laomedia astacina de Haan and Penaeus vannamei Boone) and one mud crab (Scylla serrata Forsskal) from mixed-aquaculture ponds in Taizhou in April 2007. The average concentrations (wet mass) of Σ PCBs in muscle, head, and rind tissues for mean among these prawn species were 7.04, 21.16, and 11.47 ng/g, respectively. The average concentrations of Σ PCBs in muscle, branchia, and spawn in Scylla serrata were 6.49, 21.13, and 19.76 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of CB28 were the highest in prawn tissues (2.40 ng/g), and accounted for 18.60% of Σ PCBs. The concentration of CB52 was the lowest. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) for the estimation of PCB sources of contamination resulted in first component main contributions of CB101, CB153 and CB28 in the muscle, head, and rind in combined prawn samples, respectively. The enrichment level of Σ PCBs for different tissues varied greatly. The accumulation coefficient of Σ PCBs in prawn muscle, head, and rind tissues were 396.35, 1 191.79, and 645.91, respectively. For the Scylla serrata, the accumulation coefficients were 365.81, 1 190.50, and 1 113.31 for muscle, branchia, and spawn tissues, respectively. For prawns, the accumulation coefficient of CB153 was the highest in muscle tissues, while CB155 had the highest coefficients in the head and rind tissues. The CB155 coefficient was the highest in spawn tissues of the mud crab.     

Factors affecting the elimination of PCBs in the marine copepod Acartia tonsa

The effects of feeding, egg laying, and fecal pellet production on the elimination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the marine copepod Acartia tonsa were studied in a series of experiments. Copepods were exposed to ¹⁴C-labelled Aroclor 1254 and allowed to depurate in clean seawater. Copepods fed during depuration eliminated PCBs more rapidly than unfed copepods whether or not the original PCB exposure medium had contained food. Both eggs and fecal pellets contained PCBs during depuration, with the weight specific concentration of PCB in the eggs (up to 407 ppm, dry weight) exceeding four times that in the females that produced them. Female copepods eliminated PCBs twice as rapidly as males, indicating that egg production is an important route for PCB elimination.     

Organochlorine contamination in some odontoceti species from the North Pacific and Indian Ocean

Concentrations of persistent organochlorines were determined in the blubber and melon of 11 species of adult male odontocetis collected from the North Pacific, Indian Ocean and nearby seas. Mean concentrations of DDs (33 μg/g wet wt) were the highest followed by PCBs (32 μg/g wet wt), chlordane compounds (CHLs: 3.7 μg/g wet wt), HCHs (1.1 μg/g wet wt), and HCB (0.32 μg/g wet wt). Odontoceti species inhabiting temperate waters revealed maximum residual concentrations of these contaminants, and the elevated DDT and PCB residues detected seem to suggest that some of the present species might potentially be at high risk. Relatively high DDT concentrations were found in tropical water species, which could be attributed to the current usage of DDT in the tropics and the less movable nature of this compound via long-range atmospheric transport. The HCH levels in animals inhabiting cold and temperate waters were higher than those inhabiting tropical waters, a result that was perhaps reflective of atmospheric transport from the tropical source to the northern sinks. A similar pattern was also observed in PCBs, CHLs and HCB, probably indicating the ongoing discharge of these compounds from mid-latitudes as well as those originating in tropical regions.     

中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)组织中多氯联苯的研究

以珠江口海域的两头中华白海豚为研究对象，采用气相色谱法分析了海豚组织中多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量分布特征和毒性水平。结果表明，PCBs在海豚10种不同组织中的含量范围为25．1—85567．3ng／g，PCBs含量最高的组织为额隆和皮肤，其次为肝脏、肌肉、心脏、睾丸和脑，最低的为肺、胃和肾脏；PCBs同系物和同族物在海豚不同组织中的分布特征相似，同系物中以PCB101＋113和PCB153所占总量的百分比最大，在10．25％-51．70％之间；在同族物中以含在同族物中以5个氯原子和6个氯原子的PCBs为主，所占百分比均在23．53％-60．06％之间；运用二蛞哄毒性当量（TEQ）评价了中华白海豚不同组织中PCBs的毒性，其TEQs范围为55．9—68191．0pg／g，其中皮肤TEQs含量最高。TEQs主要来自非邻位取代的PCBs，占总量的74．15％-99．62％，其中来自PCB126的占34．11％-96．5I％。与世界其他海域海豚的PCBs污染水平相比，成年中华白海豚受PCBs污染严重，其体内的PCBs含量和毒性当量均已超出安全浓度范围，对其健康已造成威胁。     

不同氮源下南极冰藻Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L的生物量、氮吸收与脂肪酸组成研究

微藻培养过程中氮缺失有利于油脂和生物量的积累,然而不同氮源条件下微藻生长与生物量的研究有限,限制了生物油脂的相关研究。本文研究通过研究南极冰藻Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L在不同氮源条件下的细胞生长与油脂积累,进一步探究其作为富集油脂微藻的潜力。研究发现：在含有NH₄CL的培养基中,Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L生长速率最大;在含有NH₄NO₃的条件下,获得了最大干重量0.28 g/L。最高油脂含量0.21 g/g是在缺氮条件下获得,同时得到干重0.24 g/L。在多不饱和脂肪酸的产出方面,NH₄NO₃和NH₄Cl为氮源培养基时要好于缺氮和KNO₃培养基,在NH₄NO₃和NH₄Cl为氮源的培养条件下ICE-L胞内C18：3和C20：5的含量高。比较而言,缺氮和KNO₃培养基时C16：0、C18：1和C18：2的含量要高。     

Impaired growth in the polychaete Armandia brevis exposed to tributyltin in sediment

Juveniles of the opheliid polychaete, Armandia brevis, were exposed to sediment-associated tributyltin (TBT) for 42 days to evaluate toxicity and bioaccumulation. Growth in this species was inhibited in a dose-response fashion by increasing concentrations of TBT. Even though the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) for TBT declined for the higher sediment concentrations, the total butyltins in tissue increased over all sediment concentrations. At the highest sediment concentrations, polychaetes bioaccumulated less TBT than expected, which was most likely due to reduced uptake and continued metabolism of the parent compound. The less than expected BSAF values exhibited by animals at the exposure concentrations causing severe effects are an important finding for assessing responses in the field. It appears that severe biological effects can occur in long-term experiments without the expected high tissue concentrations; an observation likely explained by altered toxicokinetics. Analysis of variance determined the lowest observed effect concentration for growth to be 191 ng/g sediment dry wt. for 21 days of exposure and 101 ng/g sediment dry wt. at day 42, indicating that 21 days was insufficient for delineating the steady-state toxicity response. When based on regression analysis, the sediment concentration causing a 25% inhibition in growth at 42 days exposure was 93 ng/g dry wt. (total organic carbon = 0.58%). A dose-response association was also determined for polychaete net weight and TBT in tissue. The tissue residue associated with a 25% reduction in growth was 2834 ng/g dry wt. at day 42. A comparison of these results with previous work indicates that juveniles are approximately three times more sensitive than adults to TBT exposure. The sediment concentrations affecting growth in this species are commonly found in urban waterways indicating potentially severe impacts for this and other sensitive species.     

Cellular responses and disease expression in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed to suspended field contaminated sediments.

Exposure of oysters to water soluble fractions derived from field-contaminated sediments (FCS) containing predominantly lower molecular weight organic aromatic compounds, has been previously demonstrated to enhance pre-existing infections caused by the protozoan parasite, Perkinsus marinus (Dermo), and the prevalence of experimentally induced infections. To further explore the role of pollution on the onset and progression of disease, effects of suspended FCS from an estuarine creek in Virginia, USA, dominated by higher molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on cellular responses and Dermo disease expression in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were examined. Sediments were collected from a PAH polluted estuarine creek in Virginia, USA. To test effects on cellular response, oysters from Maine were exposed daily to 0, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g suspended FCS (corresponding to 0, 70.2, 105, or 140 microg PAHs, respectively) for 5, 10, 20, and 40 days. Hemocyte activities and plasma lipid, protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were then measured. Exposure stimulated neutral red uptake, MTT reduction, and 3H-leucine incorporation in oyster hemocytes at various exposure times, but did not affect the plasma protein, lipid and LDH levels. To test effects on Dermo expression, oysters from a Dermo enzootic area, with an initial estimated infection prevalence of 39%, were exposed daily to 0, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g suspended FCS (corresponding to 0, 75.0, 113, or 150 microg PAHs, respectively) for 30 days. Exposure enhanced disease expression in oysters. However, no significant change was noted in any measured cellular or humoral parameters.     

大连湾和杭州湾表层沉积物中多氯联苯和有机氯农药及风险评价

对大连湾与杭州湾沉积物样品中多氯联苯(Polychlorinated Biphenyls,PCBs)和有机氯农药(Organochlorine Pesticides,OCPs)进行了分析测定。结果表明,大连湾和杭州湾沉积物中PCBs的含量为0.72~14.87 ng/g和0.76~3.86 ng/g,其中3、4、5氯联苯比例较高,其和超过总含量的70%;OCPs的含量为2.98~32.23 ng/g和1.61~4.71 ng/g,其中主要成分为六六六(Hexachlorocyclohexanes,HCHs)和滴滴涕(Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylenes,DDTs)。大连湾和杭州湾表层沉积物中HCHs主要来自农业使用,而且大连湾有新的DDTs输入,杭州湾表层沉积物中的DDTs则主要来自历史残留。生态风险评价的结果表明,PCBs几乎不会对研究区域产生生态风险,OCPs对杭州湾也不会造成潜在的生态风险,但大连湾的OCPs处于中等风险水平,应当引起关注。     

Transport and accumulation of organochlorines in the ovaries of Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus)

The role of vitellogenin in the transport of organochlorines was investigated in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) by exposing them through the diet to o,p′-DDT at a concentration of 10.8 μg/100 g fish/day for 14 days or Aroclor 1254 (PCB) at a concentration of 0.5 mg/100 g fish/day for 30 days during gonadal recrudescence. Tissue samples were taken from the fish at various times after initial exposure, and o,p′-DDT and PCBs were extracted in acetonitrile and analyzed by gas chromatography. Analysis of the ovarian tissue collected 2 and 3 weeks from the start of exposure revealed that the o,p′-DDT concentration increases as the gonadosomatic index (GSI) increases (r² = 0.63), with accumulation ranging from less than 1% to as much as 8% of the total dosage. Interestingly, o,p′-DDT did not accumulate in the testes during the same exposure period. Accumulation of PCBs was found to be 40 times higher in the ovaries than in the testes. Gel filtration of plasma from exposed females showed that o,p′-DDT elutes in the low density lipoprotein and vitellogenin fractions. Control plasma incubated with o,p′-DDT at 4 °C for 16 h followed by chromatography on Sepharose 6B gave similar results with an o,p′-DDT concentration of 0.6μg/mg protein in the vitellogenin fraction. Furthermore, both o,p′-DDT and PCBs were found to bind to purified croaker vitellogenin. These results suggest that lipoproteins, including vitellogenin, are involved in the transport and accumulation of organochlorines in the ovaries of exposed fish.     

Impact of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the immune function of fish: age as a variable in determining adverse outcome

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a major contaminant of global extent in water resources and aquatic biota. Due to its high lipid solubility, PCBs fail to be degraded and, therefore, continue to bioaccumulate throughout the environment and food chain. To determine the impact of PCBs on the immune system of aged and juvenile Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), fish were injected with the coplanar PCB congener 126 and examined after 3 and 14 days. PCB 126 produced oxidative stress in both age groups of fish 14 days post-injection; however, juvenile medaka appeared more susceptible than aged fish. Humoral immunity, as determined by antibody forming cell (AFC) numbers, was significantly depressed for up to 14 days post-injection in both age groups. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of the fish immune response for predicting PCB-induced immunotoxicity and identify age as a variable in determining adverse outcome.     

Tributyltin compounds in mussels,oysters and sediments of Chinhae Bay,Korea

To study the historical and current status of the environmental levels of organotin compounds in Chinhae Bay in southeast Korea, mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis), oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and sediment cores were analysed for tributyltin (TBT) compounds. TBT concentrations were higher in oysters (mean: 0.25 μg TBT-Sn/g dry wt) than in mussels (mean: 0.20 μg TBT-Sn/g dry wt). The major sources of TBT are in the inner bay, and the highest TBT concentrations of 0.50 μg TBT-Sn/g (mussels) and 0.74 μg TBT-Sn/g (oysters) were observed at the site adjacent to the port. Concentrations of TBT decreased sharply with distance from the inner bay toward the outer bay and there was little TBT in the outer bay. A significant correlation was observed between this distance and the tissue TBT content of oysters and mussels. The concentration and percentages of TBT in sediment cores decreased with depth as a result of debutylation. Half-lives of TBT and dibutyltin (DBT) in sediments were 6.9 and 11.6 y, respectively. The TBT concentrations in mussels were higher than those in sediments by a factor of 4–7.     

锰离子对斜生栅藻DHD-3 的生长和油脂积累的调控作用

研究了培养液中不同锰离子浓度对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)DHD-3 的生长、油脂积累以及脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明, 培养液中不同初始浓度的锰离子对斜生栅藻早期叶绿素积累和生长会产生一定的调节作用, 过高或过低的锰离子都不利于斜生栅藻细胞内叶绿素的积累、微藻的生长和油脂的积累。经过14 d 培养后, 当初始锰离子的添加量为2.72 mg/L 时, 斜生栅藻的生物量和细胞内油脂含量分别达到2.9 g/L 和细胞干重的55.1%, 细胞内油脂含量比对照组提高了11%; 同时, 单位水体中油脂的产量达到了1.6 g/L, 比对照组提高了14%, 但改变锰离子的初始浓度并不对斜生栅藻脂肪酸的组成产生明显影响。