Capturing digital data with handheld devices to determine the redox regime,lithology, and provenance of siliciclastic sediments and residual deposits—a review and field manual

Geomagnetic (magnetic susceptibility), geoelectrical (resistivity and conductivity, self-potential/SP, induced polarization/IP), and radiometric measurements (gamma radiation of K, U, and Th) are well adapted to the needs and wants of geoscientists and exploration geologists, in particular, who widely use them in wireline tools and for ground surveys. Miniaturization of technical components resulted in the production of handheld devices which enable field geologists to an improving of the mineralogical and chemical database and the efficiency of the routine work in the field or at a drill site. The tools and devices used by a field geologist are categorized and presented in a tripartite set. The tools for routine field work with “hammer and laptop” belong to the A-level kit. The handheld devices under consideration constitute an intermediate level (B-level) to enhance the mineralogical and chemical database using physical methods. More advanced level applications make use of short-wave infra-red mineral analyzers or portable X-ray fluorescence devices (C-level). Handheld tools are designed for one-dimensional (cross-sectioning) and two-dimensional (mapping) surveys as well as drill core and cuttings examinations during terrain analysis. They can be operated in foot-borne surveys by one field geologist and the obtained data interpreted without an exuberant computing capacity. In the present overview, siliciclastic rocks and residual deposits have been singled out for their good response to the afore-mentioned methods. Their practical use is demonstrated by means of some case histories, each standing for a particular sedimentary lithology and discussed in combination with similar applications from literature: mixed-type (calcareous) siliciclastic rocks from Mesozoic–Cenozoic basins, SE Germany; residual argillaceous/kaolin deposits on top of granites of the Variscan basement, SE Germany; Neogene red-bed sediments from the promontory of the Tien Shan, East Uzbekistan; and Cretaceous gray-bed sediments with coal seams from the Baganuur basin, Central Mongolia. Cobweb diagrams, histograms, ternary diagrams, simple x-y plots and x-y plots in combination with spider diagrams have proved to be the most suitable ways when it comes to combine the data obtained from various methods and to illustrate these results for further interpretation on screen. The geophysical methods are discussed as to their strong and weak points to cater for a solution in three important subject matters of applied and genetic sedimentology: (1) constraining the redox regime, (2) determination of the lithology and mineralogy, (3) and provenance analysis and lithostratigraphy. Magnetic methods have proved to be useful for all objectives (1, 2, and 3), gamma spectrometry can successfully be applied for objectives 1 and 2, and micro-resistivity contributes significantly to solutions of objective 2. Magnetic and gamma spectrometric methods do not need any direct contact with the sedimentary rocks and therefore can be correlated with equivalent airborne surveys and are less depending on the wetability of the substrate and climate than the geoelectrical methods under study. The final goal of this review is to create a matrix of applicability of the methods and enable the field geologist to select the most suitable type of geophysical measurement or combination of tools for a solution to one of the three issues as a function of the sediment types under study.     

基于开源GIS的煤矿地测数据服务平台研究

分析了煤矿信息化的现状以及构建煤矿地测数据服务体系的需求。并结合煤矿实际生产需要,根据开源软件的特点,采用WebGIS技术,设计并实现了开源环境下基于B/S（浏览器／月艮务器）模式的煤矿地测数据服务平台,提出了一种能够满足煤矿地测数据共享需求的开源webGIs解决方案。     

应用对象关系型数据库存储GIS数据

在比较目前主要GIS存储方式的基础上，认为基于对象关系型数据库存储GIS数据是一种良好的选择。讨论了对象关系型数据库系统Postgre-SQL的特点及其适合于存储GIS数据的一些优异特性，主要包括基本的空间数据类型及内置空间操作符及可扩展机制等；并讨论了基于OpenGIS标准扩展该数据库以实现地理信息数据存储的方法，主要包括空间数据类型的扩展及空间操作扩展；最后讨论了三维地理信息系统的扩展，在三维数据结构方面采用单纯复型作为基本数据模型，在空间的几何属性中引入几何体的包围盒，并通过R-树等索引函数进一步提高速度。另外还实现了空间数据操作的两类重要函数，即空间位置判断和并、交、分、割、裁剪等物体运算函数。所有的内核函数基于C及C 实现，而在客户端通过JAVA实现服务器数据的访问。     

新一代的软件结构T-C-V结构

随着云GIS理念的提出及深化, 继局部网软件的C/S结构、互联网软件的B/S结构之后, 提出新一代适合云计算、云服务的软件结构——T-C-V结构(terminal-cloud-virtual), 并从基本概念、总体结构及核心技术等方面对其进行了详细阐述.在该结构中, V层基于底层的虚拟化软硬件设备, 屏蔽不同计算机、不同网络、不同存储设备的异构特性, 为上层应用提供统一高效的运行环境; C层是海量地理信息数据、服务和资源管理与服务体系框架; T层面向政府、企业、公众等信息使用者, 提供标准访问接口, 搭建各类终端应用.可以说, T-C-V结构将改变地理信息服务模式、计算模式和商业模式, 可以更好的交互、更加透明化的创建面向大众和企业的应用.      

浅谈手持GPS在地质矿区勘查中的应用

手持GPS未经参数校正时定位精度为80~120 m,利用测量控制点进行参数校正后定位精度可提高至5 m以内,在地质勘查中熟练运用手持GPS将大大提高野外工作效率。     

TSDS: high-performance merge, subset, and filter software for time series-like data

Time Series Data Server (TSDS) is a software package for implementing a server that provides fast super-setting, sub-setting, filtering, and uniform gridding of time series-like data. TSDS was developed to respond quickly to requests for long time spans of data. Data may be served from a fast database, typically created by aggregating granules (e.g., data files) from a remote data source and storing them in a local cache that is optimized for serving time series. The system was designed specifically for time series data, and is optimized for requests where the longest dimension of the requested data structure is time. Scalar, vector, and spectrogram time series types are supported. The user can interact with the server by requesting a time series, a date range, and an optional filter to apply to the data. Available filters include strides, block average/minimum/maximum, exclude, and inequality. Constraint expressions are supported, which allow such operations as a request for data from one time series when a different time series satisfied a specified relationship. TSDS builds upon DAP (Data Access Protocol), NcML (netCDF Mark-up language) and related software libraries. In this work, we describe the current design of this server, as well as planned features and potential implementation strategies.     

Developing service-oriented applications in a grid environment

The Open-source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol (OPeNDAP) software framework has evolved over the last 10 years to become a robust, high performance, service oriented architecture for the access and transport of scientific data from a broad variety of disciplines, over the Internet. Starting with version 4.0 of the server release, Hyrax, has at its core, the Back-End Server (BES). The BES offers ease of programming, extensibility and reliability allowing added functionality especially related to high-performance data Grids, that goes beyond its original goal of distributed data access. We present the fundamentals of the BES server as a component based architecture, as well as our experiences using the BES to distribute data processing in Grid-oriented intensive parallel computational tasks.     

初论全国重要成矿区带基础数据库服务体系

全国重要成矿区带基础数据库服务体系分为技术服务和数据服务两大部分.在技术服务层面上,根据全国重要成矿区带基础数据的特点,划分了数据裁剪类型;利用2个长二进制字段分别存储图元信息和拓扑信息,解决了空间数据装入数据库中易造成数据丢失和格式转换信息缺失的难题;利用关系数据库和空间数据引擎解决了属性数据和空间数据一体化存储和联合查询难题.在数据服务层面上,指出采用WebGIS在线服务、目录服务和解说服务以及光盘邮寄服务相互结合、互相补充的方式,既可以很好地满足用户需求,又能保证数据的安全;并划分了数据类型和用户级别;提出了保护数据安全的策略.     

Interactive visualization of 3D mantle convection

The current availability of thousands of processors at many high performance computing centers has made it feasible to carry out, in near real time, interactive visualization of 3D mantle convection temperature fields, using grid configurations having 10–100 million unknowns. We will describe the technical details involved in carrying out this endeavor, using the facilities available at the Laboratory of Computational Science and Engineering (LCSE) at the University of Minnesota. These technical details involve the modification of a parallel mantle convection program, ACuTEMan; the usage of client–server socket based programs to transfer upwards of a terabyte of time series scientific model data using a local network; a rendering system containing multiple nodes; a high resolution PowerWall display, and the interactive visualization software, DSCVR. We have found that working in an interactive visualizastion mode allows for fast and efficient analysis of mantle convection results. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Interactive Web-Based Map: Applications to Large Data Sets in the Geosciences

Current advances in computer hardware, information technology and data collection techniques have produced very large data sets in a wide variety of scientific and engineering disciplines. We must harness this opportunity to visualize and extract useful information from geophysical and geological data. We have taken the task of data mining by implementing a map-like approach over a web server for interrogating the data, using a client-server paradigm. The spatial-data is mapped onto a two-dimensional grid from which the user (client) can quiz the data with the map-interface as a user extension. The data is stored on the server, while the computational gateway separating the client and the server can be the front-end of an electronic publication, electronic classroom, a survey, or an e-business. We have used a combination of Java, Java3D, and Perl for processing the data and communicating between the client and the server. The user can interrogate the geospatial data over any particular region with arbitrary dimensions and then receive back relevant statistical analysis, such as the histogram plots and local statistics. We have applied this method for the following data sets: (1.) distribution of prime numbers (2.) two-dimensional mantle convection (3.) three-dimensional mantle convection (4.) high-resolution satellite reflectance data over multiple wavelengths (5.) molecular dynamics describing the flow of blood in narrow vessels. Using the map-interface, one can actually interrogate this data over the Internet.     

基于插件技术的GIS Server架构模型的设计

为了提高地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS) Server的稳定性、易开发性和扩展性,提出基于插件技术多进程模式GIS Server的解决方案.服务器模型由进程调度管理模块和执行进程组成,利用资源分配解决多用户并发操作的问题.按照执行功能作用,服务器模型分为服务层、GIS操作层、用户管理层、执行进程和地图文档层5个模块.在实现方面,根据服务器响应请求的流程将功能实现的过程分解,提出功能插件化的设计思想,使其与服务器相对独立.该模型实现了负载均衡,运行更加稳定,采用插件和Web Service技术开发应用功能,更加简单高效.      

全国地质资料目录服务中心异地负载均衡试验

目前全国地质资料目录服务中心系统处于单点运行,数据安全级别较低;利用现有的软硬件资源,通过部署智能DNS、反向代理服务器、Windows的DFS分布式文件系统、My SQL数据备份等,构建试验环境,实现数据的异地分布、负载均衡、备份和高可用。     

Parallel implementations of streamline simulators

We discuss various strategies for parallelizing streamline simulators and present a single-phase shared memory implementation. The choice of a shared memory programming model is motivated by its suitability for streamline simulation, as well as the rapid advance of multicore processors, which are readily available at low-cost. We show that streamline-based methods are easily parallelizable on shared memory architectures through their decomposition of the multidimensional transport equations into a large set of independent 1D transport solves. We tested both a specialized explicit load balancing algorithm that optimizes the streamline load distribution across threads to minimize the time that any of the threads are idle, and the dynamic load balancing algorithms provided by OpenMP on the shared memory machines. Our results clearly indicate that built-in schedulers are competitive with specialized load balancing strategies as long as the number of streamlines per thread is sufficiently high, which is the case in field applications. The average workload per thread is nominally insensitive to workload variations between individual streamlines, and any load balancing advantage offered by explicit strategies is not sufficient to overcome associated computational and parallel overhead. In terms of the allocation of streamlines or streamline segments to threads, we investigated both the distributed approach, in which threads are assigned streamline segments, and the owner approach, in which threads own complete streamlines. We found that the owner approach is most suitable. The slight advantage that the distributed approach has in terms of load balancing is not enough to compensate for the additional overheads. Moreover, the owner approach allows straightforward re-use of existing sequential codes, which is not the case for the distributed approach in case of implicit or adaptive implicit solution strategies. The tracing and mapping stages in streamline simulation have low parallel efficiency. However, in real-field models, the computational burden of the streamline solves is significantly heavier than that of the tracing and mapping stages, and therefore, the impact of these stages is limited. We tested the parallelization on three shared memory systems: a 24 dual-core processor Sun SPARC server; an eight-way Sun Opteron server, representative of the state-of-the-art shared memory systems in use in the industry; and the very recently released Sun Niagara II multicore machine that has eight floating point compute units on the chip. We test a single-phase flow problem on three heterogeneous reservoirs with varying well placements (this system gives the worst case scenario as the tracing and mapping costs are not negligible compared to the transport costs). For the SPARC and Opteron system, we find parallel efficiencies ranging between 60 and 75 for the tracer flow problems. The sublinear speedup is mostly due to communication overheads in the tracing and mapping stages. In applications with more complex physics, the relative contributions of these stages will decrease significantly, and we predict the parallel performance to be nearly linear. On the Niagara II, we obtain almost perfect linear scalability even for the single-phase flow problem thanks to the lowered communication costs on these architectures that have a shared cache. This result is all the more satisfactory considering that future server designs will be akin to this system.     

地质资料目录查询系统的设计与实现

地质资料目录查询系统主要针对地勘单位地质资料管理现状进行研究,采用VS2010开发环境,SQL Server2008、.NET4.0框架、B/S架构等关键技术.设计提供报告查询、报告录入、报告维护、服务器连接、用户管理五大功能模块,提高了地质资料整理与查询的效率,实现对地质资料进行科学化、信息化管理.     

CASS 8.0在绘制地质工作部署图坐标转换中应用

针对多金属矿勘探中测点坐标的批量生成过程步骤繁琐的问题,文中提出了一种利用CASS8.0直接生成1:1万高精度磁法勘探测点及1:1万激电中梯探测测点坐标的思路。通过利用现有地形地质图以及专业绘图软件CASS8.0在制图及坐标转换方面的优越性,直接生成可以应用于手持GPS测量仪的数据格式文件和绘制出可以用于野外找点的地形地质图,达到测绘坐标点在地图上快速导入导出的效果。在内蒙古自治区额济纳旗黑鹰山南区铅多金属矿普查项目的工作中,针对工区面积大,地形复杂,在工作部署中,需要布置探测点数量庞大,采用原始方法计算并人工将每个测点坐标输入手持GPS定位仪中的工作量大且极易出错,探测点点位不能根据实际地形合理规避危险区域或者障碍物（悬崖、峭壁等）等问题,通过利用黑鹰山南区铅多金属矿普查区地形地质图及CASS8.0绘图方面的优越性,批量对工作部署图中测点进行定位编号并调整,从CASS8.0导出坐标数据点并导入天宝R4 GPS手持定位仪中的方法,避免了人工输入数据出错的问题,合理规划了探测路线,提高工作效率,保障了工作人员的生命安全,该应用表明,此方法在工作部署图绘制中更加直观、方便,解决大面积比例尺工作部署图坐标导出导入问题,并且效率极高,在工作中取得了较好的效果。     

非均匀介质中微侧向测井仪器的三维有限元数值分析

在这篇文章中，分析了一个具有井眼的非均匀介质中似稳电流场的边值问题。采用了三维有限元的直接解法求解三维似稳电流场；给出了微侧向测井仪器的电极表面电流分布、假几何因子以及８英寸井眼的泥饼校正曲线；求出了在具有倾斜地层条件下，微侧向测井仪器对界面的响应。数值结果与发表的文献非常吻合，从而证明了这种方法的正确性。因此，它为新的仪器研制和微侧向测井解释提供了可靠的数据和理论依据。     

Karst database development in Minnesota: design and data assembly

The Karst Feature Database (KFD) of Minnesota is a relational GIS-based Database Management System (DBMS). Previous karst feature datasets used inconsistent attributes to describe karst features in different areas of Minnesota. Existing metadata were modified and standardized to represent a comprehensive metadata for all the karst features in Minnesota. Microsoft Access 2000 and ArcView 3.2 were used to develop this working database. Existing county and sub-county karst feature datasets have been assembled into the KFD, which is capable of visualizing and analyzing the entire data set. By November 17 2002, 11,682 karst features were stored in the KFD of Minnesota. Data tables are stored in a Microsoft Access 2000 DBMS and linked to corresponding ArcView applications. The current KFD of Minnesota has been moved from a Windows NT server to a Windows 2000 Citrix server accessible to researchers and planners through networked interfaces.     

隧道涌水长期记忆特性R/S与DFA法实证

为了研究隧道涌水长期记忆特性,利用某隧道的涌水监测数据,基于R/S理论(重标极差方法)进行分析,并用Vn检验R/S分析的稳定性,进一步和DFA法(消除趋势波动法)分析的结果进行对比研究,同时,采用"正反划分法"对涌水数据进行处理以保证涌水序列信息不丢失,表明:隧道涌水的Hurst指数具有分时段和长期记忆特征,未来隧道涌水量将减少;负Hurst指数的出现可能与天气突变等因素有关,其代表隧道涌水具有反持续性;越大尺度的隧道涌水系统越具确定性特征;若隧道涌水监测数据具有波动离散性,采用DFA方法分析将优于R/S分析.研究结论可为隧道的涌水预测和涌水的非线性动力特性提供参考.     

QXY-5型存储式钻孔倾斜仪的研制与应用

滑坡深部位移变形监测是滑坡稳定性监测的一种重要手段,是滑坡整体位移变形动态综合监测的重要组成部分。目前国内外在实现滑坡深部位移监测方面主要采用钻孔倾斜方法解决。文章针对目前国内外深部位移监测设计孔的监测情况及手段,指出了目前测量仪器及测量方法的不足,提出并研制了一种全新的无缆存储式钻孔倾斜仪—QXY-5型存储式钻孔倾斜仪,介绍了其研制及使用情况。该仪器测量方式为数据自动存储,不使用电缆和地面仪表克服了随着孔深的增加电缆长度也随之增加带来的工作强度及天气对地面仪表的影响;设计了数据自动存储功能,避免了人工记录所带来的误差影响,提高了测量的效率和准确率;深孔测量配合准确计数的手动绞车对孔深无限制,测量操作非常方便。     

非标准化地质数据存储模式研究

地质数据中存在大量非标准化的数据,此类数据主要以MapGIS的数据格式存储.针对此类数据管理难、复用水平较低的现状,建立了以元数据服务器(MDS)为核心的数据存储模式,提出了弹性的迁移机制完成数据的重构,使用了动态数据驱动生成索引元数据框架,同时实现数据访问安全机制,用户授权等功能.此模式利用MDS (Metadata Server)实现对数据的管理、检索和调阅,这使散落在单机上的地质数据能够自主迁入空间数据仓库,实现统一管理,增强了数据的可复用性,