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1.
太湖流域宜溧河与西苕溪水质对比分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
基于2010年汛期与非汛期太湖流域西部宜溧河及西苕溪22个断面水样实测分析数据,选取高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH3-N)为主要研究指标,利用单因子评价法和综合评价法对两条典型河流汛期与非汛期水质状况及差异,以及两者间不同时期及沿程水质变化进行了对比分析,并从社会经济、自然地理等角度探讨了其产生的原因。结果表明:宜溧河流域平均水体污染程度总体高于西苕溪流域,污染程度更差。宜溧河非汛期各断面的CODMn、TN、NH3-N及TP含量均明显高于汛期的含量,水质状况更为恶劣,而西苕溪汛期的平均水质状况基本劣于非汛期。受流域内城镇空间布局以及工业污染企业的空间分布等因素的影响,河道水体水质状况的空间差异性比较显著。宜溧河段入湖河流水质污染主要来源于点源,汛期下游受到一定程度的非点源污染。西苕溪水质污染主要来源于面源污染,汛期污染物主要是由降雨径流带入河中,下游受到一定程度的点源排放影响。 相似文献
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3.
基于GAMLSS模型的水文干旱指数研究——以玛纳斯河流域为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
传统的水文干旱指数是在一致性条件下确定的,而在非一致情况下水文干旱指数的识别精度受到质疑。特别是当全球气候发生剧烈变化的时候,应用合适的干旱指数可以增加干旱预警的精确度。一般在非一致情况下,通常会认为干旱指数的概率分布参数服从时间或者其他协变量的线性或者非线性变化。因此以玛纳斯河流域肯斯瓦特站为例,构建以时间为协变量的GAMLSS模型,建立非一致情况的标准化径流指数SRIns,并对比分析,讨论其适用性。结果表明:① 肯斯瓦特站1957—2014年期间,径流量的变化趋势比降水和气温的变化趋势更为明显,径流发生明显变化主要集中在秋季和冬季,降水全年各月的变化趋势不明显,气温则在春季和夏季变化较剧烈。② 通过对比研究区1957—2014年内有历史资料记载的历史干旱事件,SRIns对于研究区干旱事件的识别更准确,SRIns识别的严重干旱和极度干旱事件的发生频率要比SRIs高。③ 通过游程理论识别出干旱特征变量,将干旱特征变量采用均匀分布随机化处理可以提高干旱历时序列的拟合精度。干旱特征变量序列的最优分布均为对数正态分布。④ SRIns和SRIs的干旱特征变量的二维联合分布的最优Copula函数均为joe函数。通过对比干旱特征变量二维联合概率和重现期,SRIns可以缩小风险区间,增加干旱风险预警的精度,因此更适用于该研究区的干旱预测与风险评估。 相似文献
4.
1956-2000年云南红河流域径流的时空分布 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
This paper studies the variation of runoff of Red River Basin and discusses the influence of"corridor-barrier"functions of valleys and mountains on variation of runoff by using GIS and statistic methods based on the monthly precipitation,temperature and evaporation data from 1960 to 2000 at 32 meteorological stations in Red River Basin,and the annual runoff data of Yuanjiang River,Lixian River and Panlong River from 1956 to 2000.The results show out:(1)Under the effect of"corridor-barrier"functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin,the patterns of annual precipitation and runoff depth distribution in spatial change a NW-SE direction,which is similar with the trend of the Red River valley and Ailao mountains.(2)In the long temporal scale averaged over years,the most obvious effects of the"corridor-barrier"functions is on runoff variation,and the second is on the precipitation, but not obvious on the temperature.(3)Under the superposed effect of climate changes and the"corridor-barrier"functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin,the difference of runoff variation is obvious in the east-west direction:the runoff variation of Yuanjiang River along the Red River Fault present an ascending trend,but the Lixian River on the west side of the Fault and the Panlong River on the east present a descending trend;the annual runoff in Yuanjiang River and Panlong River had a quasi-5a periods,and Panlong River had a quasi-8a periods;the runoff variation are quite inconsistent in different periods among the three river basins. 相似文献
5.
石羊河流域水资源利用和生态环境保护对策 总被引:9,自引:5,他引:9
石羊河流域是我各国西北干旱地区的一个重要流域,由于流域水资源的过度开发利用与不合理配置,造成下游地区植被衰败,沙漠化问题十分突出,流域整治和生态环境保护迫在眉睫。本文通过对石羊河流域水资源利用、地下水位下降、土壤盐渍化、植被衰退和土地沙漠化之间的相互作用关系的分析,提出了保证石羊河流域生态用水以防止生态环境劣变和促进流域生态系统良性循环的水资源管理的具体对策建议。 相似文献
6.
基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed,and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements,the efficiency of water resource usage,the consumption coefficient,and the concentration of waste water elimination,the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed,and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established,and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model,the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River,Dongliao River,mainstream Liaohe River,Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated,each taking up 39.3%,63.0%,43.9%,43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow,the results show that: except Xiliao River is "median",the rest are all upon "good",the Dongliao River is even "very good". The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that,the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%,74.1%,60.8%,60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering "quantity",except Xiliao River,the rest rivers can all achieve the "quantity" criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements,but if considering the aspect of "quality",only Dongliao River can reach the "quality" standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method,only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands. 相似文献
7.
In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that: except Xiliao River is “median”, the rest are all upon “good”, the Dongliao River is even “very good”. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering “quantity”, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the “quantity” criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of “quality”, only Dongliao River can reach the “quality” standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands. 相似文献
8.
This paper studies the variation of runoff of Red River Basin and discusses the influence of “corridor-barrier” functions of valleys and mountains on variation of runoff by using GIS and statistic methods based on the monthly precipitation, temperature and evaporation data from 1960 to 2000 at 32 meteorological stations in Red River Basin, and the annual runoff data of Yuanjiang River, Lixian River and Panlong River from 1956 to 2000. The results show out: (1) Under the effect of “corridor-barrier” functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin, the patterns of annual precipitation and runoff depth distribution in spatial change a NW–SE direction, which is similar with the trend of the Red River valley and Ailao mountains. (2) In the long temporal scale averaged over years, the most obvious effects of the “corridor-barrier” functions is on runoff variation, and the second is on the precipitation, but not obvious on the temperature. (3) Under the superposed effect of climate changes and the “corridor-barrier” functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin, the difference of runoff variation is obvious in the east–west direction: the runoff variation of Yuanjiang River along the Red River Fault present an ascending trend, but the Lixian River on the west side of the Fault and the Panlong River on the east present a descending trend; the annual runoff in Yuanjiang River and Panlong River had a quasi-5a periods, and Panlong River had a quasi-8a periods; the runoff variation are quite inconsistent in different periods among the three river basins. 相似文献
9.
基于水环境保护与区域开发的相互关系,考虑水陆空间联系及水环境承载能力对区域产业布局的限制,构建由水环境容量和压力两方面要素为基础的水环境约束分区指标体系。以产业集聚发达、水网密集但水环境敏感性强的江苏省太湖流域为例,探索小流域评价单元划分、约束指标选择与空间叠置分析等技术。对区域水环境容量和压力的进行约束分区,划分为高压低容、低压低容、高压高容和低压高容等4种类型区。研究结果为发挥区域水环境质量和经济可持续发展的协同效应,制定差别化的产业准入政策提供科学依据。 相似文献
10.
LIN Xuedong ZHANG Yili YAO Zhijun GONG Tongliang WANG Hong CHU Duo LIU Linshan ZHANG Fei 《地理学报》2008,18(1):95-106
Taking the Lhasa River Basin above Lhasa hydrological station in Tibetan Plateau as a study area, the characteristics of the annual and monthly mean runoff during 1956?2003 were analyzed, based on the hydro-data of the two hydrological stations (Lhasa and Tanggya) and the meteorological data of the three meteorological stations (Damxung, Lhasa and Tanggya). The trends and the change points of runoff and climate from 1956 to 2003 were detected using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt-Mann-Whitney change-point statistics. The correlations between runoff and climate change were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual mean runoff during the last 50 years is characterized by a great fluctuation and a positive trend with two change points (around 1970 and the early 1980s), after which the runoff tended to in-crease and was increasing intensively in the last 20 years. Besides, the monthly mean runoff with a positive trend is centralized in winter half-year (November to April) and some other months (May, July and September). (2) The trends of the climate change in the study area are generally consistent with the trend of the runoff, but the leading climate factors which aroused the runoff variation are distinct. Precipitation is the dominant factor influencing the annual and monthly mean runoff in summer half year, while temperature is the primary factor in winter season. 相似文献
11.
1956-2003年拉萨河流域径流变化趋势 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
Taking the Lhasa River Basin above Lhasa hydrological station in Tibetan Plateau as a study area, the characteristics of the annual and monthly mean runoff during 1956-2003 were analyzed, based on the hydro-data of the two hydrological stations (Lhasa and Tanggya) and the meteorological data of the three meteorological stations (Damxung, Lhasa and Tanggya). The trends and the change points of runoff and climate from 1956 to 2003 were detected using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt-Mann-Whitney change-point statistics. The correlations between runoff and climate change were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual mean runoff during the last 50 years is characterized by a great fluctuation and a positive trend with two change points (around 1970 and the early 1980s), after which the runoff tended to increase and was increasing intensively in the last 20 years. Besides, the monthly mean runoff with a positive trend is centralized in winter half-year (November to April) and some other months (May, July and September). (2) The trends of the climate change in the study area are generally consistent with the trend of the runoff, but the leading climate factors which aroused the runoff variation are distinct. Precipitation is the dominant factor influencing the annual and monthly mean runoff in summer half year, while temperature is the primary factor in winter season. 相似文献
12.
水污染是影响公众健康和经济可持续发展的突出问题之一。随着城镇化、工业化和农业化快速发展,流域水环境污染防治压力日趋严峻。以淮河流域为研究对象,在遵循大尺度流域水污染内在机理的基础上,采用熵值法、GIS空间分析法和回归模型等技术方法,通过流域水污染控制处理、监测预警、监督管理、防治投入等四个方面的能力,对流域35个城市水污染防治能力进行了综合评估,并对流域水污染防治的动力因子进行探讨。结果表明:①流域水污染防治力空间差异显著,东部平原地区污染防治能力较高,西部山区以及各子流域大部分地区防控能力较低,淮河干流及干流以南的中游区域防治能力中等偏低。②污染防治驱动力多元回归分析表明,流域内源动力,即公众教育、区域经济发展水平等因子是流域水污染防治的根本驱动力;舆论监督、外商投资等外源动力是区域水污染治理关键动力。 相似文献
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太湖流域水生态功能三级分区 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
水生态功能分区是进行流域现代水生态管理的必然要求,是面向水质目标管理控制单元划分的基础。针对太湖流域特征,提出了太湖流域水生态功能三级分区的目的和划分原则,在其指导下构建了太湖流域非太湖湖体区和太湖湖体区水生态功能三级分区指标体系;在GIS技术支撑下,分别以太湖流域非太湖湖体区1100多个和太湖湖体区3500多个水生态功能单元为基本空间统计单位,结合分区指标数据,制作了基于水生态功能单元的各项指标的空间分布图,采用二阶聚类法并结合人工辅助的方法将太湖流域划分为21个水生态功能三级区;分区水生态特征分析结果表明全流域各分区水生生物特征均具有较大的变异性,反映出流域内水生态的空间差异和不均匀性,体现了分区结果的合理性、科学性和可靠性。 相似文献
14.
太湖流域粮食生产格局变化及影响机制研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
太湖流域是中国传统粮食高产区,其粮食生产演变对我国粮食安全意义重大。该文从宏观视角探讨了该区1985-2010年27个县域粮食生产的时空变化及其影响机制,结果表明:该区粮食产量波动较大,但总体呈下降趋势,历经波动发展-急剧减少-稳步增长三阶段,粮食总产变异系数和波动系数均超过全国平均水平,区域粮食安全风险较大;空间分布上高产区不断减少,低产区范围扩大,粮食生产重心移动与人口重心移动方向相反,粮食供需矛盾加大。耕地数量、质量、结构和方式等的变化是驱动粮食生产时空变化的重要机制,其中不同质量水平的耕地数量和耕地利用方式变化是影响粮食生产的重要因子。落实差别化耕地保护政策、避免耕地资源隐性流失、转变耕地利用方式等具有重要现实意义。 相似文献
15.
气候变化对河北省海河流域径流量的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用河北省境内海河流域51个气象站、68个水文站1956~2000年近50年的气象、径流量数据,分析了气象要素和径流量的变化规律。河北省境内海河流域多年平均地表径流量为67.0×108m3,从20世纪 50 年代至 90 年代地表径流量呈逐渐减小的趋势,50年代为105.3×108m3,90年代为54.7×108m3。地表径流量随降水量的减少而减小,随气温的升高而下降,用回归方法建立的径流量与气象要素之间的模型为对数模型。根据未来气候变化情景对河北省海河流域径流量的预测:2030年为70.0~76.8×108m3,2050年为69.8~76.9×108m3。 相似文献
16.
黄河流域坡高地系统最小生态需水研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以保护和恢复流域坡高地生态系统为目的,对坡高地最小生态需水问题进行研究,提出了坡高地生态需水和生态缺水的计算方法。以黄河流域为实例,在GIS和遥感技术支持下对坡高地最小生态需水量和缺水量进行了计算,并从时空两个尺度揭示了黄河流域坡高地生态系统最小生态需水的变化规律,研究成果可为流域生态环境建设和水资源合理配置提供依据。 相似文献
17.
太湖流域土地利用变化对耕地生产力的影响研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
以城镇化过程持续加速而耕地流失及粮食供需形势日趋严峻的太湖流域为研究区,结合遥感、土壤、气象及农业统计数据,借助AEZ模型和GIS开展1985~2010年土地利用变化对耕地生产力的影响分析及评价。结果表明:① 流域耕地生产力水平较高,高产耕地分布广泛;② 近30 a来就地城镇化和工业化发展导致流域建设用地快速扩张,耕地数量锐减;③ 由于减少的多为城市周边及交通沿线水土条件优越的优质耕地,新增的则多是来源于土地复垦或整理的低产耕地,“高产耕地锐减-低产耕地缓增”导致流域耕地生产力水平下降,且在不同发展阶段下降格局不同;④ 高产田锐减导致流域粮食大幅减产,不同县域由于经济发展水平和耕地利用条件不同,粮食减幅呈现显著空间差异。 相似文献
18.
气候和人类活动对黄河中游区间产流量变化的贡献率 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
黄河中游产流量在过去几十年发生了明显减小的变化趋势,鉴于迄今有关气候及人类活动对该区产流量减小的影响比重仍存争议,本研究利用累积距平方法分析了研究区近60年来的产流量变化趋势,识别出1971年和1985年两个拐点年份,利用累积量斜率变化率分析方法(SCRCQ)估算了降水量和人类活动在产流量变化中的贡献率。与基准时期1950-1970年(TA)相比,在不考虑蒸散量影响的情况下,降水量和人类活动对黄河中游区间产流量变化的贡献率在1971-1985年(TB)分别为25.94%和74.06%,在1986-2009年(TC)分别为25.13%和74.87%;如果考虑蒸散量的影响,则人类活动的贡献率在TB和TC时期分别增大到91.74%和93.41%。显然,人类活动是该区间地表产流量减小的最重要影响因素。人类活动对黄河中游区间产流量变化的主要影响方式是拦蓄滞留,这些拦蓄滞留的水量大多数最终通过蒸散作用而从地表径流循环进入大气循环,即人类活动改变了部分水循环的途径。 相似文献
19.
皇甫川流域降水量和人类活动对径流量变化影响的定量评估(英文) 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
The runoff of some rivers in the world especially in the arid and semi-arid areas has decreased remarkably with global or regional climate change and enhanced human activities.The runoff decrease in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China has brought severe problems in livelihoods and ecology.To reveal the variation characteristics,trends of runoff and their influencing factors have been important scientific issues for drainage basin management.The objective of this study was to analyze the variation trends of the runoff and quantitatively assess the contributions of precipitation and human activities to the runoff change in the Huangfuchuan River Basin based on the measured data in 1960-2008.Two inflection points(turning years) of 1979 and 1998 for the accumulative runoff change,and one inflection point of 1979 for the accumulative precipitation change were identified using the methods of accumulative anomaly analysis.The linear relationships between year and accumulative runoff in 1960-1979,1980-1997 and 1998-2008 and between year and accumulative precipitation in 1960-1979 and 1980-2008 were fitted.A new method of slope change ratio of accumulative quantity(SCRAQ) was put forward and used in this study to calculate the contributions of different factors to the runoff change.Taking 1960-1979 as the base period,the contribution rate of the precipitation and human activities to the decreased runoff was 36.43% and 63.57% in 1980-1997,and 16.81% and 83.19% in 1998-2008,respectively.The results will play an important role in the drainage basin management.Moreover,the new method of SCRAQ can be applied in the quantitative evaluation of runoff change and impacts by different factors in the river basin of arid and semi-arid areas. 相似文献
20.
氢氧稳定同位素技术和土壤贮水量是探究区域土壤水分特征的有效手段。基于青海湖沙柳河流域土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成(δ2H和δ^(18)O)和土壤贮水量数据,分析其在流域的空间分布特征,探讨土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成和土壤贮水量之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)沙柳河流域土壤水δ^(18)O值从西北向东南呈现富集—贫化—富集的趋势;土壤水d-excess值在流域南部最低,在流域东北部支流上游地区最高。(2)土壤贮水量在流域空间分布上表现为北高南低的趋势。(3)土壤水δ^(18)O值、d-excess值与土壤贮水量间存在分段线性关系。当0—30 cm各土层土壤贮水量≤30 mm时,各土层土壤贮水量与土壤水δ^(18)O值分别显著负相关、与d-excess值显著正相关。青海湖沙柳河流域自然地理环境和植被特征的空间差异导致其土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成和土壤贮水量表现出明显的空间变异性。温度变化对土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成与土壤贮水量之间的相关性影响是通过其对土壤蒸发作用的影响来实现的。 相似文献